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ibn-i rüşd

İbn-i Rüşd ( Arapça: ابن رشد; Künyesi Ebū 'l-Velīd Muḥammed ibn Aḥmed ibn Muḥammed ibn Rüşd ابوالوليد محمد بن احمد بن محمد بن رشد; Latince: Averroes, d. 1126 - o. 10 Aralık 1198), Endülüslü-Arap felsefeci ve hekim, bir felsefe, fıkıh, matematik ve tıp alımı. Kurtuba'da doğdu ve Marakeş, Fas'ta oldu. İbn-i Rüşd'e göre biricik filozof Aristo'ydu

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Abu Ali al Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina Ibn Sina Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi talib Hussein ibn talal Mawlana Nur al Din Abd al Rahman ibn Ahmad Salah al Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub Saud ibn Abd al Aziz al Faysal Al Saud Abd al Malik ibn Marwan Abd al Mu'min ibn Ali Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al Tai'ishi Muhammad ibn Abd al Karim al KhaTTabi Abu Hanifah al Numan ibn Thabit Ahmad ibn Hanbal Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi Ali ibn Abi talib Amr ibn al As Abdullah Ibn Buhaina Bourguiba Habib ibn Ali Bukhari Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ismail al Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al Thaqafi al Abu Said ibn Abi al Hasan Yasar al Basri Mawlay Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf Husayn ibn Ali al Husayn ibn Ali Ibn Aqil Ibn al Arabi Ibn Gabirol Solomon ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol Ibn Hazm Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Said ibn Hazm Ibn Ishaq Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar ibn Khiyar Ibn Janah Ibn Khaldun Abu Zayd Abd al Rahman ibn Khaldun Ibn Saud Abd al Aziz ibn Abd al Rahman ibn Faysal Al Ibn taymiyyah Ibn Tibbon Judah ben Saul Ibn tulun Mosque Jafar ibn Muhammad Yakub ibn Ishaq al Sabah al Kindi Muhammad Ahmad ibn al Sayyid Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Tughluq Sidi Muhammad ibn Yusuf Mutanabbi Abu al tayyib Ahmad ibn Husayn al Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Qasimi Sheikh SulTan ibn Muhammad al Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al Razi Said ibn SulTan Said ibn Yusuf al Fayyumi Abd al Wahhab ibn Ahmad Shafii Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Idris al Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir al tabari Umar ibn al KhaTTab al Hajj Umar ibn Said Tal Uthman ibn Affan Wahhab Muhammad ibn Abd al Abd al Qadir ibn Muhyi al Din ibn MusTafa al Hasani al Jazairi Shaykh Ahmad ibn Zayn al Din Ibrahim al Ahsai Abu al Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Rushd Ibn Rushd Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn tarkhan ibn Uzalagh al Farabi Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al tusi al Ghazali Ibn BaTTuTah Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al Lawati al tanji ibn BaTTuTah Ghiyath al Din Abu al Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim al Neyshaburi al Khayyami Sidi Muhammad ibn Ali al Sanusi al Mujahiri al Hasani al Idrisi Shihab al Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak al Suhrawardi

ibn

Arabic term for "son "

ibn

Literally, "son of"; used before or as part of proper name to indicate patrilineal descent Also seen as bin or ben

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Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Tai'ishi

or Abdullahi born 1846, Sudan died Nov. 24, 1899, Kordofan Political and religious leader who succeeded Muammad Amad (al-Mahd) as head of the Mahdist movement in the Sudan in 1885. He launched attacks against the Ethiopians and invaded Egypt, securing his position by 1891. In 1896 Anglo-Egyptian forces began to reconquer the Sudan. Abd Allh resisted until 1898, when he was forced to flee Omdurman. He died in battle one year later

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

born 646/647, Medina, Arabia died Oct. 705, Damascus Fifth caliph (685-705) of the Umayyad dynasty. Abd al-Malik was forced to flee his hometown of Medina during an uprising against Umayyad rule in 683. Two years later he succeeded to the caliphate and with the help of his infamous lieutenant al-Hajjj ibn Ysuf began a seven-year campaign to defeat all rebellions against the Umayyads and reunify the Muslim world. He resumed the conquest of North Africa, winning the Berbers to his side and capturing Carthage (697) from the Byzantine Empire. His good relations with the clergy of Medina led many to abandon their opposition to the Umayyads. He made Arabic the language of government throughout his domains, struck Islamic gold coins to replace Byzantine ones, and built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Abd al-Mu'min ibn Ali

born 1094, Tgr, kingdom of the ammdids died 1163, Rabat, Almohad empire Berber caliph (1130-63) of the Almohad dynasty. Around 1117 he fell under the sway of Ibn Tmart, founder of the Almohad religious movement, and joined him in opposing to the ruling Almoravid dynasty. He succeeded Ibn Tmart on the latter's death in 1130 and for the next 17 years carried on the struggle against the Almoravids. After defeating them at Marrakech in 1147, he massacred many of the city's inhabitants, made Marrakech his home base, and conquered all of North Africa west of Egypt

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Idris al- Shafii

born , 767, Arabia died Jan. 20, 820, Al-Fus, Egypt Muslim legal scholar and founder of the Shfiiyyah school of law. A distant relative of Muhammad, he was brought up in poverty in Mecca and studied with Islamic scholars across Arabia and the Levant. His great contribution was the creation of a synthesis of Islamic legal thought that put into coherent form many familiar but unsystematized ideas. He dealt primarily with the identification of the sources of Islamic law and their application to contemporary events. His book, the Rislah ( 817), earned him the title "father of Muslim jurisprudence

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ismail al- Bukhari

born July 19, 810, Bukhara, Central Asia died Aug. 31, 870, Khartank, near Samarkand Muslim compiler and scholar of Hadth. He began his study as a child in Central Asia and traveled as far as Mecca and Cairo to learn about Muhammad and his utterances. Of the 600,000 traditions he collected, he deemed 7,275 authentic and included them in Kitb al-jmi al-a ("Entirety of the Genuine"). His Kitb al-tarkh al-kabr ("The Great History") contains biographies of those who passed on the oral traditions from the days of the Prophet to Bukhr's own era

Abu Hanifah al-Numan ibn Thabit

born 699, Kfah, Iraq died 767, Baghdad Muslim jurist and theologian. The son of a merchant in Kfah, he gained wealth in the silk trade and studied law under the noted jurist ammd. After ammd's death (738), Ab anfah became his successor. He was the first to develop systematic legal doctrines from the accumulated Islamic legal tradition. Primarily a scholar, he neither accepted a judgeship nor took direct part in court politics; he supported the successors of Al over the ruling Umayyad and Abbsid dynasties. His doctrinal system became one of four canonical schools of Islamic law (Sharia) and is still widely followed in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Central Asia, and Arab countries

Abu al-tayyib Ahmad ibn Husayn al- Mutanabbi

born 915, Al-Kfah, Iraq died Sept. 23, 965, near Dayr al-ql Poet regarded by many as the greatest in the Arabic language. Al-Mutanabb received an education, unusual for his time and rank, because of his poetic talent. He lived among the Bedouin and, claiming to be a prophet, led an unsuccessful Muslim revolt in Syria. After two years' imprisonment he recanted and became a wandering poet, eventually leaving Syria for Egypt and Iran. He primarily wrote panegyrics in a flowery, bombastic style marked by improbable metaphors. His poetic voice is proud and arrogant in tone, and his verse is crafted with consummate skill and artistry. His powerful influence on Arabic poetry persisted into modern times

Ahmad ibn Hanbal

He traveled widely to study with the great masters and made five pilgrimages to Mecca. In 833-835 he bravely endured floggings and imprisonment rather than subscribe to the Mutazil doctrine of a created (rather than eternal) Qurn, and he is remembered as a staunch upholder of Muslim traditionalism. He compiled the Traditions of Muhammad and is the eponym of the anbal school, the most traditional of the four orthodox Islamic schools of (Hukuk) Opposing codification of the law, he believed jurists needed the freedom to derive legal solutions from the Qurn and the sunna. He is revered as one of the fathers of Islam

Ahmad ibn Hanbal

born 780, Baghdad, Iraq died 855, Baghdad Muslim theologian and jurist. He began to study the Hadth (Traditions) at age

Ali ibn Abi talib

born 600, Mecca died January 661, Al-Kfah, Iraq Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad and fourth caliph (656-661). Al was a ward of Muhammad, just as Muhammad himself had been a ward of Al's father, Ab lib. An early convert to Islam, he helped foil an assassination plot against Muhammad and, following the Hijrah to Medina (622), fought beside him against his enemies, gaining renown as a soldier. Since some in the early Muslim community claimed that Muhammad did not name any successor and others claimed that he named Al, the controversy over Al's claim to the caliphate resulted in the fundamental schism in Islam that eventually led to the creation of the Shite (from shat Al, "party of Al") and Sunnite branches of the religion. His willingness to compromise with his adversaries during the first fitnah led some of his troops to desert and form the Khrijite sect, one of whose members later assassinated Al. In later Islamic hagiography, Al was held up as the paradigm of youthful chivalry and virtue by both Shites and Sunnites. See also al-Husayn ibn Al; Battle of Karbal; Muwiyah

Amr ibn al-As

died 663, Al-Fus, Egypt Arab conqueror of Egypt. After accepting Islam ( 630), he led a force to Oman, where he converted the region's rulers. He was a leader in the Muslim force that conquered southwestern Palestine in the 630s but gained fame when, on his own initiative, he set out to conquer Egypt, succeeding (642) after a two-year campaign. A good administrator and politician, late in his career he aided the governor of Syria, Muwiyah I, against Al, Islam's fourth caliph. He was rewarded with the governorship of Egypt at the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty (661)

Habib ibn Ali Bourguiba

born Aug. 3, 1903, Al-Munastr, Tun. died April 6, 2000, Al-Munastr President of Tunisia (1957-87). He studied at the Sorbonne, where he met independence-minded Algerians and Moroccans. He founded a nationalist newspaper in 1932. In 1934 he founded the Neo-Destour Party and became central to the Tunisian liberation movement. His efforts led the French to imprison him for three years, but he negotiated Tunisia's independence from that country in 1956. The Tunisian monarchy was abolished in 1957, and Bourguiba became president. During his 30 years in office he kept the army small and devoted much of the budget to improving education and health. Made president for life in 1975, he was removed from in 1987 because of ill health. He was succeeded by Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali

Husayn ibn Ali

born 1854, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire died 1931, Amman, Transjordan Sharif of the Hshimite line, Ottoman-appointed emir of Mecca (1908-16), and self-proclaimed king of the Arabs (1916-24). His claim to be the new caliph (1924) led to a short and unsuccessful war against Ibn Sad. usayn was exiled to Cyprus. One of his sons, Abdullh, became king of Transjordan (present-day Jordan); another became king of Syria and later Iraq as Faysal I

Jafar ibn Muhammad

born 699/700, Medina, Arabia died 765, Medina Sixth imam of the Shite branch of Islam and the last to be recognized by all the Shite sects. He was the great-grandson of Al. As a possible claimant to the caliphate, Jafar was viewed as a threat to both the Umayyad and Abbsid dynasties. He traveled to Baghdad in 762 to prove to the caliph that he was not seeking power, then returned to his native Medina, where his pupils included Ab Hanfah. After his death the Shites began to splinter. One sect, the Ismliyyah, became followers of his son, Ismail. Another, the Ithn Ashariyyah, traced a succession from Jafar to the Twelfth Imam awaited at the Last Judgment

Muhammad ibn Abd al- Wahhab

born 1703, Uyaynah, Arabia died 1792, Al-Diryah Islamic theologian and founder of the Wahhb movement. Educated in Medina, he spent several years teaching in Iraq and Iran. He reacted against what he perceived as the extremism of various sects of Sufism, setting out his ideas in the Book of Unity (1736). He stressed a conservative observation of Islam, rejecting polytheism and condemning reverence of saints and the decoration of mosques. His views were controversial; eventually he settled in Nejd, where, in alliance with Ibn Sad, his teachings found favour and grew dominant

Muhammad ibn Tughluq

born 1290, Delhi, India died March 20, 1351, Sonda Second sultan (r. 1325-51) of the Tughluq dynasty, who briefly extended the rule of the Delhi sultanate of northern India over most of the subcontinent. He transferred the capital from Delhi to Deogir (now Daulatabad) in an attempt to consolidate his hold on southern India; the resultant migration of northerners to the south spread the Urdu language there. He tried to enlist the services of the ulam (Muslim clerics) but was rebuffed; his overtures to the Sufis met a similar fate. His agricultural innovations included crop rotation and state farms as well as improvements in irrigation. Though he desired to create a more equitable social order, his harshness undermined his authority: during his reign he contended with 22 rebellions

Said ibn SulTan

or Sad Sayyid born 1791, Oman died Oct. 19, 1856, at sea Ruler of Muscat and Oman and of Zanzibar (1806-56). He made Zanzibar the principal power in East Africa and the commercial capital of the western Indian Ocean. Under Sad, Zanzibar caravans were sent into central Africa to extract ivory, slaves, and other products. In 1822 he forbade his subjects to sell slaves to European traders. From 1828 he developed the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba into the world's largest clove producers, and he built up a large navy that helped expand his commercial interests

Sheikh SulTan ibn Muhammad al- Qasimi

born July 1, 1939 Ruler of the emirate of Al-Shariqah (Sharjah) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from 1972. He succeeded his brother, who was assassinated. A political moderate, he favoured strengthening the federal government of the UAE. In the wake of a failed coup attempt by another brother, he agreed to implement financial and administrative reforms and to make his brother crown prince, with the right to succeed him, but he changed his mind and exiled his brother in 1990

Umar ibn al-KhaTTab

born AD 586, Mecca, Arabian Peninsula died Nov. 3, 644, Medina Second Muslim caliph (634-644). He initially opposed the Prophet Muhammad but became a Muslim 615. His daughter afah married Muhammad in 625. He was nominated by Ab Bakr as his successor. As caliph he spread Islam to Egypt, Syria, and Persia. His innovations affected taxation, social welfare, and the empire's entire financial and administrative fabric, and he was noted for his justice, social ideals, and candour

Uthman ibn Affan

died June 17, 656, Medina, Arabia Third caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. Born into the powerful Umayyad clan of Mecca, he became a wealthy merchant before converting to Islam; he was the first convert of high social and economic standing. He married a daughter of Muhammad. On the death of Umar ibn al-Khattb (644), Uthmn was chosen as his successor. His reign as caliph was marked by nepotism and personal profit, and he made many enemies. His accomplishments included centralizing the administration of the caliphate and establishing an official version of the Qurn. His death at the hands of rebels marked the beginning of the first fitnah

al- Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi

born 661, Al-if, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula died June 714, Al-Wsi, Iraq Provincial governor under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750), first in Mecca and then in Iraq. He ruthlessly suppressed a rebellion in Mecca in 692. Two years later he was named governor of Iraq, where his willingness to use brute force to suppress insurrection made him a legend. Despite his inclination to use the sword, he was known for promoting prosperity and security in Iraq, keeping the irrigation system working, and improving agricultural production. He adopted a new, purely Arab currency

al- Husayn ibn Ali

born January 626, Medina, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula died Oct. 10, 680, Karbal, Iraq Muslim political and religious leader. He was the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. After the assassination of his father, the fourth caliph, Al ibn Ab Tlib, he accepted the rule of the first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, Muwiyah I. He refused, however, to acknowledge the succession of the latter's son, Yazd I, and instead accepted an invitation to travel to Iraq in order to lead a revolt against the Umayyads. He, along with a small entourage of family and followers, was intercepted by the Umayyads and killed at the Battle of Karbal. He is viewed by Shite Muslims as the prototypical martyr, and his death became a central theme of later Shite theology and is commemorated annually during the holy festival of shr

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ibn-i sina

Islamic philosopher and scientist. He became physician to several sultans and also twice served as vizier. His Canon of Medicine was long a standard work in the field. He is known for his great encyclopaedia of philosophy, The Book of Healing. His other writings include The Book of Salvation and The Book of Directives and Remarks. His interpretations of Aristotle influenced European Scholasticism. His system rests on a conception of God as the necessary existent: only in God do essence (what God is) and existence (that God is) coincide