The yuan is the unit of money used in the People's Republic of China. For most events, tickets cost one, two or three yuan. The yuan is also used to refer to the Chinese currency system. The yuan recovered a little; it now hovers around 8.2 to the dollar. yuan the standard unit of money in China. Ma Yuan Qu Yuan Yuan Chiang Yuan dynasty Yuan River Yuan Shikai
River, southeast-central China. It rises in Guizhou province, then flows northeast in Hunan province to Dongting Lake. It is 537 mi (864 km) long and is navigable for most of its course
or Yüan Shih-kai born Sept. 16, 1859, Xiangcheng, Henan province, China died June 6, 1916, Beijing Chinese army leader and first president of the Republic of China (1912-16). He began his military career serving in Korea in the 1880s. In 1885 he was made Chinese commissioner at Seoul; his promotion of China's interests contributed to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95). The war destroyed China's navy and army, and the task of training a new army fell to Yuan. When his division was the only one to survive the Boxer Rebellion (1900), his political stature increased. He played a decisive part in China's modernization and defense programs and enjoyed the support of the empress dowager Cixi. On her death he was dismissed, only to be called back following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1911-12, when he became the first president of the new republic. Impatient with the new National Assembly, he ordered the assassination of Song Jiaoren, leader of the Nationalist Party in 1913. He quelled a subsequent revolt, but his efforts to found his own dynasty (1915-16) failed. See also Sun Yat-sen
or Yüan dynasty or Mongol dynasty (1206-1368) Dynasty established in China by Mongol nomads. Genghis Khan occupied northern China in 1215, but not until 1279 did Kublai Khan take control of southern China. The Mongols established their capital at Beijing (then called Dadu). They rebuilt the Grand Canal and put the roads and postal stations in good order. Paper money, which had had limited circulation under the Song, came to be used throughout the empire. Advances were made in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics, and trade was carried out throughout the Mongol empire from the plains of eastern Europe across the steppes to Mongolia and China. Many foreigners came to China (notably Marco Polo), and many Chinese traveled to Iran, Russia, and even western Europe. The Chinese resented the Mongol conquerors, whose governmental system discriminated against them. Chinese artists demonstrated passive resistance by withdrawing and turning to personal expression. Literati painting became popular; the novel developed, and new dramatic forms also appeared. Disputes over succession weakened the central government from 1300 on, and rebellions were frequent, many connected with secret societies such as the Red Turbans. The dynasty was overthrown in 1368 by the future Hongwu emperor. See also Ming dynasty
or Ma Yüan born 1160/65, Qiantang, Zhejiang province died 1225 Chinese landscape painter. Born into a family of court painters, Ma Yuan began his career under the emperor Xiaozong, became daizhao ("painter-in-attendance") under Emperor Guangzong, and received the highest honour, the Golden Belt, under Emperor Ningzong. Apart from these facts, little is known about Ma's life. He occasionally painted flowers and figure subjects, but it was in landscape painting that his genius lay. He executed a number of large landscape screens, all of which are now lost. He also painted tall hanging scrolls depicting steep mountains with streams, waterfalls, and vigorously yet elegantly rendered pine trees. In many of his works, the mountains are pushed to one side, creating a "one corner" composition; between the distant mountains and the foreground rocks, where a scholar may be sitting, lies an expanse of empty space with a suggestion of mist or water. Ma's style was popular with late Song painters, and it is often difficult to distinguish his works from those of his followers. The romantic landscape style of Ma and his contemporary Xia Gui inspired a school of painting that came to be known as the Ma-Xia school, characterized by asymmetrical compositions with simplified ink tones and angular brushstrokes
or Ch'ü Yüan born 339, Quyi, China died 278 BC, Hunan Chinese poet. Born into the ruling house of Chu, in youth Qu Yuan was a favourite of the region's ruler. Later he was banished and wandered in despair, writing and observing folk customs, which would influence his works. He eventually drowned himself. His most famous poem is the melancholy Lisao ("On Encountering Sorrow"). One of the greatest poets of ancient China, he exerted enormous influence on later poets with his highly original verse