later Ritter (knight) von Gluck born July 2, 1714, Erasbach, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria died Nov. 15, 1787, Vienna, Austria German opera composer. Son of a forester, he ran away to study music in Prague. He traveled widely, writing operas for various cities, before settling in 1750 in Vienna, where he would remain except for an interlude in Paris (1773-79) the rest of his life. In 1762, with the librettist Ranieri di Calzabigi (1714-95), he wrote his famous opera Orfeo ed Euridice, in which he borrowed aspects of French opera to achieve a simplified dramatic style that decisively broke with the static and calcified Italian style. His preface to Alceste (1767) laid out the musico-dramatic principles of his "reform opera"; the goal was "simplicity, truth and naturalness." In 1773 he moved to Paris, where his former pupil Marie-Antoinette was on the verge of becoming queen. There he won acclaim for Iphigénie en Aulide (1774), Armide (1777), and Iphigénie en Tauride (1779). His other operas (numbering more than 40 in all) include Paride ed Elena (1770) and Echo et Narcisse (1779). He also wrote five ballets, of which Don Juan (1761) was one of the first successful ballets d'action
later Ritter (knight) von Gluck born July 2, 1714, Erasbach, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria died Nov. 15, 1787, Vienna, Austria German opera composer. Son of a forester, he ran away to study music in Prague. He traveled widely, writing operas for various cities, before settling in 1750 in Vienna, where he would remain except for an interlude in Paris (1773-79) the rest of his life. In 1762, with the librettist Ranieri di Calzabigi (1714-95), he wrote his famous opera Orfeo ed Euridice, in which he borrowed aspects of French opera to achieve a simplified dramatic style that decisively broke with the static and calcified Italian style. His preface to Alceste (1767) laid out the musico-dramatic principles of his "reform opera"; the goal was "simplicity, truth and naturalness." In 1773 he moved to Paris, where his former pupil Marie-Antoinette was on the verge of becoming queen. There he won acclaim for Iphigénie en Aulide (1774), Armide (1777), and Iphigénie en Tauride (1779). His other operas (numbering more than 40 in all) include Paride ed Elena (1770) and Echo et Narcisse (1779). He also wrote five ballets, of which Don Juan (1761) was one of the first successful ballets d'action
born July 17, 1853, Lemberg, Galicia, Austrian Empire died Nov. 27, 1920, Graz, Austria Austrian philosopher and psychologist. He taught at the University of Graz from 1889 until his death. Like his teacher Franz Brentano, Meinong considered intentionality, or object-directedness, to be the basic feature of mental states. He maintained that objects of thought have a kind of character or nature (Sosein; sometimes rendered "subsistence") that is distinct from being, or existence (Sein), which they may lack; thus the golden mountain or the round square "subsist" as objects of thought, though they do not exist in the world of sense experience. Meinong's view briefly influenced Bertrand Russell. His major writings include On Possibility and Probability (1915) and On Emotional Presentation (1917)
born July 17, 1853, Lemberg, Galicia, Austrian Empire died Nov. 27, 1920, Graz, Austria Austrian philosopher and psychologist. He taught at the University of Graz from 1889 until his death. Like his teacher Franz Brentano, Meinong considered intentionality, or object-directedness, to be the basic feature of mental states. He maintained that objects of thought have a kind of character or nature (Sosein; sometimes rendered "subsistence") that is distinct from being, or existence (Sein), which they may lack; thus the golden mountain or the round square "subsist" as objects of thought, though they do not exist in the world of sense experience. Meinong's view briefly influenced Bertrand Russell. His major writings include On Possibility and Probability (1915) and On Emotional Presentation (1917)
{i} (1819-1892) Czechoslovakian ophthalmologist who in 1850 published a monograph regarding the physiology and pathology of the nasolacrimal duct wherein he described a flap of mucous membrane (now knows as Hasner's valve)