edward

English - Turkish

Definition of edward in English Turkish dictionary
edward the confessor: edward itirafçı
Edward's Syndrome: (Tıp) Mental anomalilerle birlikte görülen otozomal trizomi

English - English

Definition of edward in English English dictionary: A male given name
There's a world of difference between the name Edward, which sounds rather regal and stuffy (Edwardian) and the name Eddie, which sounds like a guy on the bus.; {i} male first name; family name; name of a number of English kings; given name, male; A lake in the Great Rift Valley of central Africa on the border of Uganda and Congo (formerly Zaire). It was discovered by Henry M. Stanley in 1889. known as Edward of Windsor born Nov. 13, 1312, Windsor, Berkshire, Eng. died June 21, 1377, Sheen, Surrey King of England (1327-77). His mother, Isabella of France, deposed his father, Edward II, and crowned the 15-year-old Edward in his place. Isabella and her lover, Roger de Mortimer, governed in Edward's name for four years and persuaded him to grant the Scots their independence (1328). After having Mortimer executed in 1330, Edward became the sole ruler of England. By asserting his right to the French crown, he began the Hundred Years' War. He instituted the Order of the Garter in 1342. He defeated the French at the Battle of Crécy (1346) and captured Calais (1347), though lack of funds forced him to sign a truce. The Black Death hit England in 1348, but fighting continued. The Scots surrendered to Edward in 1356, and the same year his son Edward the Black Prince won a major victory for the English at the Battle of Poitiers. In 1360 Edward gave up his claim to the French crown in return for Aquitaine. The war later resumed when Charles V repudiated the Treaty of Calais; Edward lost Aquitaine, and he signed a new truce in 1375. In his later years he fell under the influence of his greedy mistress, Alice Perrers, and his son John of Gaunt. known as Edward of Caernarfon born April 25, 1284, Caernarfon, Caernarfonshire, Wales died September 1327, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Eng. King of England (1307-27). He was the son of Edward I. He angered the barons by granting the earldom of Cornwall to his favourite, Piers Gaveston; the barons then drew up the Ordinances (1311), a document limiting the king's power over finances and appointments, and executed the arrogant Gaveston (1312). The English defeat by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) ensured Scottish independence and left Edward at the mercy of powerful barons, notably Thomas of Lancaster. Edward defeated and executed Lancaster in 1322, freeing himself from baronial control and revoking the Ordinances. His queen, Isabella, helped her lover, Roger de Mortimer, invade England with other dissatisfied nobles and depose Edward in favour of his son, Edward III. Edward II was imprisoned and probably murdered. born April 28, 1442, Rouen, France died April 9, 1483, Westminster, Eng. King of England (1461-70, 1471-83). His father, a claimant to the throne, was killed in 1461, and Edward was crowned, thanks largely to his cousin the earl of Warwick. This alliance did not last, and, after much intrigue and fighting, Edward was deposed and fled in 1470. The next year he returned to become a leading participant in the Wars of the Roses, defeating and killing Warwick and nearly all the remaining Lancastrian leaders. After murdering Henry VI and repelling an attack on London, Edward remained secure as king for the rest of his life. He invaded France, which Henry had inherited but largely lost; though the attempt was unsuccessful, Edward made an excellent financial settlement by treaty. His administrative achievements made his reign a time of prosperity and success. Seven children survived him; his two sons were probably murdered in the Tower of London, and his eldest daughter married Henry VII. known as Edward Longshanks born June 17, 1239, Westminster, Middlesex, Eng. died July 7, 1309, Burgh by Sands, near Carlisle, Cumberland King of England (1272-1307). The eldest son of Henry III, he supported his father in a civil war with the barons, but his violent temper contributed to Henry's defeat at the Battle of Lewes (1264). Edward triumphed over the rebels in the following year when he defeated them and slew their leader at Evesham. Edward joined the abortive Crusade of Louis IX of France (the Eighth Crusade) in 1271-72, then returned to England to succeed his father. His reign was a time of rising national consciousness, in which he strengthened the crown against the nobility. He fostered the development of Parliament and played an important role in defining English common law. He conquered Wales (1277) and crushed Welsh uprisings against English rule, but his conquest of Scotland (1296), including the defeat of William Wallace, was undone by later revolts. He expelled the Jews from England in 1290; they would not be readmitted until 1655. He died on a campaign against Robert I, who had proclaimed himself king of Scotland the previous year. orig. Albert Edward born Nov. 9, 1841, London, Eng. died May 6, 1910, London King of the United Kingdom (1901-10). Son of Queen Victoria, he attended Oxford and Cambridge and in 1863 married Alexandra (1844-1925), daughter of Christian IX. Noted for his interest in racing and yachting and his sometimes scandalous personal behavior, he was excluded by Victoria from most affairs of state until he was over 50 years old. He succeeded to the throne on her death, and his reign helped restore luster to the monarchy after her long seclusion as a widow. An immensely popular sovereign, he helped pave the way for the Entente Cordiale with his state visit to Paris in 1903. born June 23, 1894, Richmond, Surrey, Eng. died May 28, 1972, Paris, France King of the United Kingdom (1936) who abdicated voluntarily. Son of George V, he served as a staff officer in World War I. After the war he made extensive goodwill tours of the British Empire and became very popular with the British people. In 1930 he became friends with Wallis Simpson and her husband and by 1934 had fallen in love with her. In January 1936 he succeeded to the throne on his father's death. Unable to gain social and political acceptance for his proposed marriage to Simpson, he abdicated in December, becoming the only British sovereign to resign the crown voluntarily. He was created duke of Windsor and in 1937 married Simpson, who became the duchess of Windsor. At Winston Churchill's invitation, he served as governor of the Bahamas during World War II, and after 1945 the couple lived in Paris. Though they were counted among the social elite, not until 1967 were they invited to attend an official public ceremony with other members of the royal family. born Oct. 12, 1537, London, Eng. died July 6, 1553, London King of England and Ireland (1547-53). Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward succeeded to the throne after Henry's death. During the young king's reign, power was wielded first by his uncle the duke of Somerset (1547-49) and then by the duke of Northumberland. Facing death from tuberculosis, Edward was persuaded to exclude his two half sisters (later queens) Mary I and Elizabeth I from the succession and to put Northumberland's daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, in line for the throne. Edward Teach Abbey Edward Acheson Edward Goodrich Albee Edward Franklin George Edward Arcaro Bax Sir Arnold Edward Trevor Bellamy Edward Bernays Edward L. Charles Edward Anderson Berry Blake Edward Bliss Sir Arthur Edward Drummond Bok Edward William Bowes Edward Braddock Edward Britten of Aldeburgh Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Burne Jones Sir Edward Coley Callaghan Morley Edward Edward Israel Iskowitz Carson of Duncairn Edward Henry Baron Clarendon Edward Hyde 1st earl of Clift Edward Montgomery Coke Sir Edward Cope Edward Drinker Coughlin Charles Edward Craig Edward Henry Gordon Cummings Edward Estlin Edward de Valera Derby Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley 14th earl of Du Bois William Edward Burghardt East Edward Murray Edward III Edward of Windsor Edward II Edward of Caernarfon Edward IV Edward I Edward Longshanks Edward the Black Prince Edward the Confessor Saint Edward VII Albert Edward Edward VIII Edward VI Edward Lake Eggleston Edward Elgar Sir Edward William Edward Kennedy Ellington Evans Pritchard Sir Edward Evan FitzGerald Edward Forbes Edward Forster Edward Morgan Frazier Edward Franklin Gibbon Edward Gorey Edward St. John Grey Sir Edward 3rd Baronet Griffin Merv Edward Halifax Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st earl of Harriman Edward Henry Heath Sir Edward Richard George Hicks Edward Edward Holland Hopper Edward House Edward Mandell Housman Alfred Edward Edward James Hughes Ives Charles Edward James Edward the Old Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart Jenner Edward Keillor Garrison Edward Kennedy Edward Moore Kienholz Edward Kirstein Lincoln Edward Koch Edward Irving Lanier Willie Edward Lawrence Thomas Edward Lear Edward Lee Robert Edward Lewis Edward B. Lorenz Edward Norton Luria Salvador Edward MacDowell Edward Alexander Edward Alexander McDowell Mackenzie Sir Edward Montague Compton Manning Henry Edward Merrill Charles Edward Moore George Edward Murrow Edward Egbert Roscoe Edward James Muggeridge O'Connor Feargus Edward Oglethorpe James Edward Olav Alexander Edward Christian Frederik Oxford Edward de Vere 17th earl of Edward de Vere Pickett George Edward Poynings Sir Edward Prince Edward Island Edward Rickenbacher Robinson Edward G. Rose Peter Edward Sabine Sir Edward Sagan Carl Edward Said Edward Wadie Saintsbury George Edward Bateman Salk Jonas Edward Sapir Edward Scripps Edward Willis Serling Edward Rodman Somerset Edward Seymour 1st duke of Spahn Warren Edward Spearman Charles Edward Squibb Edward Robinson Steichen Edward Jean Stettinius Edward Reilly Jr. Stone Edward Durell Stratemeyer Edward Sullivan Edward Vincent Tatum Edward Lawrie Teller Edward Thompson Edward Palmer Thorndike Edward Lee Titchener Edward Bradford Tolman Edward Chace Robert Edward Turner III Tylor Sir Edward Burnett Edward Chester Babcock Villella Edward Wakefield Edward Gibbon Weston Edward Whymper Edward Wilson Edward Osborne Winslow Edward Wright Sir Almroth Edward Younghusband Sir Francis Edward Acton of Aldenham John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Bulwer Lytton Edward George Earl Charles Edward the Young Pretender Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart; third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964); son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376); son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376) third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964)
Edward Abbey: born Jan. 29, 1927, Home, Pa., U.S. died March 14, 1989, Oracle, Ariz. U.S. writer and environmentalist. Abbey worked as a park ranger and fire lookout for the National Park Service. He wrote a number of volumes on consumer culture's encroachment on the American wilderness. Desert Solitaire (1968), one of his best-known, is set in southeastern Utah. His 1975 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang, describing the exploits of a band of guerrilla environmentalists, inspired numerous real-life activists
Edward Albee: born March 12, 1928, Virginia, U.S. U.S. playwright. He was the adopted grandson and namesake of a well-known vaudeville theatre manager. His first one-act play, The Zoo Story (1959), and other early plays, including The Sandbox (1960) and The American Dream (1961), were characteristic of the Theatre of the Absurd. His Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf (1962; film, 1966) was widely acclaimed. He won Pulitzer prizes for A Delicate Balance (1966), Seascape (1975), and Three Tall Women (1991). He has also adapted other writers' works for the stage, including Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita (1981)
Edward Alexander MacDowell: His farm in Peterborough, N.H., became the MacDowell Colony for artists after his death. His most popular works are the Second Piano Concerto in D Minor (1886), the Second Orchestral ("Indian") Suite (1895), and piano sets such as Woodland Sketches (1896) and Sea Pieces (1898)
Edward Alexander MacDowell: orig. Edward Alexander McDowell born Dec. 18, 1860, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1908, New York City U.S. composer. He started piano lessons at age eight. While in Germany for further study, he impressed the composer Joachim Raff (1822-82), who urged him to write a piano concerto (1882), then introduced him to Franz Liszt, who assisted MacDowell with performances and publication. In 1888 he returned to the U.S. with his wife, and in 1896 he became Columbia University's first professor of music. Paresis made him unable to perform or compose after 1904, and he lapsed into insanity and died at age
Edward B. Lewis: born May 20, 1918, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., U.S. died July 21, 2004, Pasadena, Calif. U.S. geneticist. He received a Ph.D. (1942) in genetics from the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1946 to 1988. By crossbreeding thousands of fruit flies, he discovered that genes are arranged on the chromosome in the order corresponding to body segments, an orderliness now known as the colinearity principle. Lewis's work helped explain mechanisms of general biological development, including the causes of deformities present at birth in humans. With Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus, he was awarded a 1995 Nobel Prize
Edward Bellamy: born March 26, 1850, Chicopee Falls, Mass., U.S. died May 22, 1898, Chicopee Falls U.S. writer. Bellamy first became aware of the plight of the urban poor at age 18 while studying in Germany. He engaged throughout his life in progressive causes and wrote several books reflecting his concerns, but he is known chiefly for his utopian novel Looking Backward (1888), which describes the U.S. in the year 2000 as an ideal socialist state featuring cooperation, brotherhood, and industry geared to human need. It sold more than a million copies; a sequel, Equality (1897), was less successful
Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten of Aldeburgh: born Nov. 22, 1913, Lowestoft, Suffolk, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1976, Aldeburgh, Suffolk British composer. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he met the tenor Peter Pears (1910-86), who would become his lifelong companion. His auspicious Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), for string orchestra, won him international acclaim. In 1945 his opera Peter Grimes established him as a leading opera composer. In 1948 he cofounded the Aldeburgh Festival, which became one of the most important English music festivals and the centre of Britten's musical activities. His operas include The Rape of Lucretia (1946), The Turn of the Screw (1954), and Death in Venice (1973); they are admired for their skillful setting of English words and their orchestral interludes, as well as for their dramatic aptness and depth of psychological characterization. His large choral work War Requiem (1961) was greatly acclaimed. His best-known orchestral piece is The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946). In 1976 he became the first British composer in history to be ennobled
Edward Blake: born Oct. 13, 1833, Adelaide, Upper Canada died March 1, 1912, Toronto, Ont., Can. Canadian politician. Blake was called to the bar in 1856 and created a queen's counsel in 1864. In 1867 he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons. He served as premier of Ontario (1871-72) and minister of justice (1875-77) in Alexander Mackenzie's cabinet, helping draft the constitution. He was leader of the Liberal Party (1880-87). In 1890 he withdrew from Canadian politics and moved to Ireland, where he served in the British House of Commons (1892-1907)
Edward Bok: born Oct. 9, 1863, Den Helder, Neth. died Jan. 9, 1930, Lake Wales, Fla., U.S. Dutch-born U.S. editor. Raised in a poor immigrant family in Brooklyn, N.Y., Bok pursued a career in book and magazine publishing. As editor of the Ladies' Home Journal (1889-1919) he devised departments to inform women on diverse subjects and led campaigns for public health and beautification. His decision to stop accepting patent-medicine advertising helped bring about the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). He also broke the taboo against the printed mention of venereal disease. His last years were devoted to working for civic improvement and world peace. He wrote a notable autobiography, The Americanization of Edward Bok (1920, Pulitzer Prize)
Edward Bowes: known as Major Bowes born June 14, 1874, San Francisco, Calif., U.S. died June 14, 1946, Rumson, N.J. U.S. radio personality. He promoted attendance at New York City's Capitol Theatre by starting a variety show, the Major Bowes Capitol Family, which became the radio program Original Amateur Hour (1935-46). The show (later revived for television as The Ted Mack Original Amateur Hour [1948-60]) gave aspiring singers and comedians, including Frank Sinatra and Bob Hope, a chance to perform before a national radio audience
Edward Braddock: born 1695, Perthshire, Scot. died July 13, 1755, Great Meadows, Pa. British army commander in the French and Indian War. After service in Europe, he arrived in Virginia in 1755 to command British forces in North America against the French. He undertook an expedition to attack the French-held Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh, Pa.); his force, which included British regulars and provincial militiamen such as George Washington, cut the first road across the Allegheny Mountains and reached a point on the Monongahela River near the fort. There his army of over 1,400 men was ambushed and defeated by a group of 254 French and 600 Indians, and he was mortally wounded in the ensuing rout
Edward Bradford Titchener: born Jan. 11, 1867, Chichester, Sussex, Eng. died Aug. 3, 1927, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S. British-U.S. psychologist. Trained in Leipzig under Wilhelm Wundt, he later taught at Cornell University (1892-1927). He helped establish experimental psychology in the U.S., and he also became the foremost proponent of structural psychology, a field concerned with the components and arrangement of mental states and processes. His principal work is Experimental Psychology (1901-05)
Edward Bulwer-Lytton: later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire British politician, novelist, and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841, and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834), and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ("It was a dark and stormy night...") led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel
Edward Burne-Jones: a British painter who was one of the Pre-Raphaelites (1833-98)
Edward C Tolman: born April 14, 1886, West Newton, Mass., U.S. died Nov. 19, 1959, Berkeley, Calif. U.S. psychologist. He taught at the University of California at Berkeley (1918-54). Although he was a behaviourist, he considered classical behaviourism too reductive, and he therefore emphasized behavioral wholes and unmeasurable "intervening variables" over a strict focus on isolated reflexes. He also advanced the concept of "latent learning" (implicit, indirect learning). His major work was Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (1932)
Edward Chace Tolman: born April 14, 1886, West Newton, Mass., U.S. died Nov. 19, 1959, Berkeley, Calif. U.S. psychologist. He taught at the University of California at Berkeley (1918-54). Although he was a behaviourist, he considered classical behaviourism too reductive, and he therefore emphasized behavioral wholes and unmeasurable "intervening variables" over a strict focus on isolated reflexes. He also advanced the concept of "latent learning" (implicit, indirect learning). His major work was Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (1932)
Edward Cocker: {i} (1631-1675) English author and engraver, author of "Cocker's Arithmetic
Edward Drinker Cope: born , July 28, 1840, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died April 12, 1897, Philadelphia U.S. paleontologist. He devoted 22 years to exploration and research, especially in the description of extinct fishes, reptiles, and mammals of the western U.S. He discovered about 1,000 species of extinct vertebrates and developed the evolutionary histories of the horse and of mammalian teeth. His theory of kinetogenesis, stating that the natural movements of animals aided in the alteration and development of moving parts, led him to support Lamarck's theory of evolution. He engaged in a bitter, long-running feud with O.C. Marsh. Among his 1,200 books and papers are Reptilia and Aves of North America (1869-70) and Relation of Man to Tertiary Mammalia (1875)
Edward Durell Stone: born March 9, 1902, Fayetteville, Ark., U.S. died Aug. 6, 1978, New York, N.Y. U.S. architect. He earned architecture degrees and traveled in Europe before joining the New York City firm that designed Radio City Music Hall. In 1936 he organized his own architectural firm. A leading exponent of the International Style, he designed El Panamá Hotel in Panama City (1946), the U.S. embassy in New Delhi (1954), the U.S. pavilion at the Brussels World's Fair (1958), the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. (1964), and the Amoco Building in Chicago (1969). He also taught at New York University (1927-42) and Yale University (1946-52)
Edward Egbert Roscoe Murrow: born April 25, 1908, Greensboro, N.C., U.S. died April 27, 1965, Pawling, N.Y. U.S. radio and television broadcaster. Murrow joined CBS in 1935 and two years later became head of its European Bureau. He became famous for his eyewitness reports of World War II events such as the German occupation of Austria. After the war, with Fred Friendly, he produced Hear It Now, an authoritative radio news digest, and for television the comparable See It Now. He also produced Person to Person and other television programs. In the 1950s he was an influential force for the free dissemination of information, producing a notable exposé of the tactics of Sen. Joseph McCarthy that contributed to the demise of McCarthyism
Edward Eggleston: born Dec. 10, 1837, Vevay, Ind., U.S. died Sept. 4, 1902, Lake George, N.Y. U.S. novelist and historian. He became an itinerant preacher at age 19; he later held various pastorates and edited several periodicals. He realistically portrayed backwoods Indiana in The Hoosier School-Master (1871). His other novels include The End of the World (1872), The Circuit Rider (1874), Roxy (1878), and The Graysons (1888). He then turned to writing history; his Beginners of a Nation (1896) and Transit of Civilization from England to America (1900) contributed to the growth of the study of social history
Edward Estlin Cummings: born Oct. 14, 1894, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. died Sept. 3, 1962, North Conway, N.H. U.S. poet and painter. Cummings attended Harvard University. His experience in World War I of being held in a detention camp because of a censor's error gave rise to his first prose book, The Enormous Room (1922). His first book of poems, Tulips and Chimneys (1923), was followed by 11 more. Cummings's poetry, rooted in New England traditions of dissent and self-reliance, attracted attention for its lack of capitalization, eccentric punctuation and phrasing, and often childlike playfulness, which won it a wide readership. His Norton lectures at Harvard were published as i: six nonlectures (1953)
Edward FitzGerald: born March 31, 1809, Bredfield, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, Eng. died June 14, 1883, Merton, Norfolk British writer. After graduating from Cambridge University, he lived chiefly in seclusion. He is best known for The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (1859), a free adaptation from Omar Khayyam's verses that is itself a classic of English literature. Many of its images, such as "A jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou" and "The moving finger writes, and, having writ, moves on" have passed into common currency. He also freely translated Six Dramas of Calderón (1853)
Edward Forbes: born Feb. 12, 1815, Douglas, Isle of Man died Nov. 18, 1854, near Edinburgh, Scot. British naturalist. After studying medicine, he left the field to devote himself to natural history. He conducted extensive research on mollusks and sea stars, participating in dredgings and expeditions. While studying ocean life, he developed an interest in the geographic distribution of animals. Later he divided the plants of Britain into five well-defined groups, maintaining that most of them, like land animals, had migrated to the islands over continuous land during three separate periods: before, during, and after the glacial passage. He held numerous institutional and academic posts, and he was a major figure in establishing the fields of oceanography, biogeography, and paleoecology
Edward Franklin Albee: born March 12, 1928, Virginia, U.S. U.S. playwright. He was the adopted grandson and namesake of a well-known vaudeville theatre manager. His first one-act play, The Zoo Story (1959), and other early plays, including The Sandbox (1960) and The American Dream (1961), were characteristic of the Theatre of the Absurd. His Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf (1962; film, 1966) was widely acclaimed. He won Pulitzer prizes for A Delicate Balance (1966), Seascape (1975), and Three Tall Women (1991). He has also adapted other writers' works for the stage, including Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita (1981)
Edward Franklin Frazier: born Sept. 24, 1894, Baltimore, Md., U.S. died May 17, 1962, Washington, D.C. U.S. sociologist. Frazier studied at Howard and Clark universities. At Morehouse College he organized the Atlanta University School of Social Work (for African Americans). His controversial article "The Pathology of Race Prejudice" (1927) forced him to leave Morehouse; he obtained a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1931, then taught at Fisk University (1929-34) and Howard University (1934-59). His The Negro Family in the United States (1939) is among the first sociological works on blacks researched and written by an African American
Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st earl of Halifax: born April 16, 1881, Powderham Castle, Devonshire, Eng. died Dec. 23, 1959, Garroby Hall, near York, Yorkshire British statesman. He was elected to Parliament in 1910. As viceroy of India (1925-31), he worked on terms of understanding with Mohandas K. Gandhi and accelerated constitutional advances. His tenure as foreign secretary (1938-40) in Neville Chamberlain's government was controversial because of Chamberlain's policy of appeasement toward Adolf Hitler, but Halifax kept the post into Winston Churchill's ministry. As ambassador to the U.S. (1941-46), he greatly served the Allied cause in World War II, for which he was created earl of Halifax in 1944
Edward G. Robinson: a US film actor who appeared as a gangster (=members of a group of violent criminals) in films such as Little Caesar (1930) and Key Largo (1948) (1893-1973). orig. Emmanuel Goldenberg born Dec. 12, 1893, Bucharest, Rom. died Jan. 26, 1973, Hollywood, Calif., U.S. Romanian-born U.S. film actor. He was raised in New York City's Lower East Side and won a scholarship to the American Academy of Dramatic Art. He was largely a stage actor until the advent of sound movies. He won fame playing a gangster boss in Little Caesar (1931). Short and chubby, with heavy features and a gruff voice, Robinson was content that his career would consist of rough-and-tumble roles and character parts. His later films include Barbary Coast (1935), Double Indemnity (1944), The Woman in the Window (1944), Scarlet Street (1945), All My Sons (1948), Key Largo (1948), and The Cincinnati Kid (1965). In 1973 he was posthumously awarded an honorary Academy Award
Edward George Earl Bulwer-Lytton: later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire British politician, novelist, and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841, and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834), and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ("It was a dark and stormy night...") led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel
Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley 14th earl of Derby: born March 29, 1799, Knowsley Park, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 23, 1869, London English statesman. Having entered Parliament as a Whig in 1820, he later joined the Conservatives and became leader of the Conservative Party (1846-68) and prime minister (1852, 1858, and 1866-68). Legislation adopted during his tenure included the removal of Jewish discrimination in Parliament membership, the transfer of India's administration from the East India Company to the crown, and the Reform Bill of 1867. He is remembered as one of England's greatest parliamentary orators
Edward Gibbon: born May 8, 1737, Putney, Surrey, Eng. died Jan. 16, 1794, London British historian. Educated at the University of Oxford and in Switzerland, Gibbon wrote his early works in French. In London he became a member of Samuel Johnson's brilliant intellectual circle. On a trip to Rome he was inspired to write the history of the city. His Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 vol. (1776-88), is a continuous narrative from the 2nd century AD to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Though Gibbon's conclusions have been modified by later scholars, his acumen, historical perspective, and superb literary style have given his work its lasting reputation as one of the greatest historical works
Edward Gibbon Wakefield: born March 20, 1796, London, Eng. died May 16, 1862, Wellington, N.Z. British colonizer of South Australia and New Zealand. After viewing the problems of the penal system, including the forcible removal of convicts to British colonies, he wrote A Letter from Sydney (1829) and proposed colonization by the sale of small landholdings to ordinary citizens. He influenced the founding of South Australia as a nonconvict settlement. As organizer and manager of the New Zealand Company (1838-58), he sent colonists to settle New Zealand and forced the British government to recognize the colony. As an adviser to the earl of Durham, he influenced the report that led to the union of Upper and Lower Canada. He founded a Church of England settlement at Canterbury, N.Z. (1847)
Edward Goodrich Acheson: born March 9, 1856, Washington, Pa., U.S. died July 6, 1931, New York, N.Y. U.S. inventor. He helped develop the incandescent lamp and in 1881 installed the first electric lights for Thomas Alva Edison in Italy, Belgium, and France. Attempting to produce artificial diamonds, he created instead the highly effective abrasive material Carborundum. He later found that the silicon vaporizes from Carborundum at 7,500 °F (4,150 °C), leaving graphitic carbon, and patented his graphite-making process in 1896
Edward Gorey: born Feb. 22, 1925, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died April 15, 2000, Hyannis, Mass. U.S. writer, illustrator, and designer. He studied at Harvard University and worked as an illustrator before publishing his first children's book, The Doubtful Guest, in 1957. In this and later books such as The Hapless Child (1961) and The Gashlycrumb Tinies (1962), his arch nonsense verse and mock-Victorian prose accompany pen-and-ink drawings of beady-eyed, blank-faced individuals in Edwardian costume whose dignified demeanour is undercut by silly, often macabre events. His work has been anthologized in Amphigorey (1972), Amphigorey Too (1975), and Amphigorey Also (1983)
Edward H Harriman: born , Feb. 25, 1848, Hempstead, N.Y., U.S. died Sept. 9, 1909, near Turner, N.Y. U.S. financier and railroad magnate. After working as an office boy and then a stockbroker on Wall Street, he began his career in railroad management as an executive with the Illinois Central. In 1898 he organized a syndicate to acquire the bankrupt Union Pacific Railroad Co., which he soon brought into prosperity. Using unpopular business methods, he acquired several other lines, notably the Southern Pacific. His abortive 1901 contest with James J. Hill for control of the Northern Pacific led to one of Wall Street's most serious financial crises. The railway trust Harriman formed with J.P. Morgan was dissolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1904. His son W. Averell Harriman joined the company in 1915 (chairman 1932-46) and was active in politics; he was elected governor of New York (1954-58) and served the U.S. government as a representative and diplomat in Europe, the Far East, and the Soviet Union
Edward Henry Baron Carson: born Feb. 9, 1854, Dublin, Ire. died Oct. 22, 1935, Minster, Kent, Eng. Irish lawyer and politician. In 1892 he was elected to the British House of Commons and was appointed Irish solicitor general. He served as British solicitor general (1900-05), attorney general (1915), first lord of the Admiralty (1916-17), and lord of appeal (1921-29). Known as the "uncrowned king of Ulster," he successfully led Northern Irish resistance to the British government's attempts to introduce Home Rule for all of Ireland
Edward Henry Baron Carson of Duncairn: born Feb. 9, 1854, Dublin, Ire. died Oct. 22, 1935, Minster, Kent, Eng. Irish lawyer and politician. In 1892 he was elected to the British House of Commons and was appointed Irish solicitor general. He served as British solicitor general (1900-05), attorney general (1915), first lord of the Admiralty (1916-17), and lord of appeal (1921-29). Known as the "uncrowned king of Ulster," he successfully led Northern Irish resistance to the British government's attempts to introduce Home Rule for all of Ireland
Edward Henry Gordon Craig: born Jan. 16, 1872, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, Eng. died July 29, 1966, Vence, France British actor, stage designer, and drama theorist. The son of Ellen Terry, he acted with Henry Irving's company (1889-97), then turned to designing stage sets, decor, and costumes. He moved to Florence (1906), where he opened the School for the Art of the Theatre (1913). His international journal The Mask (1908-29) made his theatrical ideas widely known. His books On the Art of the Theatre (1911), Towards a New Theatre (1913), and Scene (1923) outlined innovations in stage design based on the use of portable screens and changing patterns of light; his theories influenced the antinaturalist trends of the modern theatre
Edward Henry Harriman: born , Feb. 25, 1848, Hempstead, N.Y., U.S. died Sept. 9, 1909, near Turner, N.Y. U.S. financier and railroad magnate. After working as an office boy and then a stockbroker on Wall Street, he began his career in railroad management as an executive with the Illinois Central. In 1898 he organized a syndicate to acquire the bankrupt Union Pacific Railroad Co., which he soon brought into prosperity. Using unpopular business methods, he acquired several other lines, notably the Southern Pacific. His abortive 1901 contest with James J. Hill for control of the Northern Pacific led to one of Wall Street's most serious financial crises. The railway trust Harriman formed with J.P. Morgan was dissolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1904. His son W. Averell Harriman joined the company in 1915 (chairman 1932-46) and was active in politics; he was elected governor of New York (1954-58) and served the U.S. government as a representative and diplomat in Europe, the Far East, and the Soviet Union
Edward Hicks: born April 4, 1780, Attleboro, Pa., U.S. died Aug. 23, 1849, Newtown, Pa. U.S. painter. He was a coach and sign painter from an early age. In middle age he began to produce paintings of farm scenes and landscapes in a naive, or folk, style. Fearing that art was contrary to his Quaker religion but believing that it might bring meaning to life, he often framed his pictures with edifying verse. He painted his best-known subject, The Peaceable Kingdom, about 100 times; some 25 versions survive. In this charming Quaker pageant, William Penn appears on the left making his treaty with the Native Americans, while beasts are gathered on the right with little children playing among them
Edward Hopper: a US artist who painted realistic paintings of everyday life. His work influenced the development of pop art (1882-1967). (b. July 22, 1882, Nyack, N.Y., U.S. d. May 15, 1967, New York, N.Y.) U.S. painter. He was initially trained as an illustrator but later studied painting with Robert Henri. In 1913 he exhibited in the Armory Show but spent much of his time on advertising art and illustrative etchings. In the mid 1920s he turned to watercolours and oil paintings of urban life. His House by the Railroad (1925) and Room in Brooklyn (1932) depict still, anonymous figures within geometric building forms, producing the haunting sense of isolation that was to be his hallmark. He used light to isolate figures and objects, as in Early Sunday Morning (1930) and Nighthawks (1942). His mature style was already formed in the 1920s; his later development showed constant refinement and an even greater mastery of light
Edward Hopper: {i} (1882-1967) American painter and engraver, creator of "Early Sunday Morning" and "Night Shadows
Edward Hyde 1st earl of Clarendon: born Feb. 18, 1609, Dinton, Wiltshire, Eng. died Dec. 9, 1674, Rouen, France. English statesman and historian. A successful lawyer, he was also well known in literary circles. As a member of Parliament, he became an adviser to Charles I, recommending moderate policies, but was unable to prevent the English Civil Wars. He helped bring about the Restoration of Charles II and was created earl of Clarendon in 1661. As lord chancellor (1660-67), he dominated most aspects of the administration. His criticism of the king's immorality eventually destroyed their friendship, and Parliament made him a scapegoat for the disasters of the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665. Dismissed as lord chancellor in 1667, he spent the rest of his life in exile in France, where he completed his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England
Edward I: King of England (1272-1307) who conquered Wales and warred with Scotland. His Model Parliament of 1295 is sometimes considered England's first full parliament
Edward II: King of England (1307-1327) who was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots (1314). Captured (1326) and deposed (1327) during the rebellion of Roger de Mortimer, he was imprisoned in Berkeley Castle and murdered
Edward III: King of England (1327-1377) whose reign was marked by the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, epidemics of the Black Death, and the emergence of the Commons as a powerful arm of Parliament
Edward IV: King of England (1461-1470 and 1471-1483) who was crowned after leading the Yorkists to victory in the Wars of the Roses. In 1470 he was dethroned in a rebellion but won back the crown in a battle at Tewkesbury (1471)
Edward Irving Koch: born Dec. 12, 1924, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. politician. After serving in the army during World War II, he graduated from New York University Law School. He was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1968, and in 1978 he was elected to the first of three terms as mayor of New York City. Koch is credited with bringing fiscal stability to the insolvent city and with instituting merit selection of city judges. His brash forthrightness made him an entertaining and popular figure, but his demeanour and his rhetoric increasingly came to be seen as unkind and divisive and eventually resulted in his defeat. He later became a columnist and talk-show host
Edward Jean Steichen: orig. Édouard Jean Steichen born March 27, 1879, Luxembourg died March 25, 1973, West Redding, Conn., U.S. Luxembourg-born U.S. photographer. His family immigrated to the U.S. in 1881. His early photographs were influenced by his training as a painter. He frequently used chemicals to achieve prints that resembled soft, fuzzy mezzotints or wash drawings. In 1902 he joined Alfred Stieglitz in forming the Photo-Secession, a group dedicated to promoting photography as a fine art. His style evolved from painterly Impressionism to sharp realism after World War I. His portraits of artists and celebrities from the 1920s and '30s are remarkable evocations of character. At the outbreak of World War II, Steichen was commissioned by the U.S. Navy to organize a department to photograph the war at sea. In 1955 he organized the Family of Man exhibition of 503 photographs (selected from over two million), which was seen by more than nine million people worldwide
Edward Jenner: a British doctor who developed the principle of vaccination. He discovered that putting a small amount of cowpox (=a disease that affects cows and people, but that is less serious than smallpox) into people's bodies protected them from smallpox, a related disease that had killed many people until then (1749-1823). born May 17, 1749, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Eng. died Jan. 26, 1823, Berkeley English surgeon, discoverer of the smallpox vaccine. He was apprenticed to a surgeon at 13, and at 21 he became the house pupil of John Hunter, who gave him further training and stressed the need for experimentation and observation. Jenner had noticed as a youth that people who had been sick with the relatively harmless disease cowpox did not contract smallpox. In 1796 he inoculated a young boy with matter taken from a dairymaid's fresh cowpox lesions. The boy caught cowpox and, when subsequently inoculated with smallpox, did not contract it. Despite early difficulties, the procedure spread and the death rate from smallpox fell. Jenner received worldwide recognition (though he was also subject to attacks and slander). He retired from public life in 1815 after the death of his wife
Edward Kennedy: Ted" Kennedy (born 1932), American politician, member of the U.S. Senate from the Democratic Party, youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy
Edward Kienholz: born Oct. 23, 1927, Fairfield, Wash., U.S. died June 10, 1994, Hope, Idaho U.S. sculptor. He pursued painting until he moved to Los Angeles and began producing large wooden reliefs for walls (1954). His controversial environmental sculptures, begun in the late 1950s, were elaborately detailed three-dimensional assemblages that harshly indicted U.S. society. His most famous walk-in scenes include Roxy's, a replica of a 1943 Los Angeles bordello, and The Beanery, a reproduction of a decrepit bar with 17 figures, piped-in smells, jukebox music, and background conversation. Critics labeled some of his images repulsive or pornographic
Edward L Tatum: born Dec. 14, 1909, Boulder, Colo., U.S. died Nov. 5, 1975, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. biochemist. He worked with George Wells Beadle at Stanford University, where they confirmed that all biochemical processes in organisms are ultimately controlled by genes, that these processes can be broken down into a series of individual sequential chemical reactions, each controlled by a single gene, and that mutation of a single gene changes the cell's ability to carry out only a single chemical reaction. Each gene was found to determine the structure of a specific enzyme (the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis). With Joshua Lederberg, Tatum discovered the occurrence of genetic recombination, or "sex," between certain bacteria. Largely because of their efforts, bacteria became the main source of information about genetic control of biochemical processes in the cell. Tatum, Beadle, and Lederberg shared the Nobel Prize in 1958
Edward L Thorndike: born Aug. 31, 1874, Williamsburg, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 9, 1949, Montrose, N.Y. U.S. psychologist. He trained under William James and James McKeen Cattell and later taught at Columbia University (1904-40). A pioneer in the fields of animal learning and educational psychology, he developed a form of behaviourism known as connectionism, which holds that learning takes place through associative bonds. He contributed significantly to the development of quantitative experimental methods and to more efficient and scientifically based methods of teaching. Among his writings are Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904), Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Animal Intelligence (1911), and The Psychology of Wants, Interests, and Attitudes (1935)
Edward L. Bernays: born Nov. 22, 1891, Vienna, Austria died March 9, 1995, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. U.S. publicist, the "father of public relations. " A nephew of Sigmund Freud, he was born in Austria but was brought up in New York. In organizing endorsements for a play on the taboo subject of venereal disease, he found his calling as a publicist. His early clients included the U.S. War Department and the Lithuanian government. He edited The Engineering of Consent (1955), whose title is his often-quoted definition of public relations. He died at the age of 103
Edward Lawrie Tatum: born Dec. 14, 1909, Boulder, Colo., U.S. died Nov. 5, 1975, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. biochemist. He worked with George Wells Beadle at Stanford University, where they confirmed that all biochemical processes in organisms are ultimately controlled by genes, that these processes can be broken down into a series of individual sequential chemical reactions, each controlled by a single gene, and that mutation of a single gene changes the cell's ability to carry out only a single chemical reaction. Each gene was found to determine the structure of a specific enzyme (the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis). With Joshua Lederberg, Tatum discovered the occurrence of genetic recombination, or "sex," between certain bacteria. Largely because of their efforts, bacteria became the main source of information about genetic control of biochemical processes in the cell. Tatum, Beadle, and Lederberg shared the Nobel Prize in 1958
Edward Lear: a British artist and poet, who wrote the Book of Nonsense, a collection of humorous poems (1812-88). born May 12, 1812, Highgate, near London, Eng. died Jan. 29, 1888, San Remo, Italy English painter and comic poet. From age 15 he earned his living by drawing. Employed to illustrate the earl of Derby's private menagerie in the 1830s, he later produced Book of Nonsense (1846) for the earl's grandchildren. His other works include Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets (1871), containing "The Owl and the Pussy-Cat," and Laughable Lyrics (1877). He is best known for popularizing the limerick. He also published volumes of bird and animal drawings and seven illustrated travel books. Epileptic and depressive, he lived mainly abroad after 1837
Edward Lear: (1812-1888) British poet and artist, author of books containing nonsense verse and limericks
Edward Lee Thorndike: born Aug. 31, 1874, Williamsburg, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 9, 1949, Montrose, N.Y. U.S. psychologist. He trained under William James and James McKeen Cattell and later taught at Columbia University (1904-40). A pioneer in the fields of animal learning and educational psychology, he developed a form of behaviourism known as connectionism, which holds that learning takes place through associative bonds. He contributed significantly to the development of quantitative experimental methods and to more efficient and scientifically based methods of teaching. Among his writings are Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904), Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Animal Intelligence (1911), and The Psychology of Wants, Interests, and Attitudes (1935)
Edward Lorenz: born May 23, 1917, West Hartford, Conn., U.S. U.S. meteorologist. Following degrees from Dartmouth College and Harvard University in mathematics, he turned to weather forecasting in 1942 with the U.S. Army Air Corps. After World War II he joined MIT as a researcher, earned a doctorate in meteorology (1948), and stayed on as a professor. In the early 1960s, he discovered that the weather exhibits a nonlinear phenomenon known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions (see chaos theory). He explained this phenomenon, which makes long-range weather forecasting impossible, to the public as the "butterfly effect": in China a butterfly flaps its wings, leading to unpredictable changes in U.S. weather a few days later
Edward M House: born July 26, 1858, Houston, Texas, U.S. died March 28, 1938, New York, N.Y. U.S. diplomat. An independently wealthy businessman, he served as an adviser to Texas governors (1892-1904), one of whom gave him the honorary title of colonel. He was active in the presidential campaign of Woodrow Wilson, later becoming his adviser (1912-19). He was the president's chief liaison with the Allies during World War I, and he helped draft the Fourteen Points, which Wilson proposed as the basis for peace at the end of the war. He was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and he worked closely with Wilson in drafting the covenant of the League of Nations
Edward M Kennedy: known as Ted Kennedy born Feb. 22, 1932, Brookline, Mass., U.S. U.S. senator. He is the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy and the brother of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. He graduated from Harvard University in 1956 and received a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1959. In 1962 he was elected to the former U.S. Senate seat of his brother John, who became president in 1960. Elected Democratic majority whip in 1969, he was considered a front-runner for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination. In 1970 he was involved in a car accident on Chappaquiddick Island, near Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in which a companion in his car was drowned. Kennedy was found guilty of leaving the scene of an accident. Though he was reelected to the Senate in 1970, he decided against seeking the presidency in 1972. He won a third full term in 1976 and was again a serious contender for the Democratic nomination in 1980, but he withdrew during the convention. In subsequent years his presidential prospects were limited by memories of the Chappaquiddick incident and by his somewhat raffish personal life. In the 1980s and '90s he continued to represent Massachusetts in the Senate, where he was a forceful spokesman for liberal causes, including civil rights, consumer protection, and national health insurance
Edward MacDowell: orig. Edward Alexander McDowell born Dec. 18, 1860, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1908, New York City U.S. composer. He started piano lessons at age eight. While in Germany for further study, he impressed the composer Joachim Raff (1822-82), who urged him to write a piano concerto (1882), then introduced him to Franz Liszt, who assisted MacDowell with performances and publication. In 1888 he returned to the U.S. with his wife, and in 1896 he became Columbia University's first professor of music. Paresis made him unable to perform or compose after 1904, and he lapsed into insanity and died at age
Edward MacDowell: His farm in Peterborough, N.H., became the MacDowell Colony for artists after his death. His most popular works are the Second Piano Concerto in D Minor (1886), the Second Orchestral ("Indian") Suite (1895), and piano sets such as Woodland Sketches (1896) and Sea Pieces (1898)
Edward Mandell House: born July 26, 1858, Houston, Texas, U.S. died March 28, 1938, New York, N.Y. U.S. diplomat. An independently wealthy businessman, he served as an adviser to Texas governors (1892-1904), one of whom gave him the honorary title of colonel. He was active in the presidential campaign of Woodrow Wilson, later becoming his adviser (1912-19). He was the president's chief liaison with the Allies during World War I, and he helped draft the Fourteen Points, which Wilson proposed as the basis for peace at the end of the war. He was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and he worked closely with Wilson in drafting the covenant of the League of Nations
Edward Manet: (1832-1883) French painter
Edward Montgomery Clift: born Oct. 17, 1920, Omaha, Neb., U.S. died July 23, 1966, New York, N.Y. U.S. actor. He acted on Broadway and was a founding member of the Actors Studio (1947). He made his film debut in The Search (1948) and became a star with Red River (1948). Noted for his serious, sensitive roles, he portrayed troubled heroes in films such as A Place in the Sun (1951), From Here to Eternity (1953), The Young Lions (1958), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), and Freud (1962). Scarred by a car crash in 1956, he became addicted to drugs and alcohol and died of a heart attack at 45
Edward Moore Kennedy: known as Ted Kennedy born Feb. 22, 1932, Brookline, Mass., U.S. U.S. senator. He is the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy and the brother of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. He graduated from Harvard University in 1956 and received a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1959. In 1962 he was elected to the former U.S. Senate seat of his brother John, who became president in 1960. Elected Democratic majority whip in 1969, he was considered a front-runner for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination. In 1970 he was involved in a car accident on Chappaquiddick Island, near Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in which a companion in his car was drowned. Kennedy was found guilty of leaving the scene of an accident. Though he was reelected to the Senate in 1970, he decided against seeking the presidency in 1972. He won a third full term in 1976 and was again a serious contender for the Democratic nomination in 1980, but he withdrew during the convention. In subsequent years his presidential prospects were limited by memories of the Chappaquiddick incident and by his somewhat raffish personal life. In the 1980s and '90s he continued to represent Massachusetts in the Senate, where he was a forceful spokesman for liberal causes, including civil rights, consumer protection, and national health insurance
Edward Morgan Forster: born Jan. 1, 1879, London, Eng. died June 7, 1970, Coventry, Warwickshire British writer. Forster was born into an upper-middle-class family. He attended the University of Cambridge and from roughly 1907 was a member of the informal Bloomsbury group. His early works include Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), The Longest Journey (1907), A Room with a View (1908), and his first major success, Howards End (1910), novels that show his acute observation of middle-class life and its values. After periods in India and Alexandria, he wrote his finest novel, A Passage to India (1924), examining the failure of human understanding between ethnic and social groups under British rule. Maurice, a novel with a homosexual theme written in 1913, appeared posthumously. Aspects of the Novel (1927) is a classic discussion of aesthetics and the creative process. Awarded an honorary fellowship in 1946 at Cambridge, he lived there until his death
Edward Morgan Forster: {i} E.M. Forster (1879-1970), English author (famous for his novels "Passage to India ", "Howard's End" and "A Room with a View")
Edward Murray East: born Oct. 4, 1879, Du Quoin, Ill., U.S. died Nov. 9, 1938, Boston, Mass. U.S. plant geneticist, agronomist, and chemist. He finished high school at age 15 and received an M.S. in 1904. He was particularly interested in determining and controlling the protein and fat content of corn, both of which significantly influence its value as animal feed. His research, with that of George Harrison Shull, led to the development of modern-day hybrid corn. Commercial production of hybrid seed corn was made possible by the work of his student Donald F. Jones (1890-1963). East's work helped make possible studies in the field of population genetics
Edward Norton Lorenz: born May 23, 1917, West Hartford, Conn., U.S. U.S. meteorologist. Following degrees from Dartmouth College and Harvard University in mathematics, he turned to weather forecasting in 1942 with the U.S. Army Air Corps. After World War II he joined MIT as a researcher, earned a doctorate in meteorology (1948), and stayed on as a professor. In the early 1960s, he discovered that the weather exhibits a nonlinear phenomenon known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions (see chaos theory). He explained this phenomenon, which makes long-range weather forecasting impossible, to the public as the "butterfly effect": in China a butterfly flaps its wings, leading to unpredictable changes in U.S. weather a few days later
Edward O Wilson: born June 10, 1929, Birmingham, Ala., U.S. U.S. biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University, where he taught from 1956. Recognized as the world's leading authority on ants, he discovered their use of pheromone for communication. His The Insect Societies (1971) was the definitive treatment of the subject. In 1975 he published Sociobiology, a highly controversial and influential study of the genetic basis of social behaviour in which he claimed that even a characteristic such as unselfish generosity may be genetically based and may have evolved through natural selection, that preservation of the gene rather than the individual is the focus of evolutionary strategy, and that the essentially biological principles on which animal societies are based apply also to human social behaviour. In On Human Nature (1978, Pulitzer Prize) he explored sociobiology's implications in regard to human aggression, sexuality, and ethics. With Bert Hölldobler he wrote the major study The Ants (1990, Pulitzer Prize). In The Diversity of Life (1992) he examined how the world's species became diverse and the massive extinctions caused by 20th-century human activities. In Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998) he proposed that all of existence can be organized and understood in accordance with a few fundamental natural laws
Edward Osborne Wilson: born June 10, 1929, Birmingham, Ala., U.S. U.S. biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University, where he taught from 1956. Recognized as the world's leading authority on ants, he discovered their use of pheromone for communication. His The Insect Societies (1971) was the definitive treatment of the subject. In 1975 he published Sociobiology, a highly controversial and influential study of the genetic basis of social behaviour in which he claimed that even a characteristic such as unselfish generosity may be genetically based and may have evolved through natural selection, that preservation of the gene rather than the individual is the focus of evolutionary strategy, and that the essentially biological principles on which animal societies are based apply also to human social behaviour. In On Human Nature (1978, Pulitzer Prize) he explored sociobiology's implications in regard to human aggression, sexuality, and ethics. With Bert Hölldobler he wrote the major study The Ants (1990, Pulitzer Prize). In The Diversity of Life (1992) he examined how the world's species became diverse and the massive extinctions caused by 20th-century human activities. In Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998) he proposed that all of existence can be organized and understood in accordance with a few fundamental natural laws
Edward Palmer Thompson: born Feb. 3, 1924 died Aug. 28, 1993, Upper Wick, Worcester, Eng. British historian. He served in Italy in World War II and taught at the universities of Leeds (1948-65) and Warwick (1965-71). He left the Communist Party in 1956 when Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising but remained a Marxist and socialist all his life. His best-known work is The Making of the English Working Class (1963), an acclaimed study of the period 1780-1832. Among his other books is Whigs and Hunters (1975). From the late 1970s he devoted much of his time to the antinuclear movement
Edward R Murrow: born April 25, 1908, Greensboro, N.C., U.S. died April 27, 1965, Pawling, N.Y. U.S. radio and television broadcaster. Murrow joined CBS in 1935 and two years later became head of its European Bureau. He became famous for his eyewitness reports of World War II events such as the German occupation of Austria. After the war, with Fred Friendly, he produced Hear It Now, an authoritative radio news digest, and for television the comparable See It Now. He also produced Person to Person and other television programs. In the 1950s he was an influential force for the free dissemination of information, producing a notable exposé of the tactics of Sen. Joseph McCarthy that contributed to the demise of McCarthyism
Edward Reilly Jr. Stettinius: born Oct. 22, 1900, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Oct. 31, 1949, Greenwich, Conn. U.S. industrialist and statesman. He worked for General Motors Corp., becoming a vice president in 1931. Joining U.S. Steel Corp. in 1934, he became chairman of the board in 1938. He was appointed chairman of the War Resources Board (1939-40) and administrator of lend-lease (1941-43). As U.S. secretary of state (1944-45), he advised Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference. He led the U.S. delegation to the UN organizing conference in San Francisco and was the first U.S. delegate to the UN (1945-46)
Edward Robinson Squibb: born July 4, 1819, Wilmington, Del., U.S. died Oct. 25, 1900, Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturer. He earned a medical degree and later worked on U.S. Navy ships; his work alerted him to the poor quality of the medicines supplied to the Navy, which he persuaded to manufacture its own drugs. At the Brooklyn Naval Hospital (from 1851) he devised a safe method for making anesthetic ether and also discovered processes for making chloroform, fluid extracts, and bismuth salts. In 1858 he set up his own Brooklyn laboratory; the Union Army during the Civil War relied heavily on his drugs, and by 1883 he was manufacturing 324 products and selling them around the world. A Quaker idealist, he refused to patent his medicines, and he crusaded for purity in drug manufacture. He did not live to see the culmination of his work: the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1904
Edward Rodman Serling: born Dec. 25, 1924, Syracuse, N.Y., U.S. died June 28, 1975, Rochester, N.Y. U.S. television writer and producer. He began his career in radio but soon shifted to television, becoming a freelance screenwriter in 1953. He wrote teleplays for series such as Kraft Television Theater, Studio One, and Playhouse 90, including Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956, Emmy Award). He created, narrated, and was the main writer of the famous supernatural series The Twilight Zone (1959-65) and narrated the similar series Night Gallery (1970-73). He also wrote screenplays, often based on his television scripts, such as Patterns (1956) and The Rack (1956). He was coauthor of The Planet of the Apes (1968)
Edward Sapir: born Jan. 26, 1884, Lauenburg, Pomerania, Ger. died Feb. 4, 1939, New Haven, Conn., U.S. Polish-born U.S. linguist and anthropologist. He was a founder of ethnolinguistics, which considers the relationship of culture to language, and a principal developer of the American (descriptive) school of structural linguistics. He became widely known for his contributions to the study of American Indian languages. His best-known work is Language (1921)
Edward Seymour 1st duke of Somerset: born 1500/06 died Jan. 22, 1552, London, Eng. English politician. After his sister, Jane Seymour, married King Henry VIII in 1536, Somerset rose rapidly in royal favour. He commanded the English forces that invaded Scotland and sacked Edinburgh in 1544, and he decisively defeated the French at Boulogne in 1545. After Henry's death (1547), he was named Protector of England during the minority of Edward VI and acted as king in all but name. When the Scots rejected his appeal for a voluntary union with England, he invaded Scotland and won the Battle of Pinkie (1547). He introduced moderate Protestant reforms, but these provoked Catholic uprisings in western England. His land reforms were opposed by landowners and the duke of Northumberland, who had Somerset deposed from the protectorate in 1549. He was imprisoned in 1551 on a flimsy charge of treason and executed the next year
Edward Sheldon: {i} Edward Austin Sheldon (1823-1897), American educator and educational reformer
Edward St. John Gorey: born Feb. 22, 1925, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died April 15, 2000, Hyannis, Mass. U.S. writer, illustrator, and designer. He studied at Harvard University and worked as an illustrator before publishing his first children's book, The Doubtful Guest, in 1957. In this and later books such as The Hapless Child (1961) and The Gashlycrumb Tinies (1962), his arch nonsense verse and mock-Victorian prose accompany pen-and-ink drawings of beady-eyed, blank-faced individuals in Edwardian costume whose dignified demeanour is undercut by silly, often macabre events. His work has been anthologized in Amphigorey (1972), Amphigorey Too (1975), and Amphigorey Also (1983)
Edward Stanley 14th earl of Derby: born March 29, 1799, Knowsley Park, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 23, 1869, London English statesman. Having entered Parliament as a Whig in 1820, he later joined the Conservatives and became leader of the Conservative Party (1846-68) and prime minister (1852, 1858, and 1866-68). Legislation adopted during his tenure included the removal of Jewish discrimination in Parliament membership, the transfer of India's administration from the East India Company to the crown, and the Reform Bill of 1867. He is remembered as one of England's greatest parliamentary orators
Edward Steichen: orig. Édouard Jean Steichen born March 27, 1879, Luxembourg died March 25, 1973, West Redding, Conn., U.S. Luxembourg-born U.S. photographer. His family immigrated to the U.S. in 1881. His early photographs were influenced by his training as a painter. He frequently used chemicals to achieve prints that resembled soft, fuzzy mezzotints or wash drawings. In 1902 he joined Alfred Stieglitz in forming the Photo-Secession, a group dedicated to promoting photography as a fine art. His style evolved from painterly Impressionism to sharp realism after World War I. His portraits of artists and celebrities from the 1920s and '30s are remarkable evocations of character. At the outbreak of World War II, Steichen was commissioned by the U.S. Navy to organize a department to photograph the war at sea. In 1955 he organized the Family of Man exhibition of 503 photographs (selected from over two million), which was seen by more than nine million people worldwide
Edward Stratemeyer: born Oct. 4, 1862, Elizabeth, N.J., U.S. died May 10, 1930, Newark, N.J. U.S. writer of popular juvenile fiction. He began writing stories in imitation of Horatio Alger and other adventure writers, and he later edited several publications and began writing series of books. In 1906 he founded the Stratemeyer Literary Syndicate, which would publish the Rover Boys, Hardy Boys, Tom Swift, Bobbsey Twins, and Nancy Drew series, written by himself and a stable of hack writers under a variety of names. After his death his company was largely directed by his daughter, Harriet Stratemeyer Adams (1893?-1982), who also wrote many books in several series
Edward Teller: orig. Ede Teller born Jan. 15, 1908, Budapest, Hung., Austria-Hungary died Sept. 9, 2003, Stanford, Calif. Hungarian-born U.S. nuclear physicist. Born to a prosperous Jewish family, he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig (1930) before leaving Nazi Germany (1933) and settled in the U.S. in 1935. In 1941 he joined Enrico Fermi's team in the effort to produce the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction, and in 1943 J. Robert Oppenheimer recruited him for the Manhattan Project. At the war's end, Teller advocated development of a fusion bomb, and he won permission after initial government resistance. With Stanislaw Ulam he developed a workable hydrogen bomb in 1952. That same year he helped establish the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.), which became the chief U.S. factory for nuclear weapons. In 1954 he joined the opposition to Oppenheimer's continued security clearance. A staunch anticommunist, he devoted much energy to his crusade to keep the U.S. ahead of the Soviet Union in nuclear arms; he opposed nuclear weapons treaties, and he was principally responsible for convincing Pres. Ronald Reagan of the need for the Strategic Defense Initiative. In 2003 Teller was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Edward V: King of England (1483) who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father, Edward IV, and was immediately confined in the Tower of London, where he and his younger brother were murdered, possibly by their uncle the Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III, or by Henry VII
Edward VI: King of England and Ireland (1547-1553). The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he died of tuberculosis
Edward VI: {i} (1537-1553) King of England and Ireland (1547-1553), son of king Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Edward VII: King of Great Britain and Ireland (1901-1910) who traveled much of Europe to improve Britain's international relations and was known for his elegant, sporting style
Edward VIII: King of Great Britain and Ireland (1936) who precipitated a constitutional crisis by his determination to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcée. He abdicated, married (1937), and spent much of the rest of his life in France
Edward Villella: born Oct. 1, 1936, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. ballet dancer, choreographer, and director. He trained at the School of American Ballet and joined the New York City Ballet in 1957, becoming a principal dancer in 1960. He danced leading roles in many of George Balanchine's ballets, notably The Prodigal Son (1960), displaying a powerful technique. After retiring from dancing in 1983, he became artistic director of Ballet Oklahoma (1983-86). In 1986 he founded the Miami City Ballet, where he continues as artistic director
Edward Vincent Sullivan: v. born Sept. 28, 1901, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 13, 1974, New York City U.S. television host. He began his career as a journalist and wrote a Broadway gossip column for the Daily News. Known for his talent at discovering interesting new performers, he was hired by CBS to host its variety program Toast of the Town (1948-55), later called The Ed Sullivan Show (1955-71), where he presented diverse entertainment (combining, for example, a concert pianist, a singing fireman, and a boxing referee with Hollywood celebrities in a single show) in a program that became a national institution for more than 20 years. Sullivan's terse way of introducing guest performers and distinctive mannerisms made him a popular target for comedians
Edward W Said: born Nov. 1, 1935, Jerusalem died Sept. 25, 2003, New York, N.Y., U.S. Palestinian-born U.S. literary critic. Said was educated in Western schools in Jerusalem and Cairo before moving to the United States to attend Princeton and Harvard universities. He taught at Columbia University beginning in 1963. In Orientalism (1978), his best-known work, he examines Western stereotypes of the Islamic world and argues that Orientalist scholarship is based on Western imperialism. An outspoken proponent of Palestinian issues, he wrote on the Middle East in such works as The Question of Palestine (1979) and The Politics of Dispossession (1994). His more general concern was the complex interaction of literature and politics, which he treated in Beginnings (1975), The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983), and Culture and Imperialism (1993). Out of Place (1999) is a memoir
Edward Wadie Said: born Nov. 1, 1935, Jerusalem died Sept. 25, 2003, New York, N.Y., U.S. Palestinian-born U.S. literary critic. Said was educated in Western schools in Jerusalem and Cairo before moving to the United States to attend Princeton and Harvard universities. He taught at Columbia University beginning in 1963. In Orientalism (1978), his best-known work, he examines Western stereotypes of the Islamic world and argues that Orientalist scholarship is based on Western imperialism. An outspoken proponent of Palestinian issues, he wrote on the Middle East in such works as The Question of Palestine (1979) and The Politics of Dispossession (1994). His more general concern was the complex interaction of literature and politics, which he treated in Beginnings (1975), The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983), and Culture and Imperialism (1993). Out of Place (1999) is a memoir
Edward Weston: born March 24, 1886, Highland Park, Ill., U.S. died Jan. 1, 1958, Carmel, Calif. U.S. photographer. A camera enthusiast from boyhood, Weston began his professional career by opening a portrait studio in Glendale, Calif. His early work was in the style of the Pictorialists, photographers who imitated Impressionist paintings. In 1915 Weston saw an exhibition of modern art that inspired him to renounce his former work: he began to create sharp and realistic pictures that convey the beauty of natural objects through skillful composition and subtleties of tone, light, and texture. After traveling and meeting luminaries such as Alfred Stieglitz and Diego Rivera, in 1927 Weston made a series of monumental close-ups of seashells, peppers, and halved cabbages, bringing out the rich textures of their sculpturelike forms. Two years later he made the first of many photographs of the rocks and trees on Point Lobos, Calif. In 1936 Weston began a series of photographs of nudes and sand dunes at Oceano, Calif., which are often considered his finest work. After being stricken by Parkinson disease, Weston realized he would soon be unable to work. He made his last photographs on Point Lobos in 1948. He is considered one of the most influential photographers of the 20th century
Edward Whymper: born April 27, 1840, London, Eng. died Sept. 16, 1911, Chamonix, Fr. British mountaineer and artist. He became a mountaineer after making sketches for a book on the Alps. In 1865 he made the first ascent of the Matterhorn; an accident on the descent caused the death of four of his companions. His Scrambles Amongst the Alps (1871) and Travels Amongst the Great Andes (1892) describe his experiences and are illustrated with his own engravings
Edward William Bok: born Oct. 9, 1863, Den Helder, Neth. died Jan. 9, 1930, Lake Wales, Fla., U.S. Dutch-born U.S. editor. Raised in a poor immigrant family in Brooklyn, N.Y., Bok pursued a career in book and magazine publishing. As editor of the Ladies' Home Journal (1889-1919) he devised departments to inform women on diverse subjects and led campaigns for public health and beautification. His decision to stop accepting patent-medicine advertising helped bring about the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). He also broke the taboo against the printed mention of venereal disease. His last years were devoted to working for civic improvement and world peace. He wrote a notable autobiography, The Americanization of Edward Bok (1920, Pulitzer Prize)
Edward Williams Morley: {i} Edward Morley (1838-1923), U.S. chemist who researched the relative motion of the Earth
Edward Willis Scripps: born June 18, 1854, near Rushville, Ill., U.S. died March 12, 1926, at sea off Monrovia, Liberia U.S. newspaper publisher. He was first employed by his half brother, James Edmund Scripps (1835-1906), on newspapers in Detroit. He began publishing his own papers in 1878 and eventually owned 34 in 15 states. He was a partner in forming the first major U.S. newspaper chain, the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers (1894). In 1907 he consolidated regional Scripps news services as United Press (after 1958, United Press International). In 1922 he transferred his interests to his son, Robert Paine Scripps (1895-1938), who with Roy W. Howard formed the Scripps-Howard chain. The E.W. Scripps Co. now operates the latter chain and includes varied media holdings in addition to newspapers
Edward Winslow: born Oct. 18, 1595, Droitwich, Worcestershire, Eng. died May 8, 1655, at sea, near Jamaica, British West Indies British-American colonist. In 1620 he sailed on the Mayflower to New England, where he was a founder of the Plymouth colony. He served on the governor's council (1624-47) and was governor of the colony (1633-34, 1636-37, 1644-45). He traded with the Wampanoag Indians and won the friendship of their chief, Massasoit. As a commissioner of the United Colonies of New England, he often went to England to represent the interests of the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies. In 1646 he returned to England and held minor offices under Oliver Cromwell. He died aboard a ship on an expedition to the West Indies
Edward Winslow: {i} (1595-1655) English colonist and author, three-time governor of Plymouth
Edward de Vere 17th earl of Oxford: orig. Edward de Vere born April 12, 1550, Castle Hedingham, Essex, Eng. died June 24, 1604, Newington, Middlesex English lyric poet. A brilliantly gifted linguist and one of the most dashing figures of his time, Oxford was also reckless, hot-tempered, and disastrously spendthrift. He was the patron of an acting company, Oxford's Men, and possibly later of the Lord Chamberlain's Men (as hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England), as well as of such writers as John Lyly and Edmund Spenser. He wrote highly praised poems and plays in his earlier years, though none of the plays are known to have survived. A 1920 book by J. Thomas Looney made Oxford the leading candidate, next to William Shakespeare himself, for the authorship of Shakespeare's plays, a theory supported by the coincidence that Oxford's literary output apparently ceased just before Shakespeare's work began to appear. A major difficulty in the Oxfordian theory, however, is his death date (1604), because, according to standard chronology, 14 of Shakespeare's plays, including many of the most important ones, were apparently written after that time. The debate, however, remained lively into the 21st century
Edward the Black Prince: the oldest son of King Edward III of England, who wore black armour in battle (1330-76). born June 15, 1330, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Eng. died June 8, 1376, Westminster, near London Prince of Wales (1343-76). Son of Edward III, he apparently received his sobriquet because he wore black armour. He was one of the outstanding commanders of the Hundred Years' War, winning a major victory at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was prince of Aquitaine 1362-72; his rule there was a failure, for which he was largely to blame. He returned sick and broken to England and formally surrendered his principality to his father. He had no successor as prince of Aquitaine. Though the heir apparent, he never became king; his son became Richard II
edward i: King of England from 1272 to 1307; conquered Wales (1239-1307)
edward ii: King of England from 1307 to 1327 and son of Edward I; was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots led by Robert the Bruce; was deposed and died in prison (1284-1327)
edward iii: son of Edward II and King of England from 1327-1377; his claim to the French throne provoked the Hundred Years' War; his reign was marked by an epidemic of the Black Plague and by the emergence of the Commons as the powerful arm of Parliament (1312-1377)
edward iv: King of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483; was dethroned in 1470 but regained the throne in 1471 by his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury (1442-1483)
edward the confessor: son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066)
edward the elder: king of Wessex whose military success against the Danes made it possible for his son Athelstan to become the first king of all England (870-924)
edward the martyr: King of England who was a son of Edgar; he was challenged for the throne by supporters of his half-brother Ethelred II who eventually murdered him (963-978)
edward v: King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483)
edward vi: King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; died of tuberculosis (1537-1553)
edward vii: King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910)
edward viii: King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)
Prince Edward Island: An island in eastern Canada, which forms the majority of the eponymous province
Prince Edward Island: A province in eastern Canada which has Charlottetown as its capital
Prince Edward Islander: A native or inhabitant of Prince Edward Island, Canada
Prince Edward Islanders: plural form of Prince Edward Islander
Alfred Edward Housman: born March 26, 1859, Fockbury, Worcestershire, Eng. died April 30, 1936, Cambridge English scholar and poet. While working as a Patent Office clerk, he studied Latin texts and wrote journal articles that led to his appointment as a professor at University College, London, and later at Cambridge. His major scholarly effort was an annotated edition (1903-30) of Marcus Manilius (fl.1st century AD). His first poetry volume, A Shropshire Lad (1896) with its much-anthologized "When I was One-and Twenty" was based on Classical and traditional models; its lyrics express a Romantic pessimism in a spare, simple style. It gradually grew popular, and his second volume, Last Poems (1922), was extremely successful. Other works include the lecture The Name and Nature of Poetry (1933) and the posthumous collection More Poems (1936). His brother is the novelist and playwright Laurence Housman (1865-1959)
Arnold Edward Trevor Bax: {i} Arnold Bax (1883-1953), English composer
Carl Edward Sagan: born Nov. 9, 1934, Brooklyn, N.Y., N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 20, 1996, Seattle, Wash. U.S. astronomer and science writer. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. At the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1962-68), he focused on planetary astronomy and on SETI efforts to find extraterrestrial life. He gained prominence as a popular science writer and commentator noted for his clear writing and enthusiasm; his Dragons of Eden (1977) won a Pulitzer Prize. He coproduced and narrated the television series Cosmos (1980); its companion book became the best-selling English-language science book of all time. In the 1980s he studied the environmental effects of nuclear war and helped popularize the term nuclear winter
Charles Edward Coughlin: or Father Coughlin born Oct. 25, 1891, Hamilton, Ont., Can. died Oct. 27, 1979, Bloomfield Hills, Mich., U.S. Canadian-born U.S. clergyman. Ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1923, he became pastor of a Michigan church. In 1930 he began radio broadcasts of his sermons, into which he gradually injected reactionary political statements and anti-Semitic rhetoric. His sermons attracted one of the first deeply loyal mass audiences in broadcast history. He attacked Herbert Hoover and later turned on Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. His magazine, Social Justice, targeted Wall Street, communism, and Jews. It was banned from the mails and ceased publication in 1942, the same year the Catholic hierarchy ordered Coughlin to stop broadcasting
Charles Edward Ives: born Oct. 20, 1874, Danbury, Conn., U.S. died May 19, 1954, New York, N.Y. U.S. composer. Ives claimed to be the product of training by his father, George, a highly imaginative former Union Army bandmaster. He received a solid classical grounding and began composing and performing at an early age. At Yale University he studied with the academic composer Horatio Parker (1863-1919) and composed his first symphony. Under the influence of Transcendentalism, he decided to forgo a music career, and in 1907 he founded a successful insurance firm. With music as a "sideline," he felt free to pursue his unusual interests, though he suffered from his amateur status and a lack of intelligent critiques. A heart attack in 1918 curtailed all activities, and he stopped composing 1926. His music is tonal despite much dissonance, atmospheric, and nostalgic, and it runs the gamut from sentimental or quirkily humorous songs to exciting tone poems (The Fourth of July, 1913) and weighty meditations (Concord Sonata, 1915). He apparently made many remarkable tonal innovations, though questions have been raised about whether he later predated his works to give a misleading impression. His music was rediscovered late in his life; the third of his four symphonies won a Pulitzer Prize in 1947
Charles Edward Merrill: born Oct. 19, 1885, Green Cove Springs, Fla., U.S. died Oct. 6, 1956, Southampton, N.Y. U.S. investment banker. He held a series of jobs before joining a Wall Street firm in 1911. In 1914 he cofounded the investment-banking firm Merrill, Lynch & Co., which soon became the broker for some of the largest chain-store securities, including S.S. Kresge Co. and J.C. Penney Co. He helped create Safeway Stores in 1926 and founded Family Circle magazine six years later. Foreseeing the crash of 1929, he advised many of his clients to lighten their stock holdings. In the 1930s the firm focused on underwriting and investment banking, but in 1940 it returned to brokerage. The company (now Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith), which had 115 offices in the U.S. at the time of Merrill's death, is today among the largest retail brokerage houses in the U.S. He was the father of poet James Merrill
Charles Edward Spearman: born Sept. 10, 1863, London, Eng. died Sept. 17, 1945, London British psychologist. He is known for his studies on human mental abilities, particularly intelligence, and especially for the statistical technique (factor analysis) he utilized to examine individual differences in psychological testing and identify the underlying sources of these differences. His works include Abilities of Man (1927), Creative Mind (1931), and Human Abilities (1950)
Charles Edward Stuart: Bonnie Prince Charlie
Edwards: an English and Welsh patronymic surname from the given name Edward
Edwards: Deming William Edwards Edwards Blake Edwards Gareth Edwards Jonathan Steptoe Patrick Christopher and Edwards Robert Geoffrey
Feargus Edward O'Connor: born July 18, 1796, Connorville, County Cork, Ire. died Aug. 30, 1855, London, Eng. Irish leader of Chartism. He practiced law and served in the British Parliament (1832-35). He turned to radical agitation in England and was active in the Chartist movement as a popular public speaker. His journal Northern Star (1837) gave his views wide circulation. He became the Chartists' leader in 1841 but was unable to effect passage of the Chartist petition in 1848. After a mental collapse, he was declared insane in 1852
Garrison Edward Keillor: born Aug. 7, 1942, Anoka, Minn., U.S. U.S. radio entertainer and writer. He began writing for The New Yorker in college and worked as a staff writer there until 1992. In 1974 he created and hosted the public-radio humour and variety show A Prairie Home Companion, about the fictional Minnesota town Lake Wobegon. He then created a new program, The American Radio Company (1987-91), but revived A Praire Home Companion in 1993. His books include Lake Wobegon Days (1985), Leaving Home (1987), The Sandy Bottom Orchestra (1996), and Me (1999)
George Edward Bateman Saintsbury: born Oct. 23, 1845, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng. died Jan. 28, 1933, Bath, Somerset English literary historian and critic. When the school at which he was teaching failed in 1876, he decided to write for a living. He produced several successful volumes of criticism of French literature and extensive writings on English literature. Though he formulated no philosophy of criticism, his works were influential because they combined authoritative scholarship with the popular appeal of entertaining prose. They include A History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe from the Earliest Texts to the Present Day (1900-04), one of the first surveys of critical literary theory and practice
George Edward Moore: born Nov. 4, 1873, London, Eng. died Oct. 24, 1958, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire British philosopher, one of the founders of analytic philosophy. While a fellow at the University of Cambridge (1898-1904), he published two influential papers, "The Nature of Judgment" (1899) and "The Refutation of Idealism" (1903), that did much to break the hold of absolute idealism on British philosophy. Also published during this period was his major ethical work, Principia Ethica (1903), in which he argued that "good" is a simple and unanalyzable quality that is knowable by direct apprehension. His intuitionism was the dominant metaethical position in Britain for the next 30 years, and it exerted considerable influence within the Bloomsbury group of artists and intellectuals. In epistemology, Moore is remembered for his "common sense" philosophy, according to which human beings know to be true many propositions about themselves and the world that are inconsistent with idealist and skeptical doctrines (e.g., "The Earth has existed for many years"). His general position was that, because no argument for idealism or skepticism is as certain as the commonsense view, idealism and skepticism can be rejected out of hand. He was professor of philosophy at Cambridge from 1925 to 1939. From 1921 to 1947 he edited the journal Mind
George Edward Pickett: born Jan. 25, 1825, Richmond, Va., U.S. died July 30, 1875, Norfolk, Va. U.S. and Confederate army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in the Mexican War. In 1861 he resigned his commission to enter the Confederate army. He rose to major general and commanded a division at the Battle of Fredericksburg. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he led the climactic attack known as Pickett's Charge, in which 4,300 men of his division constituted almost half the attacking force under James Longstreet. The attempt to breach the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge was repulsed with the loss of about 60% of his men. Though criticized for his leadership, he retained his command
Henry Edward Manning: known as Cardinal Manning born July 15, 1808, Totteridge, Hertfordshire, Eng. died Jan. 14, 1892, London British Roman Catholic cardinal. The son of a banker and member of Parliament, he was ordained a priest of the Church of England in 1833. A member of the Oxford movement, he became a Catholic in 1851 and was ordained a priest later that year. He rose rapidly in rank, being appointed archbishop of Westminster in 1865 and cardinal in 1875. He favoured the centralization of authority in the church (Ultramontanism) and supported stronger wording on papal infallibility than was eventually adopted by the First Vatican Council. He established many schools and was highly regarded for his concern for social welfare
James Edward Oglethorpe: born Dec. 22, 1696, London, Eng. died June 30/July 1, 1785, Cranham Hall, Essex, Eng. English army officer. After serving in the British army from 1712 to 1722, he entered Parliament, where he became interested in prison reform. In 1732 he secured a charter for a colony in what became Georgia, where debtors could start a new life and persecuted Protestants could practice freely. He accompanied the first settlers to found Savannah (1733) and led the defense of the territory against attacks by Spain (1739, 1742). He returned to England in 1743
James Edward Stuart: the son of the British king James II, sometimes also called the Old Pretender, and the father of Bonnie Prince Charlie (Charles Edward Stuart ). He believed he had the right to be the British king instead of King George I, but his attempt to become king, during the first Jacobite Rising of 1715-16, was a failure (1688-1766)
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Acton: born Jan.10, 1834, Naples, Kingdom of Naples died June 19, 1902, Tegernsee, Bavaria, German Empire English historian. He served in the House of Commons (1859-65). Editor of the Roman Catholic monthly The Rambler (1859-64), he resigned because of papal criticism of his scientific approach to history. An adviser to William E. Gladstone from 1865, he was raised to the peerage in 1869. In 1895 he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. He later coordinated the massive publication project of The Cambridge Modern History. A critic of nationalism, he coined the familiar aphorism "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Acton of Aldenham: born Jan.10, 1834, Naples, Kingdom of Naples died June 19, 1902, Tegernsee, Bavaria, German Empire English historian. He served in the House of Commons (1859-65). Editor of the Roman Catholic monthly The Rambler (1859-64), he resigned because of papal criticism of his scientific approach to history. An adviser to William E. Gladstone from 1865, he was raised to the peerage in 1869. In 1895 he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. He later coordinated the massive publication project of The Cambridge Modern History. A critic of nationalism, he coined the familiar aphorism "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely
Jonas Edward Salk: born Oct. 28, 1914, New York, N.Y., U.S. died June 23, 1995, La Jolla, Calif. U.S. physician and researcher. He received his M.D. from New York University. Working with other scientists to classify poliovirus, he confirmed earlier studies that identified three strains. He showed that killed virus of each strain could induce antibody formation without producing disease. Salk's vaccine was released for use in the U.S. in 1955. From 1963 he directed the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977
Jonas Edward Salk: {i} (1914-1995) U.S.A. virologist who developed the first successful polio vaccine against polio (the Salk vaccine)
Jr. Charles Edward Weidman: orig. Charles Edward Weidman, Jr. born July 22, 1901, Lincoln, Neb., U.S. died July 15, 1975, New York, N.Y. U.S. modern dancer, teacher, and choreographer. He studied at the Denishawn school and was a member of its company in the 1920s. In 1928 he cofounded with Doris Humphrey the Humphrey-Weidman school and dance company, for which he choreographed many works. His dances, often comic and satiric, employed an abstract, rhythmic pantomime. In 1945 he established his own school, and in 1948 he founded the Theatre Dance Company, for which he choreographed his major work, Fables for Our Time. He continued to teach, choreograph, and dance into the 1970s
King Edward I: the king of England from 1272 until his death. He took part in the Crusades, and later established English control over Wales. He tried to do the same in Scotland, but was unsuccessful (1239-1307)
King Edward II: the king of England from 1307 until he was murdered by his enemies (including his wife) in 1327 (1284-1327)
King Edward III: a king of England who ruled during the Black Death and the start of the Hundred Years War (1312-77)
King Edward IV: the king of England from 1461 to 1483 (1442-83)
King Edward V: the king of England for a few months in 1483, until his uncle removed him from his position and became King Richard III. Edward and his brother (who are sometimes called "the Princes in the Tower") were put in prison in the Tower of London, and many people believe that they were later murdered there (1470-1483)
King Edward VI: the king of England from 1547 to 1553 (1537-53)
King Edward VII: the British king from 1901 until his death (1841-1910)
King Edward VIII: the British king in 1936. He was forced to abdicate (=give up being king) because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, an American woman who had been married before. This event is known as 'the Abdication '. After he abdicated, he was given the title "Duke of Windsor", and he and his wife lived abroad for the rest of their lives (1894-1972)
Lake Edward: Lake, eastern Africa. One of the great lakes of the western Great Rift Valley, it lies on the border of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda and is 48 mi (77 km) long and 26 mi (42 km) wide. On the northeast it is connected to the smaller Lake George. Lake Edward empties north through the Semliki River to Lake Albert. The lake abounds in fish; wildlife on its shores is protected within Virunga National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park. It was named by Henry Morton Stanley, who visited the lake in 1888-89
Lawrence Edward Page: {i} Larry Page (born 1973), United States entrepreneur who co-founded Google with Sergey Brin
Lincoln Edward Kirstein: born May 4, 1907, Rochester, N.Y., U.S. died Jan. 5, 1996, New York, N.Y. U.S. dance authority, impresario, and writer. He graduated from Harvard, where he founded the literary magazine Hound & Horn. Financially independent, he focused his artistic interests on ballet and in 1933 persuaded the choreographer George Balanchine to move to the U.S. to found a ballet school and company. The School of American Ballet opened in 1934; Kirstein was its director from 1940 to 1989. He and Balanchine jointly established a series of ballet companies, culminating in the New York City Ballet (1948), of which he served as general director until 1989. He wrote seven books on ballet, including the classic history Dance (1935)
Merv Edward Griffin: born July 6, 1925, San Mateo, Calif., U.S. U.S. television producer and entrepreneur. He hosted a radio show (1945-48) and sang with Freddy Martin's Orchestra (1948-52) before creating and hosting the popular Merv Griffin Show on television (1962-63, 1965-86). He also created the successful game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune. He later owned hotels, resorts, and casinos
Morley Edward Callaghan: born Sept. 22, 1903, Toronto, Ont., Can. died Aug. 25, 1990, Toronto Canadian novelist and short-story writer. Callaghan received a law degree in 1928 but never practiced. He won acclaim for the short-story collection A Native Argosy (1929). His first novel, Strange Fugitive (1928), describes the destruction of a social misfit, a type that recurs in his fiction. Subsequent novels, including They Shall Inherit the Earth (1935) and The Loved and the Lost (1951, Governor General's Award), emphasize Christian love as an answer to social injustice. That Summer in Paris (1963) describes Callaghan's friendship with F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Later works include A Fine and Private Place (1975) and A Time for Judas (1983)
Peter Edward Rose: born April 14, 1941, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. U.S. baseball player. Rose began playing organized baseball at age eight. He played for the Cincinnati Reds (1963-78, 1984-86), the Philadelphia Phillies (1979-83), and the Montreal Expos (1984). His 4,256 career hits and 3,562 games played both remain all-time records, and his career mark for runs (2,165) is exceeded only by Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, and Hank Aaron. In 1989, after being investigated for allegedly betting on baseball games, including those of his own Reds, Rose was banned from the sport for life by the commissioner of baseball
Prince Edward: the youngest son of the British queen Elizabeth II. He married Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999 and became the Earl of Wessex (1964-). Edward, Prince
Prince Edward Island: {i} island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Atlantic Canada; Canadian province located on Prince Edward Island
Robert Edward Lee: born Jan. 19, 1807, Stratford, Westmoreland county, Va., U.S. died Oct. 12, 1870, Lexington, Va. U.S. and Confederate military leader. He was the son of Henry Lee. After graduating from West Point, he served in the engineering corps and in the Mexican War under Winfield Scott. He transferred to the cavalry in 1855 and commanded frontier forces in Texas (1856-57). In 1859 he led U.S. troops against the slave insurrection attempted by John Brown at Harpers Ferry. In 1861 he was offered command of a new army being formed to force the seceded Southern states back into the Union. Though opposed to secession, he refused. After his home state of Virginia seceded, he became commander of Virginia's forces in the American Civil War and adviser to Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy. Taking command of the Army of Northern Virginia (1862) after Joseph Johnston was wounded, Lee repulsed the Union forces in the Seven Days' Battles. He won victories at Bull Run, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. His attempts to draw Union forces out of Virginia by invading the North resulted in failures at Antietam and Gettysburg. In 1864-65 he conducted defensive campaigns against Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant that caused heavy Union casualties. Lee ended his retreat behind fortifications built at Petersburg and Richmond (see Petersburg Campaign). By April 1865 dwindling forces and supplies forced Lee, now general of all Confederate armies, to surrender at Appomattox Court House. After several months of recuperation, he accepted the post of president of Washington College (later Washington and Lee University), where he served until his death
Robert Edward Turner,: orig. Robert Edward Turner, III born Nov. 19, 1938, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. U.S. broadcasting entrepreneur. He took over his father's Atlanta-based advertising firm after the latter's 1963 suicide and restored it to profitability. In 1970 he bought the Atlanta television station WJRJ (later WTBS), which in 1975 became the superstation of the Turner Broadcasting System, broadcasting via satellite to cable systems nationwide. An avid sportsman, he purchased professional baseball and basketball franchises in Atlanta, and in 1977 he piloted his yacht, Courageous, to victory in the America's Cup race. He expanded his broadcasting empire with the 1980 launch of the Cable News Network (CNN) and the 1986 purchase of MGM/UA Entertainment (MGM) and its library of more than 4,000 movies. He married Jane Fonda in 1991 (divorced 2001). In 1996 he merged his broadcasting system with Time Warner and became its vice-chairman (see AOL Time Warner). In 2003 he resigned as vice-chairman of AOL Time Warner
Saint Edward the Confessor: born 1003, Islip, Eng. died Jan. 5, 1066, London; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now October 13 King of England (1042-66). The son of Ethelred II, he was exiled to Normandy for 25 years (1016-41) while the Danes held England (see Canute the Great). For the first 11 years of his reign, the real master of England was Godwine, earl of Wessex. Edward outlawed Godwine in 1051 and appointed Normans to high positions in government, thus preparing the way for the Norman Conquest. Godwine continued his opposition, and his son Harold (see Harold II) dominated England after 1053, subjugating Wales in 1063. Edward named Harold as his successor on his deathbed, but the duke of Normandy (the future William I) invaded England to claim the crown earlier promised him. Though an ineffectual monarch, Edward was famous for his piety, which earned him the epithet "the Confessor
Salvador Edward Luria: {i} (1912-1991) Italian born U.S. microbiologist who shared the 1969 Nobel Prize (with Max Delbruck and Alfred Hershey) for medicine or physiology for research on the mechanisms and materials of inheritance of viruses
Salvador Edward Luria: born Aug. 13, 1912, Turin, Italy died Feb. 6, 1991, Lexington, Mass., U.S. Italian-born U.S. biologist. He fled Italy for France in 1938, arriving in the U.S. in 1940. In 1942 he obtained an electron micrograph of phage particles that confirmed earlier descriptions of them as consisting of a round head and a thin tail. In 1943 he and Max Delbrück showed that viruses can undergo permanent changes in their hereditary material. He also proved that the simultaneous existence of phage-resistant bacteria with phage-sensitive bacteria in the same culture was a result of the selection of spontaneous bacterial mutants. In 1945 he and A.D. Hershey demonstrated the existence not only of such bacterial mutants but also of spontaneous phage mutants. The three men shared a 1969 Nobel Prize
Sir Almroth Edward Wright: born Aug. 10, 1861, Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, Eng. died April 30, 1947, Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire British bacteriologist and immunologist. While teaching at the Army Medical School in Netley (from 1892), he developed a typhoid immunization that used killed typhoid bacilli. It made Britain the only country with troops immunized against typhoid at the start of World War I, the first war in which fewer British soldiers died of infection than from trauma. He also developed vaccines against enteric tuberculosis and pneumonia. He was well known for advancing autogenous vaccines (vaccines prepared from a patient's own bacteria)
Sir Arnold Edward Trevor Bax: born Nov. 8, 1883, London, Eng. died Oct. 3, 1953, Cork, County Cork, Ire. British composer. Born into a wealthy family, he was free to compose throughout his life and consequently wrote prolifically. His early works, influenced by the poetry of William Butler Yeats, frequently evoke Celtic legend. His compositions include seven symphonies, the orchestral works Spring Fire (1913), November Woods (1917), and Tintagel (1919), piano sonatas, string quartets, and numerous vocal works
Sir Arnold Edward Trevor Bax: {i} Arnold Bax (1883-1953), English composer
Sir Arthur Edward Drummond Bliss: born Aug. 2, 1891, London, Eng. died March 27, 1975, London British composer. He studied with Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst. Though he was compositionally adventurous at first, he later adopted a conservative, Romantic style. His works include A Colour Symphony (1922), Pastoral (1928), the choral symphony Morning Heroes (1930), Music for Strings (1936), and the ballets Checkmate (1937) and Miracle in the Gorbals (1944)
Sir Edward 3rd Baronet Grey: born April 25, 1862, London, Eng. died Sept. 7, 1933, Fallodon, near Embleton, Northumberland British statesman. A relative of Earl Grey, he entered Parliament as a Liberal (1885) and became foreign secretary in 1905. During the Moroccan crises (1905, 1911), he supported France against Germany, but with equivocations that caused diplomatic confusion. After the assassination of Francis Ferdinand (1914), Grey proposed that Austria-Hungary obtain satisfaction from Serbia by occupying Belgrade. When all peace moves failed, he maneuvered a divided British cabinet into World War I, about which he commented, "The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime." He was responsible for the secret Treaty of London (1915)
Sir Edward Burne-Jones: born Aug. 28, 1833, Birmingham, Eng. died June 17, 1898, London British painter, illustrator, and designer. At Oxford he met his future collaborator, William Morris. In 1856 he became apprenticed to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. His paintings portray the romantic medieval imagery favoured by the Pre-Raphaelites, and he drew inspiration from the elongated, melancholy figures of Fra Filippo Lippi and Sandro Botticelli. He first achieved great success in 1877 with an exhibition of paintings including The Beguiling of Merlin (1873-77). He was a founding member of Morris & Co. (1861), notably as a designer of stained glass and tapestries, and he executed 87 designs for the Kelmscott Press edition of Geoffrey Chaucer (1896), considered one the world's finest printed books. His work had great influence on the French Symbolist movement, and his revival of the ideal of the artist-craftsman influenced the development of 20th-century industrial design
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor: born Oct. 2, 1832, London, Eng. died Jan. 2, 1917, Wellington, Somerset British anthropologist, often called the founder of cultural anthropology. He taught at Oxford University (1884-1909), where he became the first professor of anthropology. His Primitive Culture, 2 vol. (1871), influenced by Charles Darwin, developed the theory of an evolutionary relationship between what he called primitive and modern cultures, stressing the cultural achievements that marked the progression of all humanity from a "savage" to a "civilized" state. At a time when there was still controversy over whether all human races belonged to a single species, Tylor was a powerful advocate of the unity of all humankind. He was instrumental in establishing anthropology as an academic discipline. See also animism; sociocultural evolution
Sir Edward Coke: born Feb. 1, 1552, Mileham, Norfolk, Eng. died Sept. 3, 1634, Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire British jurist and politician. He became a lawyer in 1578 and was made solicitor general in 1592. His advance to the position of attorney general (1594) frustrated his great rival, Francis Bacon. As attorney general, he conducted several famous treason trials, prosecuting Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, and Henry Wriothesley, 3rd earl of Southampton (1600-01); Sir Walter Raleigh (1603); and the Gunpowder Plot conspirators (1605). Named chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1606, Coke earned the ire of James I by declaring that the king's proclamation could not change the law (1610). He upset church leaders by limiting the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts. Appointed chief justice of the King's Bench by James I (1613), he remained unswayed; he hinted at scandal in high places and defied a royal injunction in a case involving ecclesiastical privileges. He was dismissed in 1616, partly through Bacon's efforts. In 1620 he reentered Parliament (he had served in 1589), where he denounced interference with Parliament's liberties (1621) until he was imprisoned. In 1628 he helped frame the Petition of Right, a charter of liberties; this defense of the supremacy of the common law over royal prerogative had a profound influence on the English law and constitution. On his death his papers were seized by Charles I. His Reports (1600-15), taken together, are a monumental compendium of English common law, and his Institutes of the Lawes of England (4 vol., 1628-44) is an important treatise
Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones: born Aug. 28, 1833, Birmingham, Eng. died June 17, 1898, London British painter, illustrator, and designer. At Oxford he met his future collaborator, William Morris. In 1856 he became apprenticed to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. His paintings portray the romantic medieval imagery favoured by the Pre-Raphaelites, and he drew inspiration from the elongated, melancholy figures of Fra Filippo Lippi and Sandro Botticelli. He first achieved great success in 1877 with an exhibition of paintings including The Beguiling of Merlin (1873-77). He was a founding member of Morris & Co. (1861), notably as a designer of stained glass and tapestries, and he executed 87 designs for the Kelmscott Press edition of Geoffrey Chaucer (1896), considered one the world's finest printed books. His work had great influence on the French Symbolist movement, and his revival of the ideal of the artist-craftsman influenced the development of 20th-century industrial design
Sir Edward Elgar: a British composer of classical music, famous for his Enigma Variations and Cello Concerto. He also wrote the music for the patriotic song Land of Hope and Glory (1857-1934). born June 2, 1857, Broadheath, Worcestershire, Eng. died Feb. 23, 1934, Worcester, Worcestershire British composer. Son of a piano tuner, he became proficient on violin and organ. His Enigma Variations (1896) brought him fame; he followed it with the oratorio The Dream of Gerontius (1900), which many consider his masterpiece. He composed in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism characterized by bold tunes, striking colour effects, and mastery of large forms stimulating a renaissance of English music. His principal works include the five Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901-07), two symphonies (1908, 1911), concertos for violin (1910) and cello (1919), and the tone poems Cockaigne (1901) and Falstaff (1913)
Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard: born Sept. 21, 1902, Crowborough, Sussex, Eng. died Sept. 11, 1973, Oxford, Oxfordshire British social anthropologist. The most influential British social anthropologist since Bronisaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard succeeded the latter at Oxford University (1946), where he served as mentor to a generation of students. His studies of African systems of belief, witchcraft, religion, politics, and oral tradition remain foundational to the study of African societies and non-Western systems of thought. Among his major works are Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande (1937), The Nuer (1940), and (with Meyer Fortes) African Political Systems (1940)
Sir Edward Heath: a British politician in the Conservative Party, who was Prime Minister from 1970 to 1974. He disagreed with Margaret Thatcher, who followed him as Conservative leader, and supported the European Union and the idea of a single European currency (=system of money) (1916-). born July 9, 1916, Broadstairs, Kent, Eng. British politician, prime minister of Britain (1970-74). He held various government positions after being elected to Parliament in 1950, and after the Conservative defeat in 1964 he became a major opposition figure. As prime minister, he faced the crisis of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, over which he imposed direct British rule in 1972, and won French acceptance of British entry into the European Economic Community. Unable to cope with Britain's mounting economic problems, chiefly rising inflation and unemployment and crippling labor strikes, he was succeeded by Harold Wilson in 1974 and replaced as party leader by Margaret Thatcher in 1975
Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie: born Jan. 17, 1883, West Hartlepool, Durham, Eng. died Nov. 30, 1972, Edinburgh, Scot. British novelist and playwright. Educated at Oxford University, he gave up legal studies to finish his first play, The Gentleman in Grey (1906). During World War I he directed the Aegean Intelligence Service in Syria; when he wrote about those experiences in Greek Memories (1932), he was prosecuted under Britain's Official Secrets Act. He founded Gramophone magazine in 1923 and edited it until 1962. He served as rector of Glasgow University (1931-34) and as literary critic for the London Daily Mail; his more than 100 novels, plays, and biographies include 10 volumes of memoirs
Sir Edward Poynings: born 1459, Southwark?, near London, Eng. died October 1521, Westenhanger, Kent English soldier and administrator. A supporter of Henry Tudor (later Henry VII), he served as the king's lord deputy of Ireland (1494-95), where he enacted legislative measures ("Poynings' Laws") that applied all English public laws to Ireland and required every act of the Irish parliament to be approved by the king and privy council
Sir Edward Richard George Heath: born July 9, 1916, Broadstairs, Kent, Eng. British politician, prime minister of Britain (1970-74). He held various government positions after being elected to Parliament in 1950, and after the Conservative defeat in 1964 he became a major opposition figure. As prime minister, he faced the crisis of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, over which he imposed direct British rule in 1972, and won French acceptance of British entry into the European Economic Community. Unable to cope with Britain's mounting economic problems, chiefly rising inflation and unemployment and crippling labor strikes, he was succeeded by Harold Wilson in 1974 and replaced as party leader by Margaret Thatcher in 1975
Sir Edward Sabine: born Oct. 14, 1788, Dublin, Ire. died June 26, 1883, East Sheen, Surrey, Eng. British astronomer and geodesist. He accompanied the expeditions of John Ross (1818) and William Parry (1819) in search of the Northwest Passage. In 1821 he began experiments to determine the Earth's shape more precisely by observing the motion of a pendulum. He thereafter devoted most of his efforts to researches on terrestrial magnetism, overseeing the establishment of magnetic observatories throughout the world. In 1852 he discovered that the periodic variation of sunspots is correlated with certain changes in magnetic disturbances. He was president of London's Royal Society (1861-71). Knighted in 1869, he was promoted to the rank of general in 1870
Sir Edward William Elgar: born June 2, 1857, Broadheath, Worcestershire, Eng. died Feb. 23, 1934, Worcester, Worcestershire British composer. Son of a piano tuner, he became proficient on violin and organ. His Enigma Variations (1896) brought him fame; he followed it with the oratorio The Dream of Gerontius (1900), which many consider his masterpiece. He composed in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism characterized by bold tunes, striking colour effects, and mastery of large forms stimulating a renaissance of English music. His principal works include the five Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901-07), two symphonies (1908, 1911), concertos for violin (1910) and cello (1919), and the tone poems Cockaigne (1901) and Falstaff (1913)
Sir Francis Edward Younghusband: born May 31, 1863, Murree, India died July 31, 1942, Lytchett Minster, Dorset, England British army officer and explorer. He forced the conclusion of the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty (1904) that gained Britain long-sought trade concessions. His two initial attempts to negotiate trade and frontier issues with Tibet failed despite British military action; he then marched to Lhasa with British troops and forced the conclusion of a trade treaty, though the Dalai Lama, Tibet's leader, had fled. See also amban
Thomas Edward Lawrence: byname Lawrence of Arabia born Aug. 15, 1888, Tremadoc, Caernarvonshire, Wales died May 19, 1935, Clouds Hill, Dorset, Eng. British scholar, military strategist, and author. He studied at Oxford, submitting a thesis on Crusader castles. He learned Arabic on an archaeological expedition (1911-14). During World War I (1914-18) he conceived the plan of supporting Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire as a way of undermining Germany's eastern ally, and he led Arab forces in a guerrilla campaign behind the lines, tying up many Ottoman troops. In 1917 his forces had their first major victory, capturing the port town of Al-Aqabah. He was captured later that year, but he escaped. His troops reached Damascus in 1918, but Arab factionalism and Anglo-French decisions to divide the area into British-and French-controlled mandates prevented the Arabs from forming a unified nation despite their victory. Lawrence retired, declining royal decorations. Under the name Ross, and later Shaw, he enlisted in the Royal Air Force (and briefly the Royal Tank Corps). He finished his autobiography, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, in 1926. He was eventually posted to India; his experiences provided grist for his semifictional The Mint. He died in a motorcycle accident three months after his discharge
Warren Edward Spahn: born April 23, 1921, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S. died Nov. 24, 2003, Broken Arrow, Okla. U.S. baseball pitcher. Spahn spent most of his career with the Boston (later Milwaukee) Braves (1942, 1946-64). He amassed 2,583 career strikeouts, giving him the third highest total in baseball history when he retired. His feat of winning 20 or more games in each of 13 seasons was also a record, as was his striking out at least 100 batters each year for 17 consecutive seasons (1947-63). His total of 363 wins established a record for left-handers. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois: born Feb. 23, 1868, Great Barrington, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 27, 1963, Accra, Ghana U.S. sociologist and civil-rights leader. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. Two years later he accepted a professorship at Atlanta University, where he conducted empirical studies on the social situation of African Americans (1897-1910). He concluded that change could be attained only through agitation and protest, a view that clashed with that of Booker T. Washington. His famous book The Souls of Black Folk appeared in 1903. In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, the forerunner of the NAACP. In 1910 he left teaching to become the NAACP's director of research and editor of its magazine, Crisis (1910-34). He returned to Atlanta University in 1934 and devoted the next 10 years to teaching and scholarship. After a second research position with the NAACP (1944-48), he moved steadily leftward politically. In 1951 he was indicted as an unregistered agent of a foreign power (the Soviet Union); though a federal judge directed his acquittal, he was by then completely disillusioned with the U.S. In 1961 he joined the Communist Party, moved to Ghana, and renounced his U.S. citizenship
Willie Edward Lanier: born Aug. 21, 1945, Clover, Va., U.S. U.S. gridiron football player. He was selected to the Little All-America Team while at Morgan State University. An outstanding defensive player, he played middle linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs (1967-77). He helped the Chiefs defeat the favoured Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV (1970) and was selected to eight consecutive Pro Bowls
edwards: American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
prince edward island: an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; the smallest province of Canada
the Old Pretender James Edward: orig. James Francis Edward Stuart born June 10, 1688, London, Eng. died Jan. 1, 1766, Rome, Papal States Claimant to the English and Scottish thrones. Son of the exiled James II of England, he was raised in France as a Catholic. On the death of his father (1701), he was proclaimed king of England by the French king Louis XIV, but the English Parliament passed a bill of attainder against him. He served with the French army in the War of the Spanish Succession. In the Jacobite uprising (1715), James landed in Scotland, but within two months the uprising collapsed and he returned to France. He lived thereafter in Rome under the pope's patronage. He became known as the "Old Pretender" to distinguish him from his son, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender
the Young Pretender Charles Edward: orig. Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart known as Bonnie Prince Charlie born Dec. 31, 1720, Rome died Jan. 31, 1788, Rome Claimant to the British throne. He was the son of the royal pretender James Edward and grandson of the exiled James II of England. Seeking to regain the throne, in 1745 the "Young Pretender" landed in Scotland, where he raised an army of 2,400 among the clans. After taking Edinburgh and routing the English at Prestonpans, he crossed the English border and reached Derby, but a lack of strong support from the Jacobites and the French forced his retreat into Scotland. He was decisively defeated at the Battle of Culloden (1746) and, aided by Flora Macdonald (1722-90) and disguised as her maid, escaped to France. He wandered about Europe trying to revive his cause, but his debauched behaviour alienated his friends. He settled in Italy in 1766. He later became romanticized in ballads and legends
thomas edward lawrence: Welsh soldier who from 1916 to 1918 organized the Arab revolt against the Turks; he later wrote an account of his adventures (1888-1935)