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Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Gaius Sallustius Crispus Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus Caesar Gaius Julius Cassius Longinus Gaius Catullus Gaius Valerius Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Flaminius Gaius Gracchus Gaius Sempronius Maecenas Gaius Cilnius Marius Gaius Petronius Arbiter Gaius Gaius Plinius Secundus Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus Verres Gaius Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Gaius Octavius
{i} (AD c110-c180) Roman writer and jurist
Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; noted for his cruelty and tyranny; was assassinated (12-41)

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Gaius Caesar
officially Gaius Caesar (Germanicus) born Aug. 31, AD 12, Antium, Latium died Jan. 24, 41, Rome Roman emperor (37-41). Known by his childhood nickname, Caligula ("Little Boot") was declared heir to the throne by Tiberius following the suspicious deaths of Caligula's parents and brothers and probably connived in Tiberius's death. Caligula suffered a severe illness seven months into his rule and began displaying mental instability, engaging in despotic caprice and cruelty. Restoring treason trials (38), he executed former supporters and extorted money from the citizens. He plundered Gaul in 40 and began planning to invade Britain. He made pretensions to divinity and declared his sister Drusilla a goddess on her death. Weary of his tyranny, a group of conspirators assassinated him
Gaius Caesar Germanicus
officially Gaius Caesar (Germanicus) born Aug. 31, AD 12, Antium, Latium died Jan. 24, 41, Rome Roman emperor (37-41). Known by his childhood nickname, Caligula ("Little Boot") was declared heir to the throne by Tiberius following the suspicious deaths of Caligula's parents and brothers and probably connived in Tiberius's death. Caligula suffered a severe illness seven months into his rule and began displaying mental instability, engaging in despotic caprice and cruelty. Restoring treason trials (38), he executed former supporters and extorted money from the citizens. He plundered Gaul in 40 and began planning to invade Britain. He made pretensions to divinity and declared his sister Drusilla a goddess on her death. Weary of his tyranny, a group of conspirators assassinated him
Gaius Cassius
died 42 BC, near Philippi, Macedonia Roman general and administrator. He fought alongside Pompey the Great against Julius Caesar but was reconciled with Caesar after Pompey's defeat. Motivated by jealousy and bitterness, he joined Brutus in the successful conspiracy to assassinate Caesar (44 BC). Forced to leave Rome after the assassination, he went to Syria, and there he ousted the Roman governor (43). With Brutus he raised an army in Macedonia to challenge the Second Triumvirate. Defeated at the Battle of Philippi by Mark Antony, he had his freedmen slay him. He was lamented by Brutus as "the last of the Romans
Gaius Cassius Longinus
died 42 BC, near Philippi, Macedonia Roman general and administrator. He fought alongside Pompey the Great against Julius Caesar but was reconciled with Caesar after Pompey's defeat. Motivated by jealousy and bitterness, he joined Brutus in the successful conspiracy to assassinate Caesar (44 BC). Forced to leave Rome after the assassination, he went to Syria, and there he ousted the Roman governor (43). With Brutus he raised an army in Macedonia to challenge the Second Triumvirate. Defeated at the Battle of Philippi by Mark Antony, he had his freedmen slay him. He was lamented by Brutus as "the last of the Romans
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas
He is best remembered as the generous patron of such writers as Virgil, Horace, and Propertius; he used the work of such literati to glorify Augustus's regime. In 23, after the discovery of his brother-in-law's conspiracy against Augustus, he was forced to retire
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas
born 70 died 8 BC Roman diplomat and literary patron. He claimed descent from Etruscan kings. Though highly influential in the state, he held no title, nor did he wish to be a senator. From 43 on he helped Octavian (later Augustus) diplomatically and domestically, administering Rome and Italy while Octavian was fighting Pompeius in 36 and Mark Antony in
Gaius Flaminius
died 217 BC Roman political leader. As tribune (232) he supported Roman expansion in northern Italy; his land bill (232) gave land to Roman plebeians and gained him great popularity, but the bill's passage was seen as the cause of the Gallic invasion of 225 (repelled in 223), and he was held responsible. He was elected consul in 223 and 217. As censor (220) he built the Circus Flaminius in Rome and the Via Flaminia to Ariminum (Rimini). He died fighting Hannibal in the Second Punic War
Gaius Julius Caesar
born July 12/13, 100, Rome died March 15, 44 BC, Rome Celebrated Roman general, statesman, and dictator. A patrician by birth, he held the prominent posts of quaestor and praetor before becoming governor of Farther Spain in 61-60. He formed the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus in 60 and was elected consul in 59 and proconsul in Gaul and Illyria in
Gaius Julius Caesar
After conducting the Gallic Wars, during which he invaded Britain (55, 54) and crossed the Rhine (55, 53), he was instructed by the Senate to lay down his command, Senate conservatives having grown wary of his increasing power, as had a suspicious Pompey. When the Senate would not command Pompey to give up his command simultaneously, Caesar, against regulations, led his forces across the Rubicon River (49) between Gaul and Italy, precipitating the Roman Civil War. Pompey fled from Italy but was pursued and defeated by Caesar in 48; he then fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. Having followed Pompey to Egypt, Caesar became lover to Cleopatra and supported her militarily. He defeated Pompey's last supporters in 46-45. He was named dictator for life by the Romans. He was offered the crown (44) but refused it, knowing the Romans' dislike for kings. He was in the midst of launching a series of political and social reforms when he was assassinated in the Senate House on the ides of March by conspirators led by Cassius and Brutus. His writings on the Gallic and Civil wars are considered models of classical historiography
Gaius Maecenas
He is best remembered as the generous patron of such writers as Virgil, Horace, and Propertius; he used the work of such literati to glorify Augustus's regime. In 23, after the discovery of his brother-in-law's conspiracy against Augustus, he was forced to retire
Gaius Maecenas
born 70 died 8 BC Roman diplomat and literary patron. He claimed descent from Etruscan kings. Though highly influential in the state, he held no title, nor did he wish to be a senator. From 43 on he helped Octavian (later Augustus) diplomatically and domestically, administering Rome and Italy while Octavian was fighting Pompeius in 36 and Mark Antony in
Gaius Marius
born 157, Cereatae, near Arpinum, Latium died Jan. 13, 86 BC, Rome General and consul who redesigned the Roman army. He secured command of the army in Africa (107) and solved the chronic manpower shortage by enlisting landless citizens for the first time. He defeated Jugurtha in 106. At Rome he held unconstitutional successive consulships (104-100) while it was threatened by the Cimbri and the Teutones, whom he fought and defeated. He held a command during the Social War and was awarded another in 88 to replace Sulla as Asian commander and confront Mithradates. When an outraged Sulla marched on Rome, Marius fled for his life. He returned forcibly in 87, was elected consul for the seventh time, and ruthlessly murdered his opponents
Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius
born 201, Budalia, Pannonia Inferior died June 251, Abrittus, Moesia Roman emperor (249-251). Of uncertain origins, he served as senator, consul, and provincial military commander before taking the throne from Philip the Arabian. He resisted the Gothic invasion of Moesia and instituted the first organized persecution of Christians throughout the empire (250), which only served to strengthen the Christian cause. He ended the persecutions in 251, shortly before he was defeated and killed by the Goths
Gaius Octavius Caesar
{i} Augustus (63 BC-AD 14), first Roman emperor
Gaius Petronius Arbiter
orig. Titus Petronius Niger died AD 66 Roman writer. Of a noble family, Petronius belonged to a class of idle pleasure-seekers, but he served ably as governor of the Asian province of Bithynia and as consul in Rome. After being appointed Nero's authority on taste (hence "Arbiter"), he was accused of plotting to kill the emperor and, though innocent, committed suicide. He is the reputed author of the Satyricon, a comic picaresque novel vividly portraying contemporary Roman society through the escapades of a disreputable trio of adventurers, with unrelated stories and the author's commentaries on Roman life interspersed
Gaius Plinius Secundus
{i} (23-79 A.D.) Pliny the Elder, Roman historian and author of "Natural History" who died while watching the eruption of Vesuvius
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus
born 160 died 121 BC, Grove of Furrina, near Rome Roman tribune (123-122 BC). He joined the outcry over the murder of his brother, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and helped implement his agrarian law. He combined the votes of plebeians and equites to pass reforms aimed at curbing the corruption of the nobility. His attempts to extend citizenship to Rome's Italian allies and more freedom to plebeians were unpopular. Though he came from an aristocratic family, his policies were seen by extreme conservatives as an attempt to destroy the aristocracy. He committed suicide while under siege on the Aventine Hill
Gaius Valerius Catullus
an ancient Roman poet, famous especially for his love poems (?84-?54 BC). v. born 84, Verona, Cisalpine Gaul died 54 BC, Rome Roman poet. Few facts about his life are certain. Of 116 extant poems, 25 portray an intense and unhappy affair with a married woman ("Lesbia"); others reflect an affair with the youth Juventius; still others are outbursts of contempt for Julius Caesar and other personages. He displayed remarkable versatility in assorted poetic forms, and his conversational rhythms carry an immediacy unrivaled by any other classical poet. His expressions of love and hatred represent perhaps the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome
Gaius Verres
v. born 115 died 43 BC Roman magistrate. As quaestor, Verres embezzled funds. He helped the governor of Cilicia, Gaius Dolabella, plunder the province (80-78), and then he helped convict Dolabella at Rome. He became praetor by bribery and abused his power. As governor of Sicily (73-71) his corruption was extreme; he was prosecuted so effectively by Cicero (70) that his lawyer had no reply. He fled into exile but was murdered, perhaps at the orders of Mark Antony, who then acquired his art collection