heinrich

German - Turkish

Definition of heinrich in German Turkish dictionary

n. pr. Hanri; sanfter ^ iron. tinmaz meläike; guter ^ bot. yabant ispanak

English - Turkish

Definition of heinrich in English Turkish dictionary

Related Terms

heinrich event

Heinrich olayı, klimatolog Hartmut Heinrich tarafından tespit edilen ve son buz çağında buzulların erimesiyle kaya kütlelerinin okyanus tabanına çökmesi olayı

Henry

{i} Henry [elek.]

Henry

(isim) Henry [elek.], özindükleme birimi [elek.]

Henry

{i} özindükleme birimi [elek.]

German - English

Definition of heinrich in German English dictionary

Henry

Related Terms

Heinrich der Erlauchte

Henry the Illustrious

Heinrich der Löwe

Henry the Lion

Heinrich der Seefahrer

Henry the Navigator

Heinrich der Zänker

Henry the Quarrelsome

'Der grüne Heinrich' (von Keller / Werktitel)

'Green Henry' (by Keller / work title)

'König Heinrich der Achte' (von Shakespeare / Werktitel)

'King Henry VIII.' (by Shakespeare / work title)

'König Heinrich der Fünfte' (von Shakespeare / Werktitel)

'King Henry V.' (by Shakespeare / work title)

'König Heinrich der Sechste' (von Shakespeare / Werktitel)

'King Henry VI.' (by Shakespeare / work title)

'König Heinrich der Vierte' (von Shakespeare / Werktitel)

'King Henry IV.' (by Shakespeare / work title)

Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich (Märchen)

The Frog Prince, or Iron Henry (fairy tale)

Prinz-Heinrich-Mütze

German sailor's cap

grüner Heinrich

prisoner transport vehicle

grüner Heinrich

black Maria

grüner Heinrich

paddy waggon

stolzer Heinrich (Solidago gigantea)

giant goldenrod

stolzer Heinrich (Solidago gigantea)

tall/smooth/late goldenrod

English - English

Definition of heinrich in English English dictionary

{i} male first name

Johann Heinrich Belter Bernstorff Johann Heinrich count von Böll Heinrich Theodor Boveri Theodor Heinrich Brauchitsch Heinrich Alfred Walther von Brüning Heinrich Brunner Heinrich Emil Bülow Bernhard Heinrich Martin Karl prince von Furtwängler Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Johann Heinrich Füssli Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Himmler Heinrich Isaac Heinrich Kleist Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Koch Heinrich Hermann Robert Marx Karl Heinrich Pestalozzi Johann Heinrich Rathke Martin Heinrich Schenker Heinrich Schliemann Heinrich Schütz Heinrich Stein Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Heinrich Wilhelm Stiegel Thünen Johann Heinrich von Treitschke Heinrich von Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard Warburg Otto Heinrich Wieland Heinrich Otto Wölfflin Heinrich Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr baron von

Related Terms

Heinrich Alfred Walther von Brauchitsch

born Oct. 4, 1881, Berlin, Ger. died Oct. 18, 1948, Hamburg German army officer. A member of the general staff in World War I, he rose to become field marshal and army commander in chief (1938). In World War II, he successfully directed Germany's ground war until Adolf Hitler forced his resignation after suffering major losses in Russia in 1941. He survived the war but died shortly before his scheduled trial as a war criminal

Heinrich Brüning

born Nov. 26, 1885, Münster, Ger. died March 30, 1970, Norwich, Vt., U.S. German politician. Elected to the Reichstag in 1924, he became noted as a financial expert. Leader of the Catholic Centre Party from 1929, he became chancellor of Germany in 1930. In response to the Great Depression, he instituted harsh austerity measures that paralyzed the German economy. He ignored the Reichstag and governed by presidential decree, which hastened the drift toward rightist dictatorship and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Forced to resign in 1932, he left Germany in 1934 and eventually moved to the U.S., where he taught at Harvard University (1937-52)

Heinrich Böll

born Dec. 21, 1917, Cologne, Ger. died July 16, 1985, near Bonn, W.Ger. German writer. As a soldier in World War II he fought on several fronts, a central experience in the development of his antiwar, nonconformist views. His ironic novels on the travails of German life during and after the war captured the changing psychology of the German nation. He became a leading voice of the German left. Among his works are Acquainted with the Night (1953), Billiards at Half-Past Nine (1959), The Clown (1963), Group Portrait with Lady (1971), and The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (1974). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972

Heinrich Emil Brunner

born Dec. 23, 1889, Winterthur, Switz. died April 6, 1966, Zürich Swiss Reformed theologian. After serving as a pastor at Obstalden (1916-24), he taught for many years at the University of Zürich (1924-53); he lectured widely during this time and was a delegate to the founding session of the World Council of Churches in 1948. His theology was influenced by Martin Buber's view of the relationship between God and man. Like Karl Barth, he rejected 19th-century liberal theology in favour of reaffirming the central tenets of the Reformation, but his assertion that God was revealed in creation led to a dispute with Barth. His works include The Theology of Crisis (1929), Man in Revolt (1937), and Justice and the Social Order (1945)

Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Stein

born Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau died June 29, 1831, Schloss Cappenberg, Westphalia Prussian statesman. Born into the imperial nobility, he entered the civil service in 1780. As minister of economic affairs (1804-07) and chief minister (1807-08) to Frederick William III, he introduced wide-ranging reforms in administration, taxation, and the civil service that modernized the Prussian government. He abolished serfdom, reformed the laws on land ownership, and helped reorganize the military. Anticipating war with France, he was forced to resign under pressure from Napoleon (1808) and fled to Austria. As an adviser to Tsar Alexander I (1812-15), he negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz (1813) that formed the last European coalition against Napoleon

Heinrich Heine

a German poet who also wrote political satire (=books making fun of people in public life) . Some of his poems were set to music by Schubert and Schumann (1797-1856). orig. Harry Heine born Dec. 13, 1797, Düsseldorf, Prussia died Feb. 17, 1856, Paris, France German poet. Born of Jewish parents, he converted to Protestantism to enter careers that he never actually pursued. He established his international literary reputation with The Book of Songs (1827), a collection of bittersweet love poems. His prose Pictures of Travel, 4 vol. (1826-31), was widely imitated. After 1831 he lived in Paris. His articles and studies on social and political matters, many critical of German conservatism, were censored there, and German spies watched him in Paris. His second verse collection, New Poems (1844), reflected his social engagement. His third, Romanzero (1851), written while suffering failing health and financial reverses, is notably bleak but has been greatly admired. He is regarded as one of Germany's greatest lyric poets, and many of his poems were set as songs by such composers as Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms

Heinrich Heine

(1797-1856) German poet and journalist

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch

born Dec. 11, 1843, Clausthal, Hannover died May 27, 1910, Baden-Baden, Ger. German physician. As the first to isolate the anthrax bacillus, observe its life cycle, and develop a preventive inoculation for it, he was the first to prove a causal relationship between a bacillus and a disease. He perfected pure-culture techniques, based on Louis Pasteur's concept. He isolated the tuberculosis organism and established its role in the disease (1882). In 1883 he discovered the causal organism for cholera and how it is transmitted and also developed a vaccination for rinderpest. Koch's postulates remain fundamental to pathology: the organism should always be found in sick animals and never in healthy ones; it must be grown in pure culture; the cultured organism must make a healthy animal sick; and it must be reisolated from the newly sick animal and recultured and still be the same. Awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, he is considered a founder of bacteriology

Heinrich Hertz

born Feb. 22, 1857, Hamburg, Ger. died Jan. 1, 1894, Bonn German physicist. While a professor at Karlsruhe Polytechnic (1885-89), he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and measured their length and velocity. He showed that the nature of their vibration and their susceptibility to reflection and refraction were the same as those of light waves, and he proved that light and heat are electromagnetic radiations. He was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves. In 1889 he was appointed professor at the University of Bonn, where he continued his research on the discharge of electricity in rarefied gases. The hertz (Hz), a unit of frequency in cycles per second, is named for him

Heinrich Hertz

{i} Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894), German physicist, first person who produced electromagnetic waves in an artificial manner

Heinrich Himmler

(1900-1945) Nazi leader of the SS, Adolf Hitler's second-in-command who established the Nazi concentration camps

Heinrich Himmler

a German Nazi leader who was in charge of the SS, and was responsible for organizing the killing of millions of Jews in concentration camps (1900-45). born Oct. 7, 1900, Munich, Ger. died May 23, 1945, Lüneburg German Nazi police administrator who became the second most powerful man in the Third Reich. He joined the Nazi Party in 1925 and rose to become head of Adolf Hitler's SS. He was put in command of most German police units after 1933, taking charge of the Gestapo in 1934, and established the Third Reich's first concentration camp, at Dachau. He soon built the SS into a powerful network of state terror, and by 1936 he commanded all the Reich's police forces. In World War II he expanded the Waffen-SS (Armed SS) until it rivaled the army; after 1941 he organized the death camps in eastern Europe. Shunted aside by Hitler's entourage, Himmler, hoping to succeed Hitler, had negotiations with the Allies in the final months of the war over Germany's surrender or its alliance with the Western Allies against the Soviet Union. Hitler ordered his arrest, but when he attempted to escape he was captured by the British and committed suicide by taking poison

Heinrich Isaac

born 1450, Brabant died 1517, Florence Flemish composer. He spent much of his career in Italy, especially Florence, but was known as a leading representative of the Netherlandish style. As court composer to Emperor Maximilian I (from 1497), he was allowed to travel. He had many students, including Ludwig Senfl, and his historical importance in Germany is as the main disseminator of the progressive Northern style there. The beauty and quality of his works, which include over 100 masses, dozens of motets, and secular songs, have led some to regard him as second only to Josquin des Prez among his contemporaries

Heinrich Kleist

He is now considered the first of the great 19th-century German dramatists, and his disturbing and densely written fictions are widely admired by writers

Heinrich Kleist

born Oct. 18, 1777, Frankfurt an der Oder, Brandenburg died Nov. 21, 1811, Wannsee, near Berlin German writer. He served seven years in the Prussian army, and his work first attracted attention when he was in prison accused as a spy. The grim and intense drama Penthesilea (1808) contains some of his most powerful poetry, and The Broken Pitcher (1808) is a masterpiece of dramatic comedy; they were followed by Katherine of Heilbronn (1810), Die Hermannsschlacht (1821), and The Prince of Homburg (1821). In 1811 he published a collection of eight masterly novellas, including Michael Kohlhaas, The Earthquake in Chile, and The Marquise of O. Embittered by a lack of recognition, he ended his unhappy life in a joint suicide with a young woman at age

Heinrich Louis d'Arrest

{i} Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest (1822-1875), Danish astronomer (born in Berlin) who discovered Neptune in 1846 with John Galle

Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest

{i} Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (1822-1875), Danish astronomer (born in Berlin) who discovered Neptune in 1846 with John Galle

Heinrich Mann

{i} (1871-1950) German-born American novelist and playwright, older brother of Thomas Mann, author of well known novel "Professor Unrat

Heinrich Otto Wieland

born June 4, 1877, Pforzheim, Ger. died Aug. 5, 1957, W.Ger. German chemist. He won a 1927 Nobel Prize for research on bile acids which showed that the three acids then isolated had similar structures and were also structurally related to cholesterol. He also found that different forms of nitrogen in organic compounds can be detected and distinguished from each other, an important contribution to structural organic chemistry. Wieland's theory that oxidation in living tissues occurs through removal of hydrogen atoms, not addition of oxygen (see oxidation-reduction), was of great importance to physiology, biochemistry, and medicine

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

born Feb. 22, 1857, Hamburg, Ger. died Jan. 1, 1894, Bonn German physicist. While a professor at Karlsruhe Polytechnic (1885-89), he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and measured their length and velocity. He showed that the nature of their vibration and their susceptibility to reflection and refraction were the same as those of light waves, and he proved that light and heat are electromagnetic radiations. He was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves. In 1889 he was appointed professor at the University of Bonn, where he continued his research on the discharge of electricity in rarefied gases. The hertz (Hz), a unit of frequency in cycles per second, is named for him

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz

{i} Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), German physicist, first person who produced electromagnetic waves in an artificial manner

Heinrich Schenker

born June 19, 1868, Wisniowczyk, Galicia, Russia died Jan. 14, 1935, Vienna, Austria Austrian music theorist. Schenker studied law and composition in Vienna before settling there as a private teacher and occasional performer. He proposed that Jean-Philippe Rameau's harmonic theory had erred in making harmony fundamental at the expense of counterpoint. His own study of C.P.E. Bach led him to posit counterpoint as equally fundamental and to recognize the subtle integration of the two. Schenker's most influential perception was that tonal music consists of layers of ornamentation of simpler musical statements. His controversial theories and graphic notation presented in texts such as Harmony (1906), Counterpoint (1910-22), and Free Composition (1935) were widely disseminated in the 1970s and by the end of the 20th century had become the basis of the most widely employed analytical techniques for tonal music

Heinrich Schliemann

born Jan. 6, 1822, Neubukow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin died Dec. 26, 1890, Naples, Italy German archaeologist and excavator of Troy, Mycenae, and Tiryns. As a boy he loved the Homeric poems, and he eventually learned ancient and modern Greek and many other languages. As a military contractor in the Crimean War he made a sufficient fortune to retire at 36 and devote himself to archaeology. In 1873, at Hisarlk, Tur., he discovered the remains of ancient Troy (verifying the historical event of the Trojan War) and a treasure of gold jewelry ("Priam's Treasure"), which he smuggled out of the country. Because the Ottoman government prevented his return, he began excavating Mycenae in Greece, where he found more invaluable remains and treasures. He and Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1853-1940) resumed work at Hisarlk in 1878, exposing the stratigraphy more clearly and advancing archaeological technique. In 1884 they excavated the great fortified site at Tiryns. Schliemann's excavations helped to lengthen considerably the perspective of history and to popularize archaeology. His contributions were genuine, though his written accounts contain many self-serving fabrications

Heinrich Schütz

born Oct. 8, 1585, Köstritz, Saxony died Nov. 6, 1672, Dresden German composer. An innkeeper's son, he was heard singing by a nobleman staying at the inn, who underwrote his education; in 1608 he entered the University of Marburg to study law, but in 1609 he began to study music with Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice. The elector of Saxony in Dresden "borrowed" Schütz for a "few months" in 1614, then refused to let him return. As kapellmeister in Dresden from 1619, he published his first collection of sacred music, Psalms of David (1619). In 1628 he traveled to Italy, where Claudio Monteverdi acquainted him with new musical developments, and he adopted aspects of the Italian style in his great Symphoniae sacrae (1629) for chorus and instruments; he later published a second and third collection of Symphoniae sacrae (1647, 1650). He spent much time in Denmark and elsewhere over the next 15 years. Economic conditions deteriorated, and in the early 1650s he was no longer even being paid; he was released by the elector's death in 1656

Heinrich Theodor Böll

born Dec. 21, 1917, Cologne, Ger. died July 16, 1985, near Bonn, W.Ger. German writer. As a soldier in World War II he fought on several fronts, a central experience in the development of his antiwar, nonconformist views. His ironic novels on the travails of German life during and after the war captured the changing psychology of the German nation. He became a leading voice of the German left. Among his works are Acquainted with the Night (1953), Billiards at Half-Past Nine (1959), The Clown (1963), Group Portrait with Lady (1971), and The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (1974). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz

{i} Wilhelm Waldeyer (1835-1921), German anatomist and pathologist who named the chromosome

Heinrich Wölfflin

born June 21, 1864, Basel, Switz. died July 19, 1945, Basel Swiss art historian. He was educated at the universities of Basel, Berlin, and Munich, and his doctoral thesis already showed the approach he was later to develop: an analysis of form based on a psychological interpretation of the creative process. His chief work, Principles of Art History (1915), synthesized his ideas into a complete aesthetic system that was to become of great importance in art criticism. He eschewed the popular anecdotal approach and emphasized the formal stylistic analysis of drawing, composition, light, colour, subject matter, and other pictorial elements as they were handled similarly by the painters of a particular period or national school

Heinrich von Treitschke

born Sept. 15, 1834, Dresden, Saxony died April 28, 1896, Berlin German historian and political writer. Son of a Saxon general, Treitschke studied at Bonn and Leipzig and then taught history and politics at a number of German universities. A member of the Reichstag (1871-84), he advocated authoritarian rulers unchecked by a parliament and disparaged western European liberalism and American democracy. In 1886 he succeeded Leopold Ranke as official historiographer of Prussia. His major work is Treitschke's History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century (1879-94)

Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist

He is now considered the first of the great 19th-century German dramatists, and his disturbing and densely written fictions are widely admired by writers

Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist

born Oct. 18, 1777, Frankfurt an der Oder, Brandenburg died Nov. 21, 1811, Wannsee, near Berlin German writer. He served seven years in the Prussian army, and his work first attracted attention when he was in prison accused as a spy. The grim and intense drama Penthesilea (1808) contains some of his most powerful poetry, and The Broken Pitcher (1808) is a masterpiece of dramatic comedy; they were followed by Katherine of Heilbronn (1810), Die Hermannsschlacht (1821), and The Prince of Homburg (1821). In 1811 he published a collection of eight masterly novellas, including Michael Kohlhaas, The Earthquake in Chile, and The Marquise of O. Embittered by a lack of recognition, he ended his unhappy life in a joint suicide with a young woman at age

Bernhard Heinrich Martin Karl prince von Bülow

born May 3, 1849, Klein-Flottbek, near Altona, Ger. died Oct. 28, 1929, Rome, Italy German imperial chancellor and Prussian prime minister (1900-09). After holding a number of diplomatic posts, he was appointed state secretary for the foreign department in 1897. He quickly became a potent force and succeeded to the chancellorship in 1900. In cooperation with William II, he pursued a policy of German aggrandizement in the years preceding World War I. He was unable to prevent the formation of the English-French-Russian alliance against Germany (see Entente Cordiale; Triple Entente) and increased international tension with the first of the Moroccan crises

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine

orig. Harry Heine born Dec. 13, 1797, Düsseldorf, Prussia died Feb. 17, 1856, Paris, France German poet. Born of Jewish parents, he converted to Protestantism to enter careers that he never actually pursued. He established his international literary reputation with The Book of Songs (1827), a collection of bittersweet love poems. His prose Pictures of Travel, 4 vol. (1826-31), was widely imitated. After 1831 he lived in Paris. His articles and studies on social and political matters, many critical of German conservatism, were censored there, and German spies watched him in Paris. His second verse collection, New Poems (1844), reflected his social engagement. His third, Romanzero (1851), written while suffering failing health and financial reverses, is notably bleak but has been greatly admired. He is regarded as one of Germany's greatest lyric poets, and many of his poems were set as songs by such composers as Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel

born Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia died Aug. 9, 1919, Jena, Ger. German zoologist and evolutionist. After receiving a degree in medicine in 1857, he obtained a doctorate in zoology from the University of Jena, and from 1862 to 1909 he taught zoology at Jena. His work concentrated on diverse marine invertebrates. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Haeckel saw evolution as the basis for an explanation of all nature and the rationale of a philosophical approach. He attempted to create the first genealogical tree of the entire animal kingdom. He proposed that each species illustrates its evolutionary history in its embryological development ("Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). Through his theories of the evolution of humans, he brought attention to important biological questions. Through his numerous books, he was an influential popularizer of evolutionary theory

Felix Heinrich Wankel

{i} Felix Wankel (1902-1988), German engineer who invented the rotary engine called the "Wankel engine

Friedrich Heinrich Lewy

{i} Frederic H. Lewy (1885-1950), German-born United States neurologist who discovered the Lewy bodies

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr baron von Humboldt

born Sept. 14, 1769, Berlin, Prussia died May 6, 1859, Berlin German naturalist and explorer. In 1792 he joined the mining department of the Prussian government, where he invented a safety lamp and established a technical school for miners. From 1799 he explored Central and South America, traveling in the Amazon jungles and the Andean highlands. During these journeys he discovered the connection between the Amazon and Orinoco river systems and surmised that altitude sickness was caused by lack of oxygen. He studied the oceanic current off the western coast of South America; it became known as the Humboldt Current (now the Peru Current). He returned to Europe in 1804. His research helped lay the foundation for comparative climatology, drew a connection between a region's geography and its flora and fauna, and added to an understanding of the development of the Earth's crust. In Paris he used his financial resources to help Louis Agassiz and others launch careers. In 1829 he traveled to Russia and Siberia and made geographic, geologic, and meteorologic observations of Central Asia. During the 1830s he investigated magnetic storms. The last 25 years of his life were spent writing Kosmos, an account of the structure of the universe as then known

Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler

born Jan. 25, 1886, Berlin died Nov. 30, 1954, near Baden-Baden, W.Ger. German conductor and composer. After private composition studies with Joseph Rheinberger (1839-1901), he debuted in 1906. His revised Te Deum (1910) established him as a composer, and in 1917 his work as a guest conductor in Berlin earned him high praise. He succeeded Richard Strauss at the Berlin State Opera, and Arthur Nikisch (1855-1922) at the Leipzig Gewandhaus and Berlin Philharmonic, becoming especially associated with the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner. Though criticized for staying in Germany during the Nazi era, he was no friend of the regime, continuing to program modern music and helping Jewish musicians to escape. He was formally exonerated of complicity with the Nazis, but public hostility dogged his later years

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

born , Jan. 12, 1746, Zürich, Switz. died Feb. 17, 1827, Brugg Swiss educational reformer. Between 1805 and 1825 he directed the Yverdon Institute (near Neuchâtel), which drew pupils and educators (including Friedrich Froebel) from all over Europe. His teaching method emphasized group rather than individual recitation and focused on such participatory activities as drawing, writing, singing, physical exercise, model making, collecting, mapmaking, and field trips. Among his ideas, considered radically innovative at the time, were making allowances for individual differences, grouping students by ability rather than age, and encouraging formal teacher training

Johann Heinrich von Thünen

born June 24, 1783, Jever, Oldenburg died Sept. 22, 1850, Tellow, Mecklenburg German economist and agriculturalist. After carrying out research on his own estate into the relationship between the costs of commodity transportation and the location of production, he set forth his theories in The Isolated State (1826). He used an imaginary city, isolated in the middle of a fertile plain, to create a model of concentric zones of agricultural production. Heavy products and perishables would be produced close to the town, lighter and durable goods on the periphery; returns on the land would diminish as transport costs to the city increased. Thünen's model influenced many later writers on the subject

Johann-Heinrich count von Bernstorff

born Nov. 14, 1862, London, Eng. died Oct. 6, 1939, Geneva, Switz. German diplomat. After entering the diplomatic service (1899), he represented Germany in London and Cairo before serving as ambassador to the U.S. (1908-17). During World War I he worked to facilitate mediation of the conflict with Woodrow Wilson but did not receive the support he expected from authorities in Berlin. He served as chairman of the German League of Nations Union until 1933, when he went into exile in Geneva

Karl Heinrich Marx

born May 5, 1818, Trier, Rhine province, Prussia [Ger.] died March 14, 1883, London, Eng. German political philosopher, economic theorist, and revolutionary. He studied humanities at the University of Bonn (1835) and law and philosophy at the University of Berlin (1836-41), where he was exposed to the works of G.W.F. Hegel. Working as a writer in Cologne and Paris (1842-45), he became active in leftist politics. In Paris he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. Expelled from France in 1845, he moved to Brussels, where his political orientation matured and he and Engels made names for themselves through their writings. Marx was invited to join a secret left-wing group in London, for which he and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848). In that same year, Marx organized the first Rhineland Democratic Congress in Germany and opposed the king of Prussia when he dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Exiled, he moved to London in 1849, where he spent the rest of his life. He worked part-time as a European correspondent for the New York Tribune (1851-62) while writing his major critique of capitalism, Das Kapital (3 vol., 1867-94). He was a leading figure in the First International from 1864 until the defection of Mikhail Bakunin in 1872. See also Marxism; communism; dialectical materialism

Martin Heinrich Rathke

born Aug. 25, 1793, Danzig, Prussia died Sept. 3, 1860, Königsberg German anatomist and embryologist. He was the first to describe gill slits and gill arches in mammal and bird embryos. He thought they were vestigial gills but recognized their significance in development of the associated blood vessels. He first described the Rathke pouch (1839), an embryonic structure that develops into the pituitary gland's anterior lobe. He also did pioneering marine zoology research

Otto Heinrich Warburg

{i} (1883-1970) German physiologist and biochemist who won a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1931

Otto Heinrich Warburg

born Oct. 8, 1883, Freiburg im Breisgau, Ger. died Aug. 1, 1970, West Berlin, W.Ger. German biochemist. In the 1920s, after earning doctorates in chemistry and medicine, he investigated the process by which oxygen is consumed in the cells of living organisms, introducing the technique of measuring changes in gas pressure for studying the rates at which slices of living tissue take up oxygen. His search for the cell components involved in oxygen consumption led to identification of the role of the cytochromes. He was awarded a 1931 Nobel Prize for his research. He was the first to observe that the growth of cancer cells requires much less oxygen than that of normal cells

Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg

{i} Richard Abegg (1869-1910), Prussian chemist whose work contributed to the understanding of valence

Theodor Heinrich Boveri

born Oct. 12, 1862, Bamberg, Bavaria died Oct. 15, 1915, Würzburg German cell biologist. Working with roundworm eggs, Boveri proved that chromosomes are separate units within the nucleus of a cell. With Walter S. Sutton, he was the first to propose that genes were located on chromosomes. Boveri proved Edouard von Beneden's theory that the ovum (egg) and sperm cell contribute equal numbers of chromosomes to the new cell created during fertilization. He later introduced the term centrosome and demonstrated that this structure is the division centre for a dividing egg cell