urban

English - Turkish

Definition of urban in English Turkish dictionary

{s} kentsel

Bisikletler kentsel sürdürülebilirlik için araçlardır. - Bicycles are tools for urban sustainability.

Kentsel alanlardaki gaz salınımı ciddi kirliliğe neden oluyor. - Gas emissions cause serious pollution in urban areas.

{s} şehir

Kırsaldan şehir bölgelerine yapılan bu taşınma iki yüzyıldan daha fazla bir süredir devam etmektedir. - This movement from rural to urban areas has been going on for over two hundred years.

Loch Ness canavarı bir şehir efsanesidir. - The Loch Ness monster is an urban myth.

şehirde yaşayan veya bulunan

şehir ile ilgili

şehirle ilgili

şehre değgin

(Ticaret) kentte oturan

(Ticaret) kente ait

(Ticaret) kentle ilgili

kentte bulunan

kent ile ilgili

{s} şehirli

{s} şehre ait

urban renewal şehri yeniden oturulabilir şekle koyma planı

kent

Sabah kahvaltısı için veranda yemeği Fransa'nın kentsel alanlarında yaygın olarak uygulanmaktadır. - Patio dining for breakfast is widely practiced in urban areas of France.

Kentsel alanlardaki gaz salınımı ciddi kirliliğe neden oluyor. - Gas emissions cause serious pollution in urban areas.

kentli

Urban wastewater

(Botanik, Bitkibilim) Kentsel atıksu

urban design

şehir tasarımı

urban development

Çarpık kentleşme ve kaos pek çok planlama sorunları yaratır. - Urban sprawl and chaos create many planning problems.

urban transportation

(Kanun) kent çocuğu

(Mimarlık) Kentsel tasarım

urban ecosystem

Kent ekosistemi

urban ecosystem

Şehirler, kasabalar gibi insanların kurduğu tüm yaşam alanları

urban gentrification

Müstenalaştırma, soylulaştırma: Sosyo-kültürel açıdan bozulmuş, çöküntüye uğramış, dolayısıyla fiziksel çevresi de bozulmuş alanlarda, özellikle de tarihi kent parçalarında sosyal yapının ıslah edilmesi

urban green space planning office

Kentsel yeşil alan planlama ofisi

urban heat island

kentsel işi adası

urban infrastructure

urban regeneration

(Mimarlık) Kentsel dönüşüm

(Çevre) Düzensiz kentleşme, bozuk kentleşme

urban-based

Kentsel tabanlı

This first chapter begins before Ötzi with the origins of humankind and chronicles the great discoveries that led to the first urban-based civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

urban aesthetic

kent estetiği

urban and regional planning

(İnşaat) kent ve bölge planlama

urban and regional planning

(İnşaat) şehir bölge planlama

urban anomie

(Tıp) kent anomis

urban anomie theory

(Pisikoloji, Ruhbilim) kent anomisi teorisi

urban anthropology

şehir antropolojisi

urban antropology

(Eğitim) kent antropolojisi

urban beautification

kent güzelleştirme

urban beautification

şehir güzelleştirme

urban beautification

kent süslemesi

urban climatology

şehir klimatolojisi

urban complex

(İnşaat) kentsel bütün

urban complex

(İnşaat) şehir kompleksi

urban dialectology

(Dilbilim) kent lehçebilimi

urban disaster

kentsel afet

urban disaster

(Askeri) şehri etkileyen afet

urban disaster prevention plan

kentsel afet korunma planı

urban district

kentsel bölge

urban expansion

(İnşaat) kent genişlemesi

urban gentrification

kentsel nezihleştirme

urban guerilla warfare

(Askeri) ŞEHİR GERİLLA HARBİ

urban guerrilla warfare

(Askeri) şehir gerilla harbi

urban land use

kent toprak kullanımı

urban land use

şehir toprak kullanımı

urban landscape architecture

kent peyzaj mimarisi

urban landscape architecture

şehir peyzaj mimarisi

urban language

(Dilbilim) kent dilleri

urban militancy

(Askeri) şehir savaşçılığı

urban militancy

(Askeri) ŞEHİR CENKÇİLİĞİ

(Politika, Siyaset) kent siyaseti

urban pollution

kentsel kirlilik

urban pollution

(Politika, Siyaset) kentsel kirlenme

urban public transport

kentsel toplu taşıma

urban redevelopment

kentsel yeniden gelişim

(İnşaat) kent bilimleri

urban search and rescue

şehirde arama ve kurtarma

urban semester

(Eğitim) kent sömestri

kentin düzensiz yayılması

urban spread

bozuk kentleşme

urban superstructure

kentsel üstyapı

urban switch

(Askeri) şehir santralı

urban traffic

kent trafiği

urban traffic

(Otomotiv) şehir içi trafiği

urban traffic planning

şehir trafik planlaması

urban transportation policy

şehir ulaşım politikası

(Askeri) ŞEHİR ZORBALIĞI

urban warfare

(Askeri) meskun mahalde muharebe

{s} kibar

(Mimarlık) Kent çeperi, çeper kent: bir şehircilik terimidir. Örneğin 'peri-urban development', kentin çeperde büyümesini anlatır

determination of urban plan

nazım plan tespiti

joint urban operation

(Askeri) müşterek meskun mahal harekatı

urbane

{s} medeni

urbane

{s} ince

urbane

{s} nazik, ince, kibar, görgülü

{i} kibarlık

{i} uygarlık

{i} nezaket

{i} medenilik

Turkish - Turkish

Definition of urban in Turkish Turkish dictionary: (Osmanlı Dönemi) Çöl arabaları; (Osmanlı Dönemi) Aşiretler; Çöl Arapları; Çöl Arapları: "Büyük harpte Osmanlı hazinesinin büyük bir kısmını çöl ve Urban yemiştir."- F. R. Atay

English - English

Definition of urban in English English dictionary: A male given name, rather rare in English; A patronymic surname; An early Christian, also Urbane and Urbanus in various versions of the Bible
Grete wel Vrban, oure helpere in Crist Jhesus, and Stacchen, my derlyng.; related to the (or any) city; characteristic of city life; of, or pertaining to, or like a city; {s} pertaining to or characteristic of a city; living in a city; municipal; A male given name or surname; located in or characteristic of a city or city life; "urban property owners"; "urban affairs"; "urban manners"; Belonging to a city, town like as opposed to rural character; Belonging to, or suiting, those living in a city; cultivated; polite; urbane; as, urban manners; Consistent with the definition EPA used in the analyses to support the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy, a county was considered "urban" if, based on 1990 census data, it either includes a metropolitan statistical area with a population greater than 250,000 or the U S Census Bureau designates more than 50 percent of the population as "urban "" This definition does not necessarily apply for any regulatory or implementation purpose; Countries differ in the way they classify population as 'urban' or 'rural ' Typically, a community or settlement with a population of 2,000 or more is considered urban A listing of country definitions is published annually in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook; A highly industrialized area, usually considered a city; A Community Initiative for economic and social revitalisation and improvement of neighbourhoods within urban areas suffering acute problems They are mainly in Objective 1 and 2 areas; relating to a city or city life, as in: She is a specialist in urban planning; - A definition used in the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) to characterize a substantially urbanized environment, although the background may have natural appearing elements Affiliation with individuals and groups is prevalent, as is the convenience of sites and opportunities Large numbers of users can be expected, both on-site and in nearby areas Facilities for highly intensified motor vehicle use and parking are available Regimentation and controls are obvious and numerous; The word implies the presence of government, industrial, legal, religious, and trade activities See Towns; Indicates whether the school is located in an urban area An urban area is defined as being a locality comprising 10 000 or more people The localities are determined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; Urban means belonging to, or relating to, a town or city. Most of the population is an urban population Most urban areas are close to a park. urban planning. rural. relating to towns and cities rural suburban (urbanus , from urbs ). adj. orig. Odo of Châtillon-sur-Marne born 1035, Châtillon-sur-Marne, or Lagery, or Lagny, Champagne, France died July 29, 1099, Rome Pope (1088-99). The prior of a Cluniac monastery, he was made cardinal by Pope Gregory VII, whose reforms he furthered. Elected pope in 1088, Urban secured his authority against the antipope Clement III and strengthened the role of the papacy in the reform movement. He called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont (1095) in response to the appeal of Alexius I Comnenus, promoted the union of the Eastern and Western churches, and supported the Christian reconquest of Spain from the Moors. adj. orig. Bartolomeo Prignano born 1318, Naples died Oct. 15, 1289, Rome Pope (1378-89). Archbishop of Acerenza (1363) and Bari (1377), he became papal chancellor for Gregory XI, whom he was chosen to succeed. This election of an Italian appeased the Romans, who wanted to end the French-dominated Avignon papacy, but his harsh reforms soon angered the French cardinals, prompting them to elect the antipope Clement VII, beginning the Western Schism (1378). Europe was divided in its loyalties, and Urban warred with Naples when its queen backed Clement. Strife over the schism reduced the Papal States to anarchy, and Urban's death may have been from poisoning. adj. urban climate Urban II urban planning Urban VI; located in or characteristic of a city or city life; "urban property owners"; "urban affairs"; "urban manners" relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area; "urban sociology"; "urban development; situated in or dwelling in a city; 1 Usually refers to areas with populations of 5,000 or more 2 Describes any area that includes a municipality or other built-up place which is appropriate in the judgement of the U S Secretary of Transportation, for a public transportation system to serve commuters or others in the locality taking into consideration the local patterns and trends of urban growth; The Census Bureau defines "urban" for the 1990 census as comprising all territory, population, and housing units in urbanized areas and in places of 2,500 or more persons outside urbanized areas; relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area; "urban sociology"; "urban development"; related to a city or densely populated area; Peculiar to the human environment, as contrasted with that found normally in wild animals; An area is considered urban if it has a population of 2500 or more for Federal-Aid purposes; >> A term used to describe a property's location Urban properties have paved access roads and streets, they are close to neighboring properties and have support services less than 10 miles away Urban is also a term used to describe a property located in a city or town; of, relating to, or located in a city; relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area; "urban sociology"; "urban development; Urban is defined alternately as urbanized areas (i e , places of 50,000 or more in population including surrounding, densely-settled territory) or, outside of urbanized areas, places of 2,500 or more in population Data reported are for 1990; A city or town; Use or harvesting of marine and coastal resources pertaining to developed or built up areas; Of or belonging to a city or town; as, an urban population; A Main Inventory Table field which designates inventories without agricultural tools, or with a separate agricultural operation, or with minimal livestock An urban inventory is identified by a null in the rural field; The built-up, non-rural area in a region; Of, in, or constituting a city; In architecture, the functions and forms of the city; anything related to, or characteristic of, the city; of or belonging to a city or town; city; metropolitan
Urban Cowboy: Pop-styled country music which became popular during the early 1980s, following the release of the 1980 movie "Urban Cowboy."
Urban Cowboy: person living in the city that dresses in Western-style clothes
Urban Cowboy: The title of a 1980 movie starring John Travolta and Debra Winger
urban blight: Urban decay consisting of the deterioration of part of a town or city due to ageing, neglect, and lack of financial support for maintenance
urban blights: plural form of urban blight
urban boarding: A sport that involves a board similar to a skateboard but without wheels or trucks. You simply flip the board around using your feet or run and grind on objects. You can also stall on corners or edges. Duct tape can be used to put on objects to make them easier to grind on
urban crawl: A condition of hyperdensity, limited but enabling scale of communicative possibilities that converge opportunistically. It occurs when the pressure of an urban environment reaches a critical threshold in cities of developing countries
urban exploration: A hobby which consists of exploring restricted urban sites, such as abandonments, tunnels, roofs, etc., as well as certain non-urban sites such as mines
urban explorer: A person who explores restricted urban areas such as abandonments, tunnels, roofs, construction sites, etc. Certain non-urban sites can also count, such as mines, quarries, and grain/missile silos
urban explorers: plural form of urban explorer
urban fabric: The physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types, thoroughfares, open space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding environmental, functional, economic and sociocultural aspects
urban legend: A widely circulated story that is untrue or apocryphal, often having elements of humour or horror
The claim that alligators live in New York City's sewers is an old urban legend.
urban legends: plural form of urban legend
urban myth: A widely circulated story, often believed to be true by the teller, but usually distorted, exaggerated or fabricated for sensational effect, and often having elements of humour or horror
urban myths: plural form of urban myth
urban planner: A specialist in urban planning
urban planning: the science of such design
urban planning: the conscious design of towns and cities
urban plannings: plural form of urban planning
urban reserve: A division of property owned by a First Nations community within an urban area
urban sanitary district: a sanitary district that was established in a municipal borough
urban sanitary districts: plural form of urban sanitary district
urban sprawl: an unplanned, disorganized growth of housing etc on the edge of a city
urban sprawls: plural form of urban sprawl
urban center: A large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts
urban ecosystem: Urban ecosytems are the cities, towns and urban strips constructed by humans
urban gentrification: Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is a phenomenon in which low-cost, physically deteriorated neighborhoods undergo physical renovation and an increase in property values, along with an influx of wealthier residents who may displace the prior residents
urban regeneration: Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in British English) is a process of land re-development in areas of previous moderate to high density urban land use
urban renewal: Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in British English) is a process of land re-development in areas of previous moderate to high density urban land use
urban sprawl: (Çevre) Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area
Urban Assault: three-dimensional strategic computer game from Microsoft
Urban VI: Pope (1378-1389) who precipitated the Great Schism by alienating the French cardinals, who in turn elected an antipope (1378)
urban area: An urban area is a designation defined by the Bureau of the Census as an area located outside of an urbanized area with a population over 5,000
urban area: Geographic area within a population of 2,000 or more people The number of people used in this definition may vary with some countries setting the minimum number of people anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 (Millar, 1994)
urban area: -As defined by the Census Bureau for the 1990 census, an areacomprising all territory, population, and housing units in urbanized areas, or places of 2,500 or more persons outside of urbanized areas An urbanized area comprises one or more places ('central place') and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ('urban fringe') that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons
urban area: The entire built-up, non-rural area and its population (de Blij & Muller, 1996)
urban area: An area in which a majority of the people are not directly dependent on natural resource-based occupations
urban area: a geographical area constituting a city or town
urban area: Urbanized Areas plus all places of over 2,500 inhabitants
urban area: Geographic area with a high density of people over a limited area Homes and other types of buildings tend to be close together Urban systems also tend to differentiate themselves spatially into particular types of human activities
urban area: Place with a population of 20,000 or more
urban area: Area designated on Schedule A and includes all or parts of the municipalities of Ottawa, Nepean, Vanier, Gloucester, Rockcliffe Park, Cumberland, Goulbourn and Kanata The urban area is serviced or planned to be serviced by the central systems for water supply and wastewater treatment
urban building committee: committee which licenses and approves building plans
urban climate: Any set of climatic conditions that prevails in a large metropolitan area and that differs from the climate of its rural surroundings. Urban climates are distinguished from those of less built-up areas by differences of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and amount of precipitation. These differences are attributable in large part to the altering of the natural terrain through the construction of artificial structures and surfaces. For example, tall buildings, paved streets, and parking lots affect wind flow, precipitation runoff, and the local energy balance
urban dance: Any of various dances influenced by the rhythms and techniques of funk and hip-hop music
urban design: Imaginative yet sympathetic design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces, places and setting
urban design: Ensuring that the spaces between buildings, as well as the buildings themselves, positively contribute to the area where they are
urban design: The attempt to give form, in terms of both beauty and function, to entire areas or to whole cities The focus is on the massing and organization of buildings and on the spaces between them, rather than on the design of individual structures
urban design: the attempt to give form, in terms of both beauty and function, to selected urban areas or to whole cities
urban design: The art of making places Urban design involves the design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces and landscapes, in villages, towns and cities, and the establishment of frameworks and processes which facilitate successful development
urban district: An administrative district of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, usually composed of several densely populated communities, resembling a borough but lacking a borough charter
urban forest: A dense, widespread growth of trees and other plants covering an area of a city
urban guerrilla: a guerrilla who fights only in cities and towns
urban heat island: {i} heat island, area (such as a a city or industrial compound) with higher temperatures than in the surrounding region resulting from the generation and retention of heat by its structures or pavements and heat created by human activity
urban ii: pope who called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)
urban legend: A story, that may have started with some truth, that has been embellished and retold until it has become a myth
urban legend: non-true or partially true story or fact that is based on word of mouth which circulates widely and becomes a part of popular mythology (numerous urban legends are generated on the Internet and few are told again and again)
urban legend: A story, which may have started with a grain of truth, that has been embroidered and retold until it has passed into the realm of myth Is is an interesting phenomenon that these stories become spread so far, so fast and so often
urban legend: A story, which may at one time have been true, that has grown from constant retelling into a mythical yarn
urban legend: A story, which may have started with a grain of truth, that has been embroidered and retold until it has passed into the realm of myth Some legends that periodically make their rounds include "The Infamous Modem Tax," "Craig Shergold/Brain Tumor/Get Well Cards," and "The $250 Cookie Recipe "
urban legend: An oft-told tale on the Internet that is untrue, but refuses to die They keep reappearing in newsgroups, e-mail discussion lists, and message bases The stories themselves are interesting and when newcomers read them for the first time, they are often passed along as fact They may have been once true as in the Craig Shergold get-well card story, a hoax like the GOOD TIMES VIRUS, or a joke, like the expensive Neiman-Marcus cookie recipe They often appear with variations, so that get-well cards become business cards, or Neiman-Marcus becomes Mrs Fields instead Read more about these in our accompanying feature on Urban Legends
urban legend: a story, which may at one time have been true, that has become exaggerated from constant retelling into a mythical yarn
urban legend: An apocryphal story involving incidents of the recent past, often including elements of humor and horror, that spreads quickly and is popularly believed to be true
urban legend: A story, which may have started with a grain of truth, that has been embroidered and retold until it has passed into the realm of myth It is an interesting phenonmenon that these stories get spread so far, so fast and so often Urban legends never die, they just end up on the Internet! Some legends that periodically make their rounds include "The Infamous Modem Tax," "Craig Shergold/Brain Tumor/Get Well Cards," and "The $250 Cookie Recipe" [Source: LAQUEY]
urban myth: An urban myth is a strange or surprising story which many people believe, but which is not actually true. .urban 'legend a story about an unusual event which happened recently that a lot of people believe although it is probably not true
urban planning: the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities
urban planning: designing the physical layout of cities, planning the infrastructure of an urban area
urban planning: Programs pursued as a means of improving the urban environment and achieving certain social and economic objectives. Evidence of urban planning can be found in the ruins of ancient cities, including orderly street systems and conduits for water and sewage. During the Renaissance, European city areas were consciously planned to achieve circulation of the populace and provide fortification against invasion. Such concepts were exported to the New World, where William Penn, in founding the city of Philadelphia, developed the standard gridiron plan the laying out of streets and plots of land adaptable to rapid change in land use. Modern urban planning and redevelopment arose in response to the disorder and squalor of the slums created by the Industrial Revolution. The urban planner best known for his transformation of Paris was Georges-Eugène Haussmann. City planners imposed regulatory laws establishing standards for housing, sanitation, water supply, sewage, and public health conditions, and introduced parks and playgrounds into congested city neighbourhoods. In the 20th century, zoning the regulation of building activity according to use and location came to be a key tool for city planners. See also Pierre-Charles L'Enfant
urban planning: determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community
urban renewal: The process of acquiring and redeveloping property for the purposes of increasing its profitability or utility May be conducted by government, private interests or a combination of the two
urban renewal: the redevelopment or rehabilitation of real property in an urban area
urban renewal: reconstruction and redevelopment of dilapidated areas or buildings in an urban area
urban renewal: the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums
urban renewal: Rehabilitation of impoverished urban neighborhoods by large-scale renovation or reconstruction of housing and public works. the process of improving poor city areas by building new houses, shops etc
urban renewal: The redevelopment of a deteriorated inner city area
urban renewal: Improving functionally obsolecent portions of a city with government financing
urban renewal: The process by which property is acquired by government action for the purpose of redevelopment and upgrading of the land use Urban renewal projects include such land uses as public housing, parks and recreational areas, public libraries, and other such uses
urban renewal: Generally associated with a governmental agency who's task is to revitalize or renovate areas of a city that have degenerated in their usefulness and health standards
urban revolution: urbanization process, changing of rural areas into cities
urban scheme: plan that details the intended structure for a town
urban settlement: city, metropolis, town
urban sprawl: undesigned and uncontrolled spread of a city to the surrounding environs
urban sprawl: The unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into areas adjoining the edge of a city. the spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside, or the area in which this has happened
urban union: body that includes municipal authorities
urban vi: pope who alienated the French cardinals (1318-1389)
urban wind: A strong wind generated near or around a group of high-rise buildings, creating areas of intense air turbulence especially at street level
peri-urban: immediately adjoining an urban area; between the suburbs and the countryside
single-point urban interchange: An interchange between a highway (free-flowing) and a street (with traffic signals) which allows traffic to proceed from either direction on each road to either direction on the other, and which is governed by only one set of traffic signals
urbanity: Behaviour that is polished, refined, courteous
The vaunted courtesy of the old school, the smooth urbanity that prevailed in former days.
urbanity: Courtesies
Wealdon's two little visits explained perfectly the active urbanities of Captain Stanley Lake.
urbanity: What is characteristically urban in an area; urbanness
Evacuees, the majority of whom were rural persons, reported more tensions as the urbanity of the reception community increased.
urbanity: refined or elegant courtesy
urbanity: {n} politeness, elegance, civility
sustainable urban infrastructure: Sustainable urban infrastructure, also called sustainable municipal infrastructure in Canada, is an infrastructure that facilitates a place or regions progress towards the goal of sustainable living
urbane: marked by the refinement and suavity thought to be characteristic of wide-ranging knowledge and the sophisticated social life of urban centers and extensive travel
urbane: showing a high degree of refinement, tact, elegance, or sophistication, especially in expression: "Efforts to toughen up Gresha's image were hopeless, as her urbane tone would immediately betray her middle class breeding and extensive education."
Department of Housing and Urban Development: U.S. federal agency that deals with subsidized housing community planning and development of cities, HUD
Department of Housing and Urban Development: the full name of HUD
Housing and Urban Development: the full name of HUD
Rural and Urban Development Department: department of the Jewish Agency responsible for matters concerning rural and urban development
department of housing and urban development: the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal; created in 1965
inter-urban lines: inter-city transportation lines, transportation routes which connect cities
secretary of housing and urban development: the position of the head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; "the position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was created in 1966"
secretary of housing and urban development: Weaver who was appointed by Johnson
secretary of housing and urban development: the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; "the first Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was Robert C
urbane: characterized by tact and propriety
urbane: showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience; "his polished manner"; "maintained an urbane tone in his letters"
urbane: Courteous, polite, refined, and suave
urbane: Someone who is urbane is polite and appears comfortable in social situations. She describes him as urbane and charming In conversation, he was suave and urbane. = cultured gauche + urbanity ur·ban·ity Fearey had all the charm and urbanity of the trained diplomat. behaving in a relaxed and confident way in social situations (urbanus; URBAN)
urbane: Courteous in manners; polite; refined; elegant
urbane: {s} polite, courteous
urbane: marked by wide-ranging knowledge and appreciation of many parts of the world arising from urban life and wide travel; "the sophisticated manners of a true cosmopolite"; "urbane and pliant he was at ease even in the drawing rooms of Paris"
urbanity: {i} politeness; quality of being elegant and refined
urbanity: Polite wit; facetiousness
urbanity: polished courtesy; elegance of manner
urbanity: The quality or state of being urbane; civility or courtesy of manners; politeness; refinement
urbanity: polished, refined, courteous behaviour