Büyük şirketleri dava etmeyi zorlaştıran diğer önemli etkenler de faaliyetlerinin boyutları ve karmaşıklığıdır. - Other factors of importance, which make litigation of large corporations more difficult, are the size and complexity of their activities.
Çok uluslu ticaret şirketleri çok sayıda ürünün fiyatını düşürdü. - The multinational corporation lowered the price of several products.
Armonk, New York'ta bulunan IBM Şirketi dünyanın en büyük bilgisayar firmasıdır. - International Business Machines Corporation, based in Armonk, New York, is the world's largest computer firm.
A group of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members
Form of doing business pursuant to a charter granted by a state or federal government Corporations typically are characterized by the issuance of freely transferable CAPITAL STOCK, perpetual life, centralized management, and limitation of owners' LIABILITY to the amount they invest in the business
A legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners A corporation is allowed to own assets, incur liabilities, and sell securities, among other things
Form of doing business that provides limited liability to the owners, continuity of operation and centralized management
A legal entity separate from the individuals who own it (called shareholders) There are different types of corporations important to real estate investors and defined elsewhere: Real Estate Investment Trust, S corporation, C corporation, and cooperative corporation
A legal entity, chartered by an U S State or the federal government, and separate and distinct from the persons who own it The courts regard it as an artificial person; it may own property, incur debts, sue or be sued
A business entity treated as a person in the eyes of the law A corporation is allowed to own assets, incur liabilities and sell securities, among other things It is also able to be sued BACK TO TOP
{i} association of individuals legally authorized to act as an individual (Business)
A corporation is a large business or company. multi-national corporations. the Seiko Corporation
A legal entity, allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders (for-profit companies) or members (non-profit companies), to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives, and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money Also known as a "company " The primary advantage of for profit corporations is that it provides its shareholders with a right to participate in the profits (by dividends) without any personal liability because the company absorbs the entire liability of the organization
>> An artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the law of a state May have limited liability, perpetual life, freely transferable shares and centralized management
the most common form of organizing a business the organization's total worth is divided into shares of stock, and each share represents a unit of ownership and is sold to stock holders A corporation is considered a separate entity from the stockholders for legal and tax purposes Examples of corporations: Pepsi Cola, Intel, The Gap
A legal entity, chartered by a U S state or the federal government, and separate and distinct from the persons who own it It is regarded by the courts as an artificial person; it may own property, incur debts, sue or be sued
A legal entity chartered by a state; ownership is represented by transferable shares of stock
A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual
– A legal business entity created under federal or provincial statutes Because the corporation is a separate entity from its owners, shareholders have no legal liability for its debts
A legal entity created under the laws of a state to carry on some business or other authorized activity The principal distinction between a business corporation and other forms of business organization (i e , proprietorship or partnership) is the fact that the liability of the owners is limited to the capital of the subject corporation
An organization that is recognized by the authority of a governmental unit as a legal entity separate from its owners
A voluntary organization of persons, either actual individuals or legal entities, legally bound together to form a business enterprise; an artificial legal entity created by government grant and treated by law as an individual entity
Originally established by the FACT Act 1990 as the Applied Agricultural Research Commercialization Center, the purpose of the AARCC is to assist in the research, development, and commercialization of new nonfood products from agricultural and forestry commodities AARC makes repayable equity investments, such as buying stock or taking a percentage of future sales (royalties), or both The FAIR Act of 1996 changed the Center from a government agency to a wholly-owned venture capital corporation of USDA
A business organization that, for tax purposes, is a legal entity A corporation has limited liability (owners can lose only what they invest), easy transfer of stock, and continuity of existence
A legal, taxable entity chartered by a state or the federal government Ownership of a corporation is held by the stockholders
In some large British cities, the corporation is the local authority that is responsible for providing public services. the corporation's task of regenerating 900 acres of the inner city. = local authority. Specific legal form of organization of persons and material resources, chartered by the state, for the purpose of conducting business. As contrasted with the other two major forms of business ownership, the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation has several characteristics that make it a more flexible instrument for large-scale economic activity. Chief among these are limited liability, transferability of shares (rights in the enterprise may be transferred readily from one investor to another without constituting legal reorganization), juridical personality (the corporation itself as a fictive "person" has legal standing and may thus sue and be sued, make contracts, and hold property), and indefinite duration (the life of the corporation may extend beyond the participation of any of its founders). Its owners are the shareholders, who purchase with their investment a share in the proceeds of the enterprise and who are nominally entitled to a measure of control over its financial management. Direct shareholder control became increasingly impossible in the 20th century, however, as the largest corporations came to have tens of thousands of shareholders. The practice of proxy voting by management was legalized and adopted as a remedy, and today salaried managers exercise strong control over the corporation and its assets. See also multinational corporation. Music Corporation of America Exxon Mobil Corporation International Business Machines Corporation multinational corporation Reconstruction Finance Corporation Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
A business owned by stockholders Corporations have legal rights and responsibilities <top>
A group of persons granted a state charter legally recognizing them as a separate entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its members The process of incorporating should be completed with the state's secretary of
Form of business organization characterized by a state charter or articles of incorporation enabling certain rights separate from its owners Common features of a corporation include limited liability of the owners, issuance of stock in evidence of ownership, election of directors and officers by vote of shareholders and taxation of the corporation separate to that of the owners
A form of business organization that may have many owners Each owner is liable only to the extent of the investment It is an artificila entity established by the state
A type of business organization chartered by a state and given many of the legal rights as a separate entity Ownership is represented by transferable shares of stock
a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state
A form of business organization where the firm has a legal existence separate from that of its owners Corporations can be privately owned or publically traded
A legal entity, formed by the issuance of a charter from the state A corporation is owned by one or more stockholders
{i} Conrail, federally-funded USA corporation that in 1976 merged 6 major railroad companies that went bankrupt in northeastern USA to provide freight and passenger service
A business entity that is treated as a corporation for certain purposes despite its failure to meet all of the formal requirements imposed by law for a corporation to exist
Advance corporation tax (ACT) was the scheme under which companies made an advance payment of corporation tax when they distributed dividend payments to shareholders. This payment was then offset against the company's final corporation tax bill. Certain recipients, such as pension funds, were entitled to advance corporation tax relief. This entitled them to reclaim the corporation tax
A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed those of many countries. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in international relations and local economies. Multinational corporations play an important role in globalization; some argue that a new form of MNC is evolving in response to globalization: the 'globally integrated enterprise'
{i} Japanese company that manufactures and sells electronic measuring instruments and automatic test equipment (company also engaged in the manufacturing of electron beam lithography systems)
{i} Japanese chemical company with seven core operating companies (fibers, chemicals, consumer products, housing, construction, electronics and health care)
{i} Japanese company founded in 1937 with offices worldwide (Japan, U.S., China, France, Germany, Malaysia, Morocco, Singapore, Thailand and the UK), largest manufacturer in the world of specialized cutting and polishing equipment (precision dicing saws, grinding wheels, etc.)
U.S.-based oil and gas company formed in 1999 through the merger of Exxon Corp. and Mobil Corp. It has investments and operations in petroleum and natural gas, coal, nuclear fuels, chemicals, and ores. It also operates pipelines and one of the world's largest fleets of tankers. Exxon Mobil engages in every phase of the petroleum industry from oil fields to service stations. Both Exxon and Mobil had their origins in Standard Oil (see Standard Oil Co. and Trust) and were founded in the late 1800s. In 1926 the New Jersey subsidiary of Standard Oil, Exxon's predecessor, introduced the Esso brand name. The name was changed to Exxon in 1972. As of 2002 Exxon Mobil was the world's largest integrated oil company
{i} Japanese retailer of arts and crafts (handicraft and sewing items, clothing, kimono ornaments, cosmetics and other novelty items) operating through stores and mail order
{i} Japanese company manufacturer and distributer of pachinko machines and pachinko slot machines, designer and distributer of pachinko related accessories and equipment
{i} IBM, internationally acclaimed computer company, producer of home computers and related software and equipment (first incorporated as IBM in 1924 with headquarters in New York)
{i} (CTC) Japanese system integrator and services company, provider of tailored solutions in system consultation, provider of computer systems services and maintenance
{i} Japanese company based in Tokyo that manufactures and markets and sells consumer products (soaps, cleansing agents, detergents, shampoos, cosmetics and chemical products)
{i} Japanese company based in Tokyo (Japan) engaged in the planning and selling of components (such as automation components, PC components for measurement and control, die and mold components and many more)
{i} Japanese corporation established in 1899 as Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. (in 1983 it officially became NEC Corporation), manufacturer of computers and communications equipment and electron devices (provider of IT and network solutions)
{i} Japanese company provider of solutions which is engaged in system consulting and management/operation of extensive engineering systems, engaged in the development and sales and leasing of software
{i} Japanese corporation headquartered in Tokyo (Japan), manufacturer of steel products (such as steel sheets, steel plates, pipes and tubes, processed and fabricated steel products)
{i} Japanese company based in Osaka which manufactures industrial adhesive tapes (for the electronics, automotive, packaging and construction industries and for health care)
{i} Japanese company founded in 1938 headquartered in Tokyo (Japan), world leading manufacturer of consumer electronics (especially car compact disc and stereos) and digital entertainment products
U.S. government agency established (1932) to provide loans to railroads, banks, and businesses. The RFC was an attempt by Pres. Herbert Hoover to counter the early effects of the Great Depression by rescuing institutions from default. It was widely used by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt in the New Deal and to finance defense plants in World War II. After the war, the RFC's powers and functions were gradually transferred to other agencies
(1935) Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that abolished the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA; see National Recovery Administration), a cornerstone of the New Deal. By unanimous vote, the court held that Congress had exceeded its authority by delegating too much legislative power to the president and industrial groups. It also found that NIRA's "codes of fair practice" went beyond the regulation of interstate commerce in attempting to control intrastate activity. NIRA's successor, the National Labor Relations Act (1935), proved acceptable to the court
{i} Japanese global corporation that manufactures sells and markets information related equipment (computers and accessories, printers, scanners and projectors, electronic and quartz devices, watches, plastic corrective lenses and automation equipment for factories)
{i} large Japanese company founded in 1946 headquartered in Tokyo, manufacturer of electronic appliances and a large variety of other products (electronics video game, home & portable audio, car audio, video cameras, DVD-Video players and recorders, etc.)
{i} Japanese electronics conglomerate established in 1875 and headquartered in Tokyo (manufacturer of televisions, digital products, computers, heavy electrical apparatus and advanced communications equipment)
{i} Japanese company headquarted in Kariya (Japan), maker of automobiles and textile machinery and many more products and equipment (spinning and weaving machinery, electronics components, pumps, car engines, etc.)
A corporation that elects in its articles of incorporation to be registered under the close corporation statutes of their state of incorporation Some state close corporation statutes provide for a maximum number of shareholders In addition, close corporation statutes may eliminate or limit the powers of the board of directors, prescribe preemptive rights to the shareholders or relax the corporate formalities Exact specifications vary by jurisdiction Not all state statutes provide for a close corporation provision
= A corporate form of business controlled and operated by a small, close group of persons such as family members The corporation's stock is not sold to outsiders
A corporate business that has substantially identical ownership and management interests Generally, a small group of individuals owns the company as shareholders, controls it as directors and operates it as officers
a corporation whose shares of stock are held by only a few people, usually by those who are in active management positions Restrictions are placed on the stockholders and their right to transfer stock to others
A corporation owned by a few individuals, who also own all the stock No stock in the corporation is publicly traded State regulations administer the establishment of corporations
Generally, a closely held corporation is a corporation that, in the last half of the tax year, has more than 50% of the value of its outstanding stock owned (directly or indirectly) by 5 or fewer individuals The definitions for the terms "directly or indirectly" and "individual" are in Publication 542, Corporations Generally, closely held corporations are subject to additional limitations in the tax treatment of items such as passive activity losses, at-risk rules, and compensation paid to a corporate officers
A corporation owned by the World Bank that produces a number of well-known stock indexes for emerging markets Its major role is to provide financing for projects in less developed countries
Part of World Bank Group and established in 1956 IFC lends directly to the private sector, providing long-term loans, equity investments and guarantees
Any corporation registered and operating in more than one country at a time, usually with its headquarters in a single country. A firm's advantages in establishing itself multinationally include both vertical and horizontal economies of scale (reductions in cost that result from an expanded level of output). Critics usually regard the multinational corporation as destructive of local economies abroad and as prone to monopolistic practices. See also conglomerate
corporation whose shares can be purchased and sold on the stock market; corporation owned and operated by the government formed to administrate certain public programs
A corporation consisting of a person or body of persons invested with some of the qualities of an artificial person, though not expressly incorporated, esp
the official of certain municipal divisions such as counties, schools districts, and the towns of some States of the United States, certain church officials, as a churchwarden, etc