(Ekonomi) SFA (Stochastic Frontier Approach) : Ekonometrik yaklaşım olarak da bilinen SFA, maliyet, kar ve üretim gibi açıklanan değişkenlerle; girdi, çıktı ve çevresel faktörler gibi açıklayıcı değişkenler arasında işlevsel bir ilişki kurar ve bir de hata payı için modelde yer ayırır. Bu teknikte, yukarıda sözü edilen rassal hata ve etkinsiz gözlemin birbirlerinden ayrılması gerekmektedir. Herhangi bir gözlemin en iyi durumdan sapmasının ne kadarının rassal hata, ne kadarının da etkinsiz gözlem olduğu anlaşılmadan modelin sonuçlarının güvenilir olmayacağı açıktır. Bu iki unsur, genellikle farklı dağılımlara sahip oldukları varsayılarak ayrılırlar. Rassal hatanın standart normal, etkinsiz gözlemlerin ise asimetrik dağıldığı varsayılır. (Berger, Humphrey 1997)
stochastic teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı
A stochastic method observes random occurrences (samples) generated by some probability distribution function In practice, digital computers usually do not model ideal stochastic processes, since most random-number generators actually generate a fixed sequence of values, which may even repeat at some point (Hence, they are dubbed pseudo-random number generators ) Nevertheless, they do a sufficient job for most Monte Carlo simulation purposes; Monte Carlo is another term for stochastic modeling (Compare to deterministic )
Stochastic studies are based on the premise that as prices rise, closing prices tend to be near the high value Conversely, as prices fall, closing prices are near the low for the period Stochastic studies are made of two lines, %D and %K, that move between a scale of 0 and 100 The %D line is the moving average over a specified period of time of the %K line The %K line measures where the closing price is compared to the price range for a given number of periods
Goal-seeking, though not necessarily in a purposive way Any syste3m which modifies itself by means of feedback to its environment in order to attai certai "goals" For a plant, "goals" might be light, water, nutriments, reproduction - the conditions of survival
Involving or containing a random variable or variables; involving chance or probability
Also known as a momentum price velocity indicator Stochastic can be computed for a given time period, e g 10 days or even 52 weeks Computed by dividing the difference between the day's closing price and the n-period historical low by the range between the n-period historical high and low, multiplied by 100 Some economists have found that anomalous returns are associated with momentum trades
An alternative to traditional halftone dots, this random placement dot strategy is used to render enlarged images on large format printing devices Stochastic dots are uniformly sized "microdots"" and their placement and frequency vary with the tone of the image
Random The term is used to describe natural events with a substantial random component to them, such as rainfall, runoff, and storms (Source: Mintzer, 1992)
Random or probabilistic but with some direction For example the arrival of people at a post office might be random but average properties (such as the queue length) can be predicted
Applied to processes that have random characteristics Strain Small changes in length and volume associated with deformation of the Earth by tectonic stresses or by the passage of seismic waves
In probability theory, a family of random variables indexed to some other set and having the property that for each finite subset of the index set, the collection of random variables indexed to it has a joint probability distribution. It is one of the most widely studied subjects in probability. Examples include Markov processes (in which the present value of the variable depends only upon the immediate past and not upon the whole sequence of past events), such as stock-market fluctuations, and time series (in which temperature or rainfall measurements, for example, are taken at the same time each day over several days)
a square matrix whose rows consist of nonnegative real numbers, with each row summing to 1. Used to describe the transitions of a Markov chain; its element in the i'th row and j'th column describes the probability of moving from state i to state j in one time step