= A bunch of people, risking their lives, to dig up artifacts and effects which could just as easily have been handed to them as they just came off a shelf in a warehouse See exercise in futility
The scientifically controlled recovery of subsurface materials and information from an archaeological site Recovery techniques are designed to produce maximum knowledge about the utilization of the site, its relation to other sites and the natural environment, and its significance in the maintenance of the cultural system Recovery techniques may include the use of heavy equipment (e g , backhoe, etc ) and specialized instruments (pollen coring tools, etc ) (McGimsey and Davis 1977: 110)
the systematic removal and recording of prehistoric or historic artifacts, features, and associated materials (e g , soil samples) from the ground; may involve a wide variety of techniques ranging from the use of small, specialized picks, brushes, and trowels to the use of heavy equipment to remove overburden and dig profile trenches
In archaeology, the exposure, recording, and recovery of buried material remains. The techniques employed vary by the type of site, but all forms of archaeological excavation require great skill and careful preparation. The process begins with site location, by means of aerial photography, remote sensing, or, commonly, accidental discovery by construction crews. This step is followed by surveying and mapping, site sampling, and developing an excavation plan. The design and execution of an excavation frequently require an interdisciplinary team of experts. The actual digging consists of the removal of surplus dirt and the painstaking examination, through observation, sifting, and other means, of remaining soil, artifacts, and context. Common dig tools include the trowel, penknife, and brush. The excavation phase is followed by artifact classification, analysis, dating, and the publication of results. Excavation may last decades or be a short-term emergency salvage operation (as when a site is threatened by development)