zorla ışınımsal

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Турецкий язык - Английский Язык
radiative forcing
The effect of greenhouse gases on the radiation of heat in the atmosphere
A change imposed upon the climate system which modifies the radiative balance of that system The causes of such a change may include changes in the sun, clouds, ice, greenhouse gases, volcanic activity, and other agents Convention lumps all these together as agents of radiative forcing Radiative forcing is often specified as the net change in energy flux at the troposphere (watts per square meter) Many climate models seek to quantify the ultimate change in Earth's temperature, rainfall, and sea level from a specified change in radiative forcing (Source: Mintzer, 1992)
The extent to which emitting a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere raises global average temperature
A change in the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infra-red radiation Without any radiative forcing, solar radiation coming to the Earth would continue to be approximately equal to the infra-red radiation emitted from the Earth The addition of greenhouse gases traps and increased fraction of the infra-red radiation, reradiating it back toward the surface and creating a warming influence (i e , positive radiative forcing because incoming solar radiation will exceed outgoing infra-red radiation)
The perturbation to the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system following, for example, a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide or a change in the output of the Sun A positive radiative forcing tends to warm the surface and a negative radiative forcing tends to cool the surface
A change in the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation Without any Radiative forcing, solar radiation coming to the Earth would continue to be approximately equal to the infrared radiation emitted from the Earth The addition of greenhouse gases traps an increased fraction of the infrared radiation, reradiating it back toward the surface and creating a warming influence (i e , positive radiative forcing because incoming solar radiation will exceed outgoing infra-red radiation)
A variation in the balance of energy absorbed by the Earth and that emitted by it This can be due to natural causes such as variation in the solar output or by anthropogenic causes, such as the enhanced greenhouse effect Positive radiative forcing has the effect of warming the surface of the Earth, whilst negative forcing has a cooling effect
the increase or decrease in the amount of radiation flux, usually given in units of watts per square meter, caused by the presence of a particular atmospheric constituent, such as carbon dioxide or aerosol Positive values of radiative forcing contribute to heating of the surface, while negative forcing cools the surface of the Earth
Radiative forcing is the change in the net vertical irradiance (expressed in Watts per square metre: Wm-2) at the tropopause due to an internal change or a change in the external forcing of the climate system, such as, for example, a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the output of the Sun Usually radiative forcing is computed after allowing for stratospheric temperatures to readjust to radiative equilibrium, but with all tropospheric properties held fixed at their unperturbed values Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in stratospheric temperature is accounted for Practical problems with this definition, in particular with respect to radiative forcing associated with changes, by aerosols, of the precipitation formation by clouds, are discussed in Chapter 6 of this Report
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