As Karl Ferdinand Werner has pointed out, the 'European miracle' 'did not take place after the 'Middle Ages' or in spite of the 'Middle Ages', but because of the existence of a Christian world dominated in the West by Catholic doctrines, a world we have become accustomed to call the Middle Ages.' (Hans Albert, Between social science, religion and politics: essays in critical rationalism, 1999, p. 205, citing K. F. Werner in Baechler/Hall/Mann (eds.), 1988, p. 172.).