affirmative action

Английский Язык - Турецкий язык

Определение affirmative action в Английский Язык Турецкий язык словарь: (Pisikoloji, Ruhbilim,Politika, Siyaset) olumlayıcı eylem; Pozitif ayrımcılık; (Politika, Siyaset) olumlu eylem

Английский Язык - Английский Язык

Определение affirmative action в Английский Язык Английский Язык словарь: A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare, etc; Action favouring those who tend to suffer from discrimination; Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities (See 233, 371); A policy seeking to compensate victims of previous racial and sexual discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of such discrimination, or to combat ongoing institutionalized and unintentional discriminatory practices by providing reverse preferences favoring members of classes previously disadvantaged; actions by employers to seek out actively minorities and women for jobs and to provide them with training and other opportunities for promotion; any action intended to correct effects of past discrimination, to eliminate present discrimination, or to prevent discrimination for the future; Measures taken to correct the effects of past discrimination in hiring and promotion; * Positive steps to enhance the diversity of some group, often to remedy the cumulative effect of subtle as well as gross expressions of prejudice When numerical goals are set, they are set according to the group's representation in the applicant pool rather than the group's representation in the general population For example, a medical school with an affirmative action program would seek to admit members of an underrepresented group in proportion to their representation in the population of those who had completed pre-medical requirements and wished to attend medical school Affirmative action should be distinguished from reparations; A set of proactive measures to counteract the effects of past and present discrimination, intended or unintended, in employment and program delivery The groups protected by a series of federal legislation include: women, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, Vietnam era veterans, special disabled veterans, and individuals with disabilities; Affirmative action is the policy of giving jobs and other opportunities to members of groups such as racial minorities or women who might not otherwise have them. A policy or a program that seeks to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment. the practice of choosing people for a job, college etc who are usually treated unfairly because of their race, sex etc British Equivalent: positive discrimination. In the U.S., the effort to improve the employment and educational opportunities of women and members of minority groups through preferential treatment in job hiring, college admissions, the awarding of government contracts, and the allocation of other social benefits. First undertaken at the federal level following passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, affirmative action was designed to counteract the lingering effects of generations of past discrimination. The main criteria for inclusion in affirmative action programs are race, sex, ethnic origin, religion, disability, and age. The Supreme Court of the United States placed important limitations on affirmative action programs in its 1978 ruling in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke; several subsequent Supreme Court decisions (e.g., Adarand Constructors v. Pena in 1995 and Texas v. Hopwood in 1996) imposed further restrictions. In 1996 California voters passed Proposition 209, which prohibited government agencies and institutions from discriminating against or giving preferential treatment to individuals or groups on the basis of race, sex, colour, ethnicity, or national origin. Similar measures were subsequently passed in other states. In 2002, in two landmark rulings involving admission to the University of Michigan and its law school, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the constitutionality of affirmative action but ruled that race could not be the preeminent factor in such decisions; United States regulations require employers to prepare affirmative action plans that are intended to provide equal employment representation within their workforce, with respect to ethnicity, gender and age; Results-oriented actions a contractor (such as the University), by virtue of its federal contracts, must take to ensure Equal Employment Opportunity; program in areas such as employment and education to provide more opportunities for members of groups that faced discrimination in the past; the effort made by an employer to increase employment opportunities for people who belong to a visible minority who are not adequately represented in the firm's labour force In the U S , legislation has mandated that certain groups, such as Afro-Americans, will receive this protection in the workplace; A program designed to increase the participation rates of targeted groups; encouragement of increased representation of women and minorities in employment (or universities, etc.); A program that became law with the passage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, whereby employers, labor unions, employment agencies, and labor management apprenticeship programs must actively seek to eliminate minorities Although Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had outlawed future discriminations in employment practices, it had done nothing to redress already existing imbalances The 1972 law, later strengthened by executive orders, requires employers to draw up a detailed written plan for equalizing economic salaries, training programs, fringe benefits and other conditions of employment These plans included numerical goals and timetables for achieving such changes; Action taken by a government or private institution to make up for past discrimination in education, work, or promotion on the basis of gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, or disability; affirmative action refers to active efforts to locate and hire members of underrepresented groups; Positive steps to enhance the diversity of some group, often to remedy the cumulative effect of subtle as well as gross expressions of prejudice When numerical goals are set, they are set according to the group's representation in the applicant pool rather than the group's representation in the general population For example, a medical school with an affirmative action program would seek to admit members of an underrepresented group in proportion to their representation in the population of those who had completed pre-medical requirements and wished to attend medical school Affirmative action should be distinguished from reparations; The use of racial, ethnic or linguistic preferences in recruitment to jobs, hiring, admissions and contracting This positive discrimination favours those who tend to (or could) suffer from discrimination; Methods used to achieve the objectives of the military equal opportunity program Processes, activities, and systems designed to prevent, identify, and eliminate unlawful discriminatory treatment as it affects the recruitment, training, assignment, utilization, promotion, and retention of military personnel; Government programs intended to assure minorities of equal hiring, educational, and other admission opportunities Introduced in the United States by President Johnson under the Civil Rights Act, signed on July 02nd, 1964 First enforced on September 24th, 1965 under Executive Order 11246; (p 352) Employment activities designed to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women; Proactive action to accomplish the purposes of a program which is designed to increase the employment opportunities of certain groups, which may involve goals, timetables, or specifically outlined steps to be undertaken to assure that objectives are reached The Americans with Disabilities Act does not mandate affirmative action for persons with disabilities, but does require that covered entities ensure nondiscrimination Title 5, Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act does require that affirmative action be taken in employment of persons with disabilities by Federal contractors; a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities; "affirmative action has been extremely controversial and was challenged in 1978 in the Bakke decision; This federal law was designed to end discrimination against minorities, and it requires that minority students and job applicants receive the same opportunities as other students and job applicants The statements declaring businesses to be equal opportunity employers and schools to provide equal opportunity education, comply with affirmative action; Those positive steps taken by an employer to ensure the provision of equal employment opportunity Affirmative action regulations cover minority persons, women, persons with disabilities, Vietnam-era veterans, and special disabled veterans; the steps taken by companies to eliminate the barriers of discrimination that prevent equal opportunity employment to all minorities; AA