impact

English - Turkish

Definition of impact in English Turkish dictionary

Amacım Emmet'in teorisinin biyolojiye olan etkisini araştırmak değildir. - It is not my purpose to investigate the impact of Emmet's theory on biology.

Onların çevre üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi yok. - They have no impact on the environment.

darbe

Darbe için kendinizi güçlendirin. - Brace yourselves for impact.

(Tıp) impakt

{i} şok

(Tıp) Sıkıştırmak, hareketine main olacak şekilde bastırmak

(Askeri) VURUŞ, VURMA: Bir mermi veya bombanın hedefe veya yere çarpması

(Tıp) Ani çarpışma, hızla vuruşma

{f} pekiştirmek

impact crater gök taşının çarpmasıyle açılan krater

{f} sıkıştırmak

{i} vuruş

(Ticaret) etki analizi

impact assessment

(Askeri) etki değerlendirmesi

impact crushers

(İnşaat) darbeli kırıcı

impact point

(Askeri) iniş noktası

impact point

(Havacılık) çarpma noktası

impact pressure

(Askeri) vurma tazyiki

impact pressure

(Askeri) vurma basıncı

impact printer

(Bilgisayar) vurmalı yazıcı

darbeye dayanırlık deneyi

impact wrench

(Otomotiv) darbeli anahtar

impact ionization

çarpışma iyonizasyonu

impact resistance

darbe direnci

impact resistance

çarpma dayanıklılığı

impact test

darbe testi

impact test specimen

darbeden kaynaklanan yaralanma

impact resistance

impact accelerometer

(Havacılık) iniş akselerometresi

impact action fuse

(Askeri) MÜSADEMELİ TAPA: Bir mermi veya bombanın bir cisme çarpması ile faaliyete geçen tapa. "Direct action fuze" ile eş anlamlıdır. Bak. "percussion fuze", "contact fuze", "fuze"

impact action fuse

(Askeri) darbe tesirli fünye

impact angle

(Otomotiv) darbe açısı

impact angle

(Otomotiv) çarpma açısı

impact area

(Askeri) VURUŞ SAHASI: Bütün mermi ve bombaların isabeti beklenen sınırları belirli saha

impact band

(Bilgisayar) vuruşlu bant

impact basin

(Havacılık) çarpma havuzu

impact basin

çarpmalı dinlendirme havuzu

impact behaviour

çarpma davranışı

impact break

(Otomotiv) anı darbe kırılması

impact elasticity

vuruş esnekliği

impact extrusion

(Mekanik,Teknik) darbeli ekstrüzyon

(Askeri) MÜSADEMELİ TAPA: Bu tapalarda beş türlüdür: a) Superquick fuze; Üstün hassas tapa. b) Instantaneous fuze; Hassas tapa c) Delay fuze; Tavikli tapa. d) Selective superquick fuze; Birden fazla tesirli tapa. e) Super sentitive fuze; Çok üstün hassas tapa

impact fuse

(Askeri) (FUSE) MÜSADEMELİ TAPA: Mermi veya bombanın hedefe çarpmasıyla faaliyete geçen tapa. Buna (percussion fuze) ve (contact fuze) da denir. Bak. "fuze"

impact fuse

(Askeri) Hassas tapa

impact indicators

(Askeri) etki göstergeleri

impact insulation

vuruş sesi yalıtımı

impact lag

(Ticaret) gecikmeli etki

impact line

(Askeri) vuruş çizgisi

impact line

(Askeri) VURUŞ ÇİZGİSİ (HV.): Bir tahrip çizelgesinin iki tarafında, buna paralel olarak uzanan ve tahrip usullerine göre tahrip edilmiş bir füzeye ait vuruş dış sınırlarını gösteren iki çizgiden biri

impact live load

hareketli yük çarpma tesiri

impact microphone

(Askeri) vuruş mikrofonu

impact microphone

(Askeri) VURUŞ MİKROFONU (HV.): Bir başka cisme çarpan cisimdeki titreşimi tespit eden ve özellikle uzay araştırmalarında küçük gök cisimlerinin çarpmasını kaydeden bir alet

(Fiili Deyim ) 1- çarpmak 2- etki etmek

impact oriented data

(Ticaret) etki odaklı veri

impact other

(Bilgisayar) vuruşlu diğer

impact parameter

(Nükleer Bilimler) çarpma parametresi,çarpışma değişkeni

impact phase

vukubulma aşaması

impact point

(Askeri) DÜŞÜŞ NOKTASI, İNİŞ NOKTASI: Atma bölgesinde ilk paraşütçü veya malzeme ikmal kabının yere ineceği tasarlanan nokta. Bak. "point of impact"

impact point prediction; industrial preparedness program

(Askeri) darbe noktası tahmini; endüstriyel hazırlıklılık programı

impact predictor system

(Askeri) vuruş kestirme sistemi

impact predictor system

(Askeri) VURUŞ KESTİRME SİSTEMİ (HV.): Bir füzenin kendi motor gücü ile uçuşunu takip eden ve motor çekiş gücü kesildiği anda füzenin nereye düşeceğini bir saniyenin muntazam aralıklı küsuratıyla kestiren elektronik bir sistem. Bu sistem; füze üzerinde bulunan, yer antenlerinden işaretleri alıp sonra bunları vuruş kestirme istasyonuna gönderen bir transpondenden ibarettir. İşaretler kompütere verilmek üzere istasyonda tahlil edilir ve uçuş yolu, kompüter tarafından bir levha üzerine işaretlenir

impact pressure

(Askeri) VURMA BASINCI, TAZYİKİ

impact printer

vuruşlu yazıcı vurmalı yazıcı

impact screwdriver

darbeli tornavida

impact sensor

(Otomotiv) çarpma sensörü

impact sensor

(Otomotiv) darbe sensörü

impact strength index

darbe dayanımı indeksi

impact stress

vuruş gerilmesi

impact test specimen

çarpma deneyi örneği

impact tube

(Havacılık) pilot tüpü

impact tube

(Havacılık) vuruş tüpü

impact tube

darbe tüpü

impact velocity

(Askeri) vurma hızı

impact velocity

(Askeri) VURMA HIZI: Bir merminin vuruş anındaki hızı. Burada, vuruş anında hedefin hızı da hesaba girebilir. Bu terimi, merminin vuruş noktasında haiz olduğu hızı ifade eden vuruş hızı (striking velocity) terimi ile karıştırmamalıdır. Bak. "striking velocity"

environmental impact

(Çevre) çevresel etki

environmental impact

çevreye saygı

regulatory impact assessment

düzenleyici etki analizi

sıkıştırıp birbirine kaynatma

non impact printer

environmental impact

Bir izlenim bırakmak; bir etki bırakmak

make an impact

bir etki yaratmak

modified to impact strength

etki gücü olarak

point of impact

(Askeri) Bir mermi veya bombanın isabet ettiği veya isabet etmesinin beklendiği nokta

point of impact

(Askeri) TESİR NOKTASı, VURUŞ NOKTASı: İlk paraşütçünün veya hava indirme yükünün karaya indiği veya kara inmesinin beklendiği indirme bölgesindeki nokta

the impact

darbe

angle of impact

(Askeri) VURUŞ AÇISI: Bir merminin vuruş noktasından mermi yoluna çizilen teğet ile, yine vuruş noktasından toprağa çizilen teğet arasındaki dar açı. Bir merminin hedefe veya toprağa çarptığı noktadaki açı

berthing impact

(Askeri) yanaşma darbesi

bomb impact plot

(Askeri) BOMBA SADME GRAFİĞİ: Hedef bölgesinin, genellikle darbe öncesi çekilmiş fotoğrafı olan, ve belli bir bombardıman taarruzunda atılan bombaların vuruş veya patlama noktalarının işaretlendiği bir grafik şekil

center of impact

(Askeri) ORTA VURUŞ NOKTASI: Dağılma dikdörtgeninin merkezi. Mermi düşüş noktalarından meydana gelen şeklin sadece en önünde ve en arkasında bulunan iki nokta arasındaki mesafe dikkate alındığı zaman bu mesafenin merkezidir. En sağda ve en solda bulunan iki nokta arasındaki istikamet bakımından da istikamet merkezi olur. Bak. "mean point of impact"

combination time and impact fuse

(Askeri) KARIŞIK TAPA: Ayrıca bakınız: "hydrostatic fuze", "igniting fuze", "impact action fuze", "proximity fuze", "self destroying fuze", "variable time fuze"

continuously computed impact point

(Askeri) sürekli hesaplanan darbe noktası

designated mean point of impact; desired mean point of impact

(Askeri) etkinin tasarlanmış orta noktası; etkinin arzu edilen orta noktası

desired point of impact

(Askeri) arzu edilen etki noktası

environmental impact analysis

çevresel etki analizi

environmental impact assessment

(Avrupa Birliği) (EIA) Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED)

environmental impact changes

çevresel etki değişimleri

environmental impact statement

çevresel etki raporu

expected impact

(Politika, Siyaset) beklenen etki

impacted

sıkışmış

impacted

(Tıp) İyice sıkışmış durumda olan, anormal derecede hareketsiz duran

impaction

(Tıp) İnkibaz peklik

impaction

(Tıp) nesne sıkışması

impactor

darbe ölçer

incline impact test

(Gıda) eğik düzlem çarpma testi

irregular impact sound

(Otomotiv) düzensiz darbeli ses

line of impact

(Askeri) sadme hattı

line of impact

(Askeri) vuruş hattı

line of impact

(Askeri) ETKİ, VURUŞ, SADME HATTI: Etki veya patlama noktasında mermi yoluna teğet olan hat

line of impact

(Askeri) etki hattı

line of impact arrival

(Askeri) VURUŞ HATTI: Vuruş veya paralanma noktasında mermi yoluna teğet bir hat

line of impact arrival

(Askeri) vuruş hattı

mean point of impact

(Askeri) ORTA VURUŞ NOKTASI: Koordinatları; aynı şartlar altında, aynı nişan noktasına takılmış belirli bir miktardaki mermilere ait ayrı ayrı vuruş noktaları koordinatlarının aritmetik ortalaması olan nokta. Bak. "center of impact"

mean point of impact error

(Askeri) ORTA VURUŞ NOKTASI HATASI: Orta vuruş noktası ile hedef arasındaki mesafe. Bak. "center of burst"

normal impact

(Askeri) NORMAL VURUŞ, DİKİNE VURUŞ: Bir merminin kendi uçuş yoluna dikey bir düzeye çarpması

normal impact

(Askeri) normal vuruş

normal impact

(Askeri) dikine vuruş

normal impact effect

(Askeri) NORMAL VURUŞ ETKİSİ: Bak. "cardinal point effect"

point of impact

(Askeri) TESİR NOKTASI, VURUŞ NOKTASI: 1. İlk paraşütçünün veya hava indirme yükünün karaya indiği veya kara inmesinin beklendiği indirme bölgesindeki nokta. 2. Bir mermi veya bombanın isabet ettiği veya isabet etmesinin beklendiği nokta

point of impact

(Askeri) Vuruş noktası

point of impact; probability of incapacitation; procedural item

(Askeri) çarpışma noktası; kapasite yetersizlik olasılığı; prosedürel madde

political impact

siyasi etki

potential impact

(Politika, Siyaset) olası etki

regulation on environmental impact assessment

(Avrupa Birliği) Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Tüzüğü

stripped center of impact

(Askeri) TABİİ DAĞILMA ORTA VURUŞ NOKTASI: Hiçbir düzeltme tanzimi veya şahsi hatalar için bir düzeltme yapılmadığı taktirde, bir seri atımın kaplayacağı sahanın merkezi

surface of impact

(Askeri) VURUŞ SATHI: Bir mermi vuruş noktasından yere teğet veya hedef sathı ile aynı olan düzlem

system impact message

(Askeri) sistem etki mesajı

transboundary environmental impact assessment convention

(Avrupa Birliği) Sınıraşırı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Sözleşmesi

English - English

Definition of impact in English English dictionary: To collide or strike
When the hammer impacts the nail, it bends.; A forced impinging
His spine had an impingement; L4 and L5 made impact, which caused numbness in his leg.; A significant or strong influence; an effect
Our choice of concrete will have a tremendous impact on the building's mechanical performance.; To influence; to affect; to have an impact on
I can make the changes, but it will impact the schedule.; To compress; to compact; to press or pack together
If fecal incontinence is caused by impacted stool in the rectum, the impaction must be removed.; The force or energy of a collision of two objects
The hatchet cut the wood on impact.; {f} press against; collide, crash; affect strongly, influence; pack in, squeeze in; The impact that something has on a situation, process, or person is a sudden and powerful effect that it has on them. They say they expect the meeting to have a marked impact on the future of the country When an executive comes into a new job, he wants to quickly make an impact; The Impact study, or Impact, as it is often called, is actually a collection of 12 studies centered around the same 100 U S daily newspapers Each study focused on one aspect of newspapers, be it content, consumer or newspaper organization Together, they offer the most complete picture of the newspaper industry ever collected This study, fielded during 2000, forms the foundation of the Readership Institute's knowledge For more information click here; The effect or influence of one thing on another Some impacts are anticipated, and others are unanticipated; a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop"; the broad changes (for example in economic and social terms) brought about by the project or programme; The extent to which the program has made a long-term change in the attitudes, behavior, or health of the program participants Topic areas: Staff Development and Organizational Capacity, Accountability and Evaluation, Volunteer Management, Operations Management and Leadership; have an effect upon; "Will the new rules affect me?"; the striking of one body against another; A significant or strong influence. An effect; Intensive Motivational Program of Alternative Correctional Treatment This is the state’s correctional boot camp program, which currently has two sites: Hoffman and Morganton The program is a 90-day shock incarceration with military discipline and heavy reliance on physical labor and personal growth rehabilitation A shock incarceration program is a short, intensive period of incarceration usually for young or first-time offenders to deter later criminal activity The program is operated by the Division of Prisons, therefore an admission to IMPACT is counted as a prison admission, but a term at IMPACT is considered a special condition of a probationary sentence; If one object impacts on another, it hits it with great force. the sharp tinkle of metal impacting on stone When a large object impacts the Earth, it makes a crater. to have an important or noticeable effect on someone or something impact on/upon; Direct or indirect changes in the existing environment, whether beneficial or adverse, resulting from a specific act or series of acts; A harmful effect upon a wetland ecosystem or established water conveyance, caused by development or construction activities; To drive close; to press firmly together: to wedge into a place; A part formed in a confining die from a metal slug, usually cold, by rapid single stroke application of force through a punch causing the metal to flow around the punch and/or through an opening in the punch or die; - The degree of success of a campaign; the reaching of consumers; The effect of one thing or action on another person, activity, or area For example, environmental impact refers to the good or bad effect an activity has on the surrounding environment; An impact is the action of one object hitting another, or the force with which one object hits another. The plane is destroyed, a complete wreck: the pilot must have died on impact; change in the chemical, physical (including habitat) or biological quality or condition of a waterbody caused by external sources; Though some traditionalists disagree, impact has been accepted by most writers as a verb (and an often powerful one at that); To impact on a situation, process, or person means to affect them. Such schemes mean little unless they impact on people. the potential for women to impact the political process; The overall and long term effect of an intervention Results of a programme or project that are assessed with reference to the development objectives or long-term goals of that programme or project; changes in a situation, whether planned or unplanned, positive or negative, that a programme or project helps to bring about Impact is the longer term or ultimate result attributable to a development intervention, in contrast with output and outcome that reflect more immediate results from the intervention The concept of impact is close to "development effectiveness" Examples: higher standard of living, increased food security, increased earnings from exports, increased savings owing to a decrease in imports See "Results"; the striking of one body against another a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop"; Contact or impression by touch; collision; forcible contact; force communicated; A measure of the effect that an Incident, Problem or Change is having or might have on the business being provided with IT services Often equal to the extent to which agreed or expected levels of service may be distorted Together with urgency, and perhaps technical security, it is the major means of assigning priority for dealing with Incidents, Problems or Changes; Any aspect of an action that may cause an effect; for example, land clearing during construction is an impact, while a possible effect is loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitat; The extent to which an advertisement is able to make a strong and lasting impression; press or wedge together; pack together; like effect is a synonym for outcome, although an impact is somewhat more direct than an effect Both terms are commonly used, but neither is a technical term For technical precision, Treasury Board Secretariat recommends that outcome be used instead of impact; The single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest; the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat; "the armies met in the shock of battle"; {i} influence, effect; colliding of two bodies; touch; The changes in the lives of rural people, as perceived by them and their partners at the time of evaluation, plus sustainability-enhancing change in their environment to which the project has contributed Changes can be positive or negative, intended or unintended In the logframe terminology these "perceived changes in the lives of the people" may correspond either to the purpose level or to the goal level of a project intervention; the effect or influence of an action or activity e g road construction impacts on the environment in a variety of ways; Measure of the business criticality of an incident Often equal to the extent to which an incident leads to distortion of agreed or expected service levels; The effect of a failure to preserve confidentiality, integrity and/or availability Impact may be one of four types: Disclosure, Modification, Destruction or Denial It relates to the embarrassment, harm, financial loss, legal or other damage which could occur in consequence of a particular security breach; Changes attributable to the project; A change in the chemical, physical, or biological quality or condition of a water body caused by external sources (USEPA Region 5); The effect, acceptable or unacceptable, of an incident on a system, operation, schedule, or cost Unacceptable impact is impact deemed, by the system owner and as compared to the missions and goals of the U S Department of Defense (DOD), as severe enough to degrade an essential mission, capability, function, or system causing an unacceptable result Like impact, unacceptable impact refers to the total system and all areas of operational concern, not only confidentiality; influencing strongly; "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture"; The assessment of the adverse effects of an occurring risk
impact crater: A crater formed from an impact, typically of a meteorite, as opposed to one formed by other means such as vulcanism
impact craters: plural form of impact crater
impact energies: plural form of impact energy
impact energy: The energy needed to fracture a material under standard conditions
impact printer: A printer in which each character is produced by part of the mechanism striking the paper (normally through an inked ribbon)
impact printers: plural form of impact printer
impact resistance: The characteristic of resistance to fracture under the sudden application of an exerted force
impact assessment: Impact assessment is the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed action. It is used to ensure that projects, programmes and policies are economically viable, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable
impact analysis: (Ticaret) The process of determining the organizational costs and benefits of a proposed alternative
impact fuse: explosive that is activated by a strong impact
impact on the agenda: influence on current priorities
impact printer: a printer that prints by mechanical impacts
impact strength: force with which one object struck another
impact structure: A large geologic structure, such as a crater or astrobleme, created by the violent collision between a planet and a space projectile such as a comet or meteor
impact test: Test of the ability of a material to withstand impact, used by engineers to predict its behaviour under actual conditions. Many materials fail suddenly under impact, at flaws, cracks, or notches. The most common impact tests use a swinging pendulum to strike a notched bar; heights before and after impact are used to compute the energy required to fracture the bar (see strength of materials). In the Charpy test, the test piece is held horizontally between two vertical bars, much like the lintel over a door. In the Izod test, the specimen stands erect, like a fence post. See also testing machine
impact zone: The spot on a wave where the water is just about to collapse and explode, entailing the greatest opportunity and danger for a surfer
Charpy impact test: A test of the impact strength of a material, used to determine its relative ductility or brittleness. The test is executed by swinging a large, heavy hammer on a pendulum from a predetermined height. The hammer fractures the material sample, usually a block of a certain size with a notch cut in it. The height to which the pendulum swings is used to calculate the energy necessary to fracture the sample
adverse impact: The rejection for employment, placement, or promotion of a significantly higher percentage of a protected class, when compared with a non-protected class
impaction: compression; the packing together of loose matter
impaction: a solid, immobile bulk of stool
impactive: Of, pertaining to, possessing, or caused by impact
And in what may prove to be the most impactive development, the university is nurturing the nexus of science and business to create a biotechnology sector that has already brought millions of dollars and hundreds of jobs into town.
impactor: Any of several machines or devices in which a part impacts on another, or on a material
ımpact: {v} to drive close together or very hard
ımpact: {n} a driving together, touching
have an impact: (deyim) Bir etkisi olmak
An impact: knock
environmental impact: ecological effects of a particular action or project
had an impact: had an effect, made a difference, made an impression
high-impact: High-impact materials are very strong. The durable high-impact plastic case is water resistant to 100 feet
high-impact: High-impact exercise puts a lot of stress on your body. high-impact aerobics. low-impact
impacted: past of impact
impacted: {s} wedged in firmly, embedded; pressed tightly together; overcrowded; of a tooth which is unable to fully erupt (Dentistry)
impacted: a tooth that is impacted is growing under another tooth so that it cannot develop properly
impacted: Driven together or close
impacted: wedged or packed in together; "an impacted tooth"
impacted: wedged or packed in together; "an impacted tooth
impacting: present participle of impact
impaction: something packed together tightly; a mass of densely-packed matter
impaction: a disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally
impaction: a lodgment of something in a strait or passage of the body; as, impaction of the fetal head in the strait of the pelvis; impaction of food or feces in the intestines of man or beast
impaction: the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed
impaction: Impaction means the effect of one thing on another
impaction: Any tooth that does not erupt when it should (e g , tooth blocked by bone and/or tissue, keeping it under the surface of the gum)
impaction: The driving of one fragment of bone into another so that the fragments are not movable upon each other; as, impaction of the skull or of the hip
impaction: A condition that a tooth is not able to come in normally or stuck underneath another tooth or bone
impaction: a disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally a disorder in which feces are impacted in the lower colon the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed
impaction: a disorder in which feces are impacted in the lower colon
impaction: {i} state of being firmly wedged in; overcrowded condition; condition in which a tooth is unable to fully erupt (Dentistry)
impaction: A condition describing the total or partial lack of eruption of a tooth well after the normal age for eruption An impacted tooth may appear blocked by another tooth, bone or soft tissue, but the cause of tooth impaction if often unknown
impaction: a sharp collision produced by striking or dashing against something
impaction: a condition where things pack together and cause blockage
impaction: An immovable packing; Med
impactor: A general term for instruments which sample atmospheric suspensoids by impaction Same as impactometer
impactor: An object which strikes the surface of a celestial body
impactor: The term used for a Meteorite which enters a planets (earths) atmosphere and collides with the surface of the planet
impactors: plural of impactor
impacts: this term, on the other hand, loosely encompasses how all the players involved feel about the effects of the cue ball striking the racked balls The "impacts" of change are our evaluations of all the effects of change -- and thus vary from person to person
impacts: "Impacts" are the affects or consequences of actions Environmental impacts are effects upon the elements of thew environment, i e ,: Natural environment: earth, air, water, plants and animals, energy and natural resources; Built environment: environmental facilities, maintenance, communications, water/storm water, sewer/solid waste, other governmental services or utilities) (Washington State Environmental Policy Act)
impacts: Positive or negative effects upon the natural or human environment resulting from transportation projects
impacts: The difference between the anticipated effects of alternative treatment in comparison to existing or benchmark condition effects Differences may be expressed by narrative, quantitative, visual, or other means Impacts are used as a basis for making informed conservation decisions
impacts: third-person singular of impact
impacts: (Reach x Frequency) the total number of exposures to a schedule of advertisements Not a measure of the number of different people exposed to a commercial
impacts: A term to describe the positive or negative effects upon the natural or human environment as a result of a specific project or projects
impacts: The total number of occasions on which a publication/spot will be seen It is calculated by the aggregate of the average issue readership of all titles in the schedule This is equivalent to reach multiplied by frequency
impacts: The significant consequences of a government program activity, either intended or unintended, and either positive or negative
impacts: Impacts can also be referred to as 'final outputs' They are the final consequences of a project or Action Plan on those aspects of the economy that the Structural Funds seek to influence Typically, final impacts are couched in terms of changes to employment, value-added and/or productivity in the economy Consequently, both the activities supported and their intermediate effects (or outputs) should be directed at achieving the final impact
impacts: plural of , impact
impacts: Results of an unwanted incident
low-impact: Low-impact projects, developments, and activities such as holidays are designed to cause minimum harm to the environment. sensitive, enlightened, low-impact ecotourism
low-impact: Low-impact exercise does not put a lot of stress on your body. high-impact
make a wide impact: have major influence, affect greatly
point of impact: place on a target where the ammunition hit (Ballistics)