Through political and religious connections he made during and after his journey, he was appointed caliph for black Africa by the head of the Tijn brotherhood. He returned to Africa in 1833, and in 1854, in the area of upper Guinea, eastern Senegal, and western and central Mali, he ordered a jihad to sweep away the pagans and bring back lapsed Muslims. He defeated the Bambara pagans of Mali, but they soon rebelled. Attacked by the Tuaregs, Moors, and Fulani in 1863, Umar's army was destroyed, and he was pursued and killed in an explosion. His empire lasted under his son Ahmadu Seku until 1897, when it was annexed by the French
in full al-jj Umar ibn Sad Tal born c. 1797, Halvar, Fouta-Toro [Senegal] died Feb. 12, 1864, near Hamdalahi, Tukulor empire [Mali] West African founder of the Tukulor empire. Born in the Sénégal River valley, he became a mystic and set out to Mecca on a pilgrimage at age
born AD 586, Mecca, Arabian Peninsula died Nov. 3, 644, Medina Second Muslim caliph (634-644). He initially opposed the Prophet Muhammad but became a Muslim 615. His daughter afah married Muhammad in 625. He was nominated by Ab Bakr as his successor. As caliph he spread Islam to Egypt, Syria, and Persia. His innovations affected taxation, social welfare, and the empire's entire financial and administrative fabric, and he was noted for his justice, social ideals, and candour
a little known Palestinian group responsible for bombings and for killing Israelis; seeks to defeat Israel and liberate southern Lebanon, Palestine, and Golan Heights