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national monuments

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area designated as a national landmark in memory of a person or event

A natural landmark or a structure or site of historic interest set aside by a national government and maintained for public enjoyment or study. a building, special feature of the land etc that is kept and protected by a government for people to visit. In the U.S., any of numerous areas reserved by the federal government for the protection of objects or places of historical, scientific, or prehistoric interest. They include natural physical features, remains of Indian cultures, and places of historical importance. In 1906 Pres. Theodore Roosevelt established the first national monument, Devils Tower, in Wyoming. They are administered by the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior

memorial consisting of a structure or natural landmark of historic interest; set aside by national government for preservation and public enjoyment

İlgili Terimler

Agate Fossil Beds National Monument

Natural "depository" of an extinct animal community on the Niobrara River, northwestern Nebraska, U.S. The beds, laid down as sedimentary deposits 20 million years ago, bear the remains of prehistoric mammals. Discovered 1878, the site was named for its proximity to rock formations containing agates. A national monument since 1965, it covers 2,269 acres (918 hectares)

Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve

Park, southern shore of the Alaska Peninsula, U.S. Situated in the volcanically active Aleutian Range, it consists primarily of a great dry caldera, which last erupted in 1931. The crater has an average diameter of 6 mi (10 km). Declared a national monument in 1978, it covers 942 sq mi (2,440 sq km)

Aztec Ruins National Monument

5 sq mi (1.3 sq km). Mistakenly named by early settlers, the site actually contains the excavated ruins of a 12th-century Pueblo town. It was designated a World Heritage site in 1987

Aztec Ruins National Monument

Archaeological site, northwestern New Mexico, U.S. Located on the Animas River just north of the town of Aztec, it was established in 1923 and has an area of

Bandelier National Monument

Archaeological area, north-central New Mexico, U.S. Lying along the Rio Grande 20 mi (32 km) northwest of Santa Fe, it was established in 1916. It occupies an area of 51 sq mi (132 sq km) and was named for Adolph Bandelier, a Swiss-American archaeologist. The monument contains many cliff and open-pueblo ruins of pre-Columbian Indians (mostly 13th-century) in Frijoles Canyon. Stone sculptures and man-made caves have also been unearthed

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument

Park, western Colorado, U.S. Comprising a narrow, deep gorge of the Gunnison River, the preserve, established in 1933, occupies an area of 32 sq mi (83 sq km). The canyon derives its name from its black-stained, lichen-covered walls, which accentuate the gloom of the chasm

Canyon de Chelly National Monument

Preserve, northeastern Arizona, U.S. Located on the Navajo Indian reservation immediately east of Chinle, the preserve was established in 1931 and occupies 131 sq mi (339 sq km). It includes several hundred pre-Columbian cliff dwellings, some of them built in caves on the canyon walls. They represent a broader time span than any other ruins in the Southwest, with many dating from the 11th century. Modern Navajo homes and farms occupy the canyon floor

Cape Krusenstern National Monument

National preserve, northwestern Alaska, U.S., on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. Established in 1978, it was enlarged in 1980 to 1,031 sq mi (2,670 sq km). Its remarkable archaeological sites illustrate the cultural evolution of the Arctic peoples over some 4,000 years

Casa Grande Ruins National Monument

Preserve, southern Arizona, U.S. Established in 1918, it occupies 472 acres (191 hectares). The site's pre-Columbian ruins are dominated by the Casa Grande ("Big House"), a multistory building topped by a watchtower built by Salado Indians in the 14th century; it is the only surviving building of its type. Nearby are partially excavated village sites established much earlier by Hohokam Indians (see Hohokam culture)

Castillo de San Marcos National Monument

Preserve, northeastern Florida, U.S. Established in 1924, it is the 20-acre (8-hectare) site of the oldest masonry fort in the U.S., built by the Spanish (1672-96) to protect St. Augustine. The fort played an important role in the Spanish-English struggle for the Southeast (1650-1750). In the 19th century it served as a U.S. military prison

Cedar Breaks National Monument

Preserve, southwestern Utah, U.S. Established as a national monument in 1933, it consists of a vast natural amphitheatre (10 sq mi [26 sq km]) eroded in a limestone escarpment. Iron and manganese oxide impurities in the cliff produce an amazing variety of colours that change constantly

Chiricahua National Monument

Preserve, southeastern Arizona, U.S. Unusual volcanic rock formations forming a wilderness of tall pinnacles are crowded into 19 sq mi (48.5 sq km) of ridge and canyon on the western flank of the Chiricahua Mountains. Established in 1924, the park unfolds a geologic story of nearly one billion years. The region was once a stronghold of Apache Indians under Cochise and Geronimo

Colorado National Monument

National park, western Colorado, U.S. Established in 1911, the 32-sq-mi (83-sq-km) park is known for its colourful, wind-eroded sandstone formations, towering monoliths, and steep-walled canyons. Petrified logs and dinosaur fossils have been found in the area. Rim Rock Drive skirts the canyon walls, which rise more than 6,500 ft (2,000 m)

Congaree Swamp National Monument

National preserve, central South Carolina, U.S. Authorized in 1976, it covers 15,138 acres (6,126 hectares) of alluvial floodplain on the Congaree River. It contains the last significant tract of virgin Southern bottomland hardwoods in the southeastern U.S., including loblolly pine, water tupelo, hickory, and oak, some of record size

Craters of the Moon National Monument

Region of volcanic cones and craters, south-central Idaho, U.S. Established in 1924, it covers an area of 53,545 acres (21,669 hectares) and has more than 35 craters, probably extinct only a few centuries. Some are nearly a half-mile across and several hundred feet deep and reach a height of more than 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Tunnels formed by fissure eruptions feature stalactites and stalagmites in red and blue

Devils Tower National Monument

National preserve, northeastern Wyoming, U.S. The first U.S. national monument, it was established in 1906 near the Belle Fourche River. It includes 1,347 acres (545 hectares) and features a natural rock tower, the remnant of a volcanic intrusion now exposed by erosion. The tower has a flat top and is 865 ft (264 m) high

Dinosaur National Monument

National preserve, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, U.S. It was set aside in 1915 to preserve rich fossil beds that include dinosaur remains. It was enlarged in 1938 and again in 1978 to its present 330 sq mi (855 sq km). It protects the canyons of the Green and Yampa rivers, which contain highly coloured geologic formations

Effigy Mounds National Monument

National preserve, northeastern Iowa, U.S. Located on the Mississippi River, it covers 1,475 acres (597 hectares). Established in 1949, the monument has 183 known mounds, some of which are in the shape of birds and bears. The mounds were built over the course of the Woodland period (1000 BC-AD 1200), with the effigy mounds probably constructed between AD 400 and 1200. Some of the mounds have yielded copper, bone, and stone tools of Indian origin. One of the bear mounds is 137 ft (42 m) long and 3.5 ft (1 m) high

El Malpais National Monument

National monument, western New Mexico, U.S. Located at an elevation of 6,400-8,400 ft (1,950-2,560 m), it covers 114,716 acres (46,424 hectares), including a lava flow area of 85,000 acres (34,400 hectares). Features include a 17-mi (27-km) lava tube system, a number of ice caves, volcanic cinder cones, one of New Mexico's largest natural arches, and more than 20 gas and lava spatter cones. Designated a national natural landmark with the name Grants Lava Flow in 1969, it became a national monument in 1987

El Morro National Monument

National monument, west-central New Mexico, U.S. Established in 1906, it has an area of 2 sq mi (5 sq km). El Morro, or Inscription Rock, is a soft sandstone mesa rising 200 ft (60 m) above the valley floor and covering several acres. Indians, Spaniards, and Americans left their inscriptions (1605-1774) on the cliff sides of the mesa. El Morro also has a number of pre-Columbian petroglyphs, and on its top lie ruins of Zuni Indian pueblos

Fort Matanzas National Monument

National reserve, northeastern Florida, U.S. Established in 1924 and covering 228 acres (92 hectares), it centres around a Spanish fort on Rattlesnake Island, 14 mi (23 km) south of St. Augustine. Originating in 1569 as a wooden tower and completed in 1742, the fort is near the site of the slaughter of 300 French Huguenot colonists by Spaniards in 1565

Fort Sumter National Monument

National preserve, on Sullivan's Island at the entrance to the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. Construction of the fort began in 1829 and was still in progress in 1861, when it became the site of the first engagement of the American Civil War (April 12, 1861). The national monument, established in 1948, also includes Fort Moultrie, site of an American victory against the British (June 28, 1776) in the American Revolution, when the fort was called Fort Sullivan. The Seminole Indian leader Osceola is buried there

George Washington Birthplace National Monument

National monument, eastern Virginia, U.S. Established in 1930, it consists of 538 acres (218 hectares) located along the Potomac River. Wakefield, the house where George Washington (b. Feb. 22, 1732) spent the first three years of his life, burned in 1779. The present Memorial House was reconstructed in 1931-32 and represents a typical 18th-century Virginia plantation dwelling with a period garden

Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument

National preserve, southwestern New Mexico, U.S. Located in the Gila National Forest near the headwaters of the Gila River, it contains groups of small but well-preserved Pueblo Indian dwellings in natural cavities of an overhanging cliff 150 ft (45 m) high. The dwellings were inhabited AD 100-1300. Established in 1907, the monument occupies 533 acres (216 hectares)

Grand Portage National Monument

Historic site, northeastern corner of Minnesota, U.S. Located on Lake Superior near the Canadian border, it was designated a national historic site in 1951 and a national monument in 1958. It covers a 9-mi (14-km) overland trail from Lake Superior's northern shore that bypassed the obstacles to early canoe travel. Used by early explorers, the portage marked the end of travel on the Great Lakes and the beginning of the interior river route. The portage trail now bisects the reservation of the Grand Portage tribe of the Minnesota Chippewa Indians

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument

7 million acres (0.7 million hectares). Its western section has cliffs and plateaus, and its eastern section has canyons along the Escalante River. Dinosaur tracks have been found there. The area was once inhabited by the Anasazi people

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument

National preserve, southern Utah, U.S. Created a national monument in 1996, it covers

Great Sand Dunes National Monument

National monument, south-central Colorado, U.S. At the eastern edge of the San Luis Valley, it parallels for about 10 mi (16 km) the western base of the Sangre de Cristo Range. Established in 1932, the 60-sq-mi (155-sq-km) region contains some of the highest inland sand dunes in the U.S., with changing crests that rise to 700 ft (215 m)

Homestead National Monument

Memorial, southeastern Nebraska, U.S. Established in 1936 as a memorial to the hardships of pioneer life, it is the site of the first claim under the Homestead Act of 1862 and has exhibits tracing the development of the Homestead Movement. It occupies 163 acres (66 hectares) and includes a homestead log cabin

Hovenweep National Monument

National monument, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, U.S. Established in 1923 and covering 785 acres (318 hectares), it consists of six groups of pre-Columbian Indian ruins, whose towers are excellent examples of Pueblo Indian architecture of the period AD 1100-1300. Hovenweep is a Ute Indian word meaning "deserted valley

Jewel Cave National Monument

National monument, southwestern South Dakota, U.S. Established in 1908, it occupies an area of 2 sq mi (5 sq km). It is noted for its limestone caverns, a series of chambers joined by narrow passages. The known length of the caverns is 77 mi (124 km)

John Day Fossil Beds National Monument

National monument, north-central Oregon, U.S. With an area of 14,014 acres (5,676 hectares), it is located along the John Day River (named after a Virginian scout of the 1811 Astor overland expedition). Fossils more than 30 million years old provide a paleontological record of five epochs of the Cenozoic Era

Lava Beds National Monument

Region, northern California, U.S. It features recent lava flows and related volcanic formations, including deep chasms, chimneys, and cinder cones that rise to 300 ft (90 m) in height. The main battle sites of the Modoc Indian war (1872-73) are located within the monument, which occupies an area of 72 sq mi (186 sq km). It was dedicated as a national monument in 1925

Montezuma Castle National Monument

National monument, central Arizona, U.S. Situated in the Verde River Valley, it occupies an area of 842 acres (341 hectares). Declared a national monument in 1906, it is the site of the country's best-preserved pre-Columbian Pueblo Indian cliff dwellings. The "castle" is a 5-story, 20-room adobe brick structure, dating from AD 1100, built into the cliff face about 80 ft (24 m) above the valley floor. To the northeast is Montezuma Well, a large sinkhole rimmed with communal dwellings

Muir Woods National Monument

National woodland, northern California, U.S. A virgin stand of coastal redwoods, it covers an area of 554 acres (224 hectares) near the Pacific coast, northwest of San Francisco. Some of the trees are more than 300 ft (90 m) high, 15 ft (5 m) in diameter, and 2,000 years old. The park, established in 1908, was named in honour of the naturalist John Muir

Natural Bridges National Monument

National monument, southeastern Utah, U.S. Comprising three large natural bridges carved by two winding streams, it was established in 1908. The largest bridge, Sipapu, is 222 ft (68 m) high and spans 261 ft (80 m). Pictographs were carved on another of the bridges, Kachina, by early cliff dwellers

Navajo National Monument

National monument, northern Arizona, U.S. Covering 360 acres (146 hectares), it comprises three historic cliff dwellings: Betatakin (Navajo: "Ledge House"), Keet Seel ("Broken Pottery"), and Inscription House, among the best-preserved and most elaborate cliff dwellings known. The largest, Keet Seel, was first discovered by whites in 1895; the three sites were made a national monument in 1909. The dwellings were the principal home of the Kayenta Anasazi 1250-1300. The 135 rooms of Betatakin are tucked into a cliffside alcove 452 ft (138 m) high and 370 ft (113 m) wide. Also situated in a cliff alcove are the 160 rooms and 6 kivas (ceremonial houses) of Keet Seel. Inscription House (closed to the public) has 74 rooms

Oregon Caves National Monument

National monument, southwestern Oregon, U.S. It is a single cave comprising a series of chambers joined by subterranean corridors on four levels. Located in the Siskiyou Mountains near the California border, the monument was established in 1909. It has an area of 488 acres (197 hectares). It contains many stalagmites, stalactites, and other formations

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

National monument, southwestern Arizona, U.S., at the Mexican border. It was established in 1937. With an area of 330,689 acres (133,929 hectares), it preserves segments of the mountainous Sonoran Desert and is named for the organ-pipe cactus. Wildlife includes Gila monsters, antelope, coyotes, and a variety of birds

Pipestone National Monument

National monument, southwestern Minnesota, U.S. Established in 1937, it has an area of 282 acres (114 hectares) and contains quarries of a reddish-coloured stone that was used by the Plains Indians to make ceremonial peace pipes. The stone is reserved for use by the Indians, who quarry it under special permits from the National Park Service. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow popularized the quarries in "The Song of Hiawatha

Rainbow Bridge National Monument

National monument, southern Utah, U.S. Located on the Navajo Indian Reservation near the Utah-Arizona border, the monument was established in 1910 and occupies 160 acres (65 hectares). It centres on a rainbow-shaped bridge of pink sandstone 290 ft (88 m) above a creek that winds toward the Colorado River. The bridge is 278 ft (85 m) long and is one of the world's largest natural bridges. Embedded among canyons, the area is accessible only on foot, by horseback, or by boat on Lake Powell

Russell Cave National Monument

National Monument, northeastern Alabama, U.S. Located south of the Alabama-Tennessee border, the monument constitutes part of a cavern that was discovered 1953. The cave is about 210 ft (64 m) long, 107 ft (33 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) high. It contains an almost continuous record of human habitation dating to at least 7000 BC. The national monument was established in 1961

Saguaro National Monument

Mountain and desert region, southeastern Arizona, U.S. Established in 1933, it comprises an area of 124 sq mi (321 sq km) east of Tucson and contains forests of saguaro cactus. Plant life also includes paloverde, mesquite trees, and ocotillo

Scotts Bluff National Monument

National monument, western Nebraska, U.S. Established in 1919, it has an area of 5 sq mi (13 sq km). Its focus is a large bluff that rises 800 ft (244 m) above the North Platte River and was a prominent landmark on the Oregon Trail. A museum at the base of the bluff highlights the history of the pioneer travelers

Statue of Liberty National Monument

National monument, Liberty Island (formerly Bedloe's Island), New York Harbor, New York, U.S. Covering 58 ac (23 ha), it includes the colossal statue Liberty Enlightening the World, sculpted by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated in 1886, and the nearby Ellis Island Museum. The 302-ft (92-m) statue of a woman holding a tablet and upraised torch was given to the U.S. by France and commemorates the friendship of the two countries; a plaque at the pedestal's entrance is inscribed with a sonnet by Emma Lazarus. The Statue of Liberty was declared a national monument in 1924; in 1965 nearby Ellis Island was added to the monument

Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument

Preserve, north-central Arizona, U.S. Established in 1930, the monument covers 5 sq mi (13 sq km) and contains the brilliant-hued cinder cone of an extinct volcano that erupted 1064. It rises 1,000 ft (300 m) and has a crater 400 ft (120 m) deep and 1,280 ft (390 m) in diameter. The tract contains numerous lava flows, fumaroles, and lava beds

Timpanogos Cave National Monument

Preserve, Utah, U.S. Located on the northwestern slope of Mount Timpanogos (12,008 ft [3,660 m]), the highest peak of the Wasatch Mountains, it was established in 1922; it occupies 250 ac (101 ha). It centres around a three-chambered limestone cave noted for its pink and white crystal-filigreed walls and tinted formations

Tuzigoot National Monument

National monument, central Arizona, U.S. Located in the Verde River valley, the 43-ac (17-ha) park was established in 1939. Its outstanding feature is the ruin of a 110-room Sinagua Indian pueblo that was occupied by three cultural groups from AD 1100 to 1450. The structure was excavated in 1933-34 and partially rebuilt

Walnut Canyon National Monument

National monument, north-central Arizona, U.S. Established in 1915 and covering an area of 3 sq mi (8 sq km), it preserves more than 300 pre-Columbian dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians in shallow caves on the canyon walls. Main occupancy was from AD 1000 to 1200

White Sands National Monument

National monument, south-central New Mexico, U.S. Established in 1933, it covers 225 sq mi (583 sq km) and lies between the San Andres and the Sacramento mountains. Its white gypsum sand constantly drifts into dunes 10-60 ft (3-18 m) high. The San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, White Sands Missile Range, and Holloman Air Force Base are nearby

Wupatki National Monument

National monument, north-central Arizona, U.S. Situated along the Little Colorado River, the monument was established in 1924 and comprises more than 800 red sandstone pueblos built during the 11th-13th centuries. It has an area of 55 sq mi (142 sq km)

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