earl

İngilizce - Türkçe

earl teriminin İngilizce Türkçe sözlükte anlamı

İngiliz kontu

{i} kont

Saatimi kontrol ettim ve bir saat erken geldiğimi fark ettim. - I checked my watch and realized I was an hour early.

(isim) kont

ingiliz kontu

konti

konte

İlgili Terimler

earl gray

Earl Grey

earl grey tea

Earl Grey çayı

evelyn baring 1st earl of cromer

evelyn Cromer 1. earl barikat

earldom

{i} kontluk

earldom

(isim) kontluk

Türkçe - Türkçe

earl teriminin Türkçe Türkçe sözlükte anlamı

Kont'a eşit ingiliz ünvanı

İngilizce - İngilizce

earl teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı

A surname for service in the household of an earl, or from a nickname

The title of an earl

A male given name from the English noun earl

A British nobleman next in rank above a viscount and below a marquess; equivalent to a European count. A female using the style is termed a countess

{n} a noble title next to that of a marquis

{i} male first name

from the English noun earl

Hence the wife of an earl is still called countess

In the SCA, "Earl" is an alternate title for "Count " (In the British system, wherein SCA titles are theoretically based, the situation is exactly reversed Anyone looking for perfect consistency and logic in our structures is doomed to frustration )

1) The highest title attainable by an English nobleman who is not of royal blood Word related to Jarl (MEDIEV-L Medieval Terms) 2) Count; highest English title in the Middle Ages (Gies, Joseph and Francis Life in a Medieval Castle, 230)

The needlefish

Noun (Plural: Earls) Middle ranking British nobleman, between Viscount and Marquess This is equivocal to the term "Count" on the continent For example, Earl of Leicester

[fr Anglo-Saxon eorl] The earl, as a royal officer, superseded the ealdorman and was sometimes set over several counties, in the courts of each of which he presided with the bishop of the diocese The English earl was in general entitled to the "third penny", a third of the profits of justice in the shire court In the two great count palatine earldoms of Chester and Durham, the earl possessed regalia, special royal privileges The earl is similar and probably derivative from the Scandinavian jarl and is equivalent in rank of peerage to the continental count

Enhanced Address Recognition Logic

The rank of an earl corresponds to that of a count (comte) in France, and graf in Germany

{i} British nobleman

Electronic Access to Resources in Libraries

a British peer ranking below a Marquess and above a Viscount

effusing the night's excess

A nobleman of England ranking below a marquis, and above a viscount

An earl is a British nobleman. the first Earl of Birkenhead. a man with a high social rank

İlgili Terimler

Earl Grey

A blend of black tea flavoured with oil from the rind of the bergamot orange

Earl Browder

born May 20, 1891, Wichita, Kan., U.S. died June 27, 1973, Princeton, N.J. U.S. Communist Party leader (1930-44). He was imprisoned in 1919-20 for his opposition to U.S. participation in World War I. In 1921 he joined the U.S. Communist Party; he served as the party's general secretary from 1930 to 1944 and was its presidential candidate in 1936 and 1940. In 1944 he was removed from his position for declaring that capitalism and socialism could coexist, and in 1946 he was expelled from the party

Earl Grey

a type of tea with a special taste and smell which come from an oil which is added to it

Earl Grey tea

{i} blend of black Chinese tea and Darjeeling tea

Earl Hines

a US jazz musician, piano player, and band leader (1903-83). born Dec. 28, 1905, Duquesne, Pa., U.S. died April 22, 1983, Oakland, Calif. U.S. pianist and bandleader who had a profound influence on the development of jazz piano. Known as "Fatha" Hines, he was a pianist of amazing technical command and tireless energy. Breaking with the stride tradition (in which regular two-beat left-hand rhythms accompany the melody in the right hand), he emulated the single-note instruments (e.g., trumpet) in creating melodic variations of the melody with the right hand. Hines led a successful Chicago-based big band from 1928 to 1948. He was influenced by Louis Armstrong, and the two performed together frequently throughout their careers; their recorded encounters from the late 1920s, particularly "Weather Bird," are jazz classics

Earl Kenneth Hines

born Dec. 28, 1905, Duquesne, Pa., U.S. died April 22, 1983, Oakland, Calif. U.S. pianist and bandleader who had a profound influence on the development of jazz piano. Known as "Fatha" Hines, he was a pianist of amazing technical command and tireless energy. Breaking with the stride tradition (in which regular two-beat left-hand rhythms accompany the melody in the right hand), he emulated the single-note instruments (e.g., trumpet) in creating melodic variations of the melody with the right hand. Hines led a successful Chicago-based big band from 1928 to 1948. He was influenced by Louis Armstrong, and the two performed together frequently throughout their careers; their recorded encounters from the late 1920s, particularly "Weather Bird," are jazz classics

Earl Kitchener

later Earl Kitchener (of Khartoum and of Broome) born June 24, 1850, near Listowel, Co. Kerry, Ire. died June 5, 1916, at sea off Orkney Islands British field marshal and imperial administrator. Trained as a military engineer, Kitchener served in posts in the Middle East and Sudan before being appointed commander in chief of the Egyptian army in 1892. In 1898 he crushed the rebellious Mahdist movement in the Battle of Omdurman and forced concessions from France in the Fashoda Incident. He entered the South African War as chief of staff in 1899, becoming commander in chief a year later. In the last 18 months of the war, he resorted to brutal methods, burning Boer farms and herding Boer women and children into concentration camps. He was later sent to India to reorganize the army there. A clash with Lord Curzon over control of the army resulted in Curzon's resignation in 1905. In 1911 Kitchener returned to Khartoum as proconsul of Egypt and the Sudan. As secretary of state for war during World War I, he organized armies on a scale unprecedented in British history and became a symbol of the national will to victory. He died on a mission to Russia when his ship was sunk by a German mine

Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and of Broome

later Earl Kitchener (of Khartoum and of Broome) born June 24, 1850, near Listowel, Co. Kerry, Ire. died June 5, 1916, at sea off Orkney Islands British field marshal and imperial administrator. Trained as a military engineer, Kitchener served in posts in the Middle East and Sudan before being appointed commander in chief of the Egyptian army in 1892. In 1898 he crushed the rebellious Mahdist movement in the Battle of Omdurman and forced concessions from France in the Fashoda Incident. He entered the South African War as chief of staff in 1899, becoming commander in chief a year later. In the last 18 months of the war, he resorted to brutal methods, burning Boer farms and herding Boer women and children into concentration camps. He was later sent to India to reorganize the army there. A clash with Lord Curzon over control of the army resulted in Curzon's resignation in 1905. In 1911 Kitchener returned to Khartoum as proconsul of Egypt and the Sudan. As secretary of state for war during World War I, he organized armies on a scale unprecedented in British history and became a symbol of the national will to victory. He died on a mission to Russia when his ship was sunk by a German mine

Earl Russell Browder

born May 20, 1891, Wichita, Kan., U.S. died June 27, 1973, Princeton, N.J. U.S. Communist Party leader (1930-44). He was imprisoned in 1919-20 for his opposition to U.S. participation in World War I. In 1921 he joined the U.S. Communist Party; he served as the party's general secretary from 1930 to 1944 and was its presidential candidate in 1936 and 1940. In 1944 he was removed from his position for declaring that capitalism and socialism could coexist, and in 1946 he was expelled from the party

Earl Silas Tupper

{i} (1907-1983) United States inventor of Tupperware®

Earl Tupper

{i} Earl Silas Tupper (1907-1983), United States inventor of Tupperware®

Earl Warren

born March 19, 1891, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. died July 9, 1974, Washington, D.C. U.S. jurist and politician. He graduated from law school at the University of California, then served as a county district attorney (1925-39), state attorney general (1939-43), and governor of the state for three terms (1943-53). He was criticized for interning Japanese citizens in camps during World War II. His only electoral defeat came in 1948, when he ran for vice president on the Republican ticket with Thomas Dewey. In 1953 Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Warren chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a post he held until 1969. This was a period of sweeping changes in U.S. constitutional law. Under his leadership the court proved to be strongly liberal. Among Warren's notable opinions are those in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which held that segration in public education was unconstitutional; Reynolds v. Sims (1964), which declared the "one man, one vote" principle requiring state legislative reapportionment (1964); and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which held that police must inform an arrestee of his right to remain silent and to have counsel present (appointed for him if he is indigent) and that a confession obtained in defiance of these requirements is inadmissible in court. After the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy, he chaired the Warren Commission

Earl Williams

{i} American basketball player who played for Maccabi Tel Aviv (Israeli basketball team)

Earl of Warwick

orig. Richard Neville born Nov. 22, 1428 died April 14, 1471, Barnet, Hertfordshire, Eng. English nobleman influential in the Wars of the Roses. Son of the earl of Salisbury, he became through marriage (1449) the earl of Warwick and acquired vast estates. With his father, he helped the Yorkists win the Battle of St. Albans (1455). Appointed captain of Calais, in 1460 he crossed to England to defeat and capture Henry VI at Northampton. In 1461 he was routed by the Lancastrians, but he recovered to march on London with York's son Edward, soon crowned Edward IV. Warwick was the virtual ruler during Edward's early reign (1461-64), but tensions between the two mounted, and in 1469 Warwick engineered a revolt in northern England that forced Edward to flee to Flanders in 1470. Warwick joined the Lancastrians and restored Henry VI to the throne, earning his later nickname "the Kingmaker." He was killed by Edward's forces at the Battle of Barnet

earl grey

Any Black Tea blend flavored with Bergamot Oil

earl grey

Black tea that is scented with the essential oil of bergamot, a citrus

earl grey

A black China tea scented with oil of bergamot

earl grey

A black China tea treated with the oil of bergamot which gives the tea a scented aroma and taste It was said to have been blended for and named after the 2nd Earl Grey when he was prime minister of Britain by a Chinese mandarin after the success of a British diplomatic mission to China

earl grey tea

Blend of Asian teas, flavored with oil of bergamot

earl grey tea

– Unfermented, dried tea, more commonly found in China and Japan

earl grey tea

A tea blend from Indian and Sri Lankan teas, named after the former Prime Minister Grey of England

earl marshal

An officer of state in England who marshals and orders all great ceremonials, takes cognizance of matters relating to honor, arms, and pedigree, and directs the proclamation of peace and war

earl marshal

an officer of the English peerage who organizes royal processions and other ceremonies

earl marshal

The court of chivalry was formerly under his jurisdiction, and he is still the head of the herald's office or college of arms

earl of Carrick John Stewart

orig. John Stewart, earl of Carrick born 1337 died April 4, 1406, Rothesay, Bute, Scot. King of Scotland (1390-1406). After having ruled in the name of his father, Robert II, from 1384 to 1388, he assumed the throne in his own right on his father's death. Physically disabled by a kick from a horse in 1388, he was never the real ruler of Scotland. His brother Robert, earl of Fife, later duke of Albany, governed during Robert II's last years and continued to govern throughout Robert III's reign, except for three years when Robert III's eldest son, David, duke of Rothesay, took his place. Robert III's other son became James I

earl of Richmond Henry Tudor

orig. Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond (b. Jan. 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales d. April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, Eng.) King of England (1485-1509) and founder of the Tudor dynasty. As earl of Richmond and a kinsman in the House of Lancaster, he fled to Brittany after the triumph of the Yorkist forces in 1471. He later returned to England, rallied the opponents of Richard III, and defeated him at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485). He married Elizabeth of York and ended the Wars of the Roses, though Yorkist plots continued. He made peace with France (1492), the Netherlands (1496), and Scotland (1499) and used his children's marriages to build European alliances. His commercial treaties and promotion of trade made England wealthy and powerful. He was succeeded by his son Henry VIII

earldom

The territory controlled by an earl

earldom

the rank of being an earl

And, look when I am king, claim thou of me / The earldom of Hereford, and all the movables / Whereof the king my brother was possess'd.

earldom

{n} the seigniory or dignity of an earl

1st earl of Stockton Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden Maurice Harold Macmillan

in full Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st earl of Stockton, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden born Feb. 10, 1894, London, Eng. died Dec. 29, 1986, Birch Grove, Sussex British prime minister (1957-63). He served in the House of Commons (1924-29, 1931-64) and held posts in Winston Churchill's wartime coalition government. After the war he served as minister of housing (1951-54), minister of defense (1954), foreign secretary (1955), and chancellor of the Exchequer (1955-57). In 1957 he became prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party. He worked to improve relations with the U.S. and visited Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in 1959. Domestically, Macmillan supported Britain's postwar social programs. His government began to lose popularity in 1961 because of a wage freeze and other deflationary measures and a Soviet espionage scandal involving John Profumo, secretary of state for war. He championed membership in the European Economic Community, though Britain's membership application was vetoed in 1963 by Charles de Gaulle. Demands for a new party leader led to his resignation in 1963. He wrote a series of memoirs (1966-75) and served as chair (1963-74) of his family's publishing house, Macmillan & Co

Anthony 1st earl of Avon Eden

born June 12, 1897, Windlestone, Durham, Eng. died Jan. 14, 1977, Alvediston, Wiltshire British politician. After combat service in World War I, he was elected to the House of Commons in 1923. He became foreign secretary in 1935 but resigned in 1938 to protest Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. He held the post again in 1940-45 and in 1951-55, and he helped to settle the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute and arranged an armistice in Indochina. Succeeding Winston Churchill as prime minister in 1955, he attempted to ease international tension by welcoming to Britain Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolay A. Bulganin of the Soviet Union. His fall began when Egypt seized the Suez Canal and he supported an Anglo-French intervention in Egypt (see Suez Crisis). He resigned in 1957, citing ill health

Anthony Ashley Cooper 1st earl of Shaftesbury

born July 22, 1621, Wimborne St. Giles, Dorset, Eng. died Jan. 21, 1683, Amsterdam, Neth. English politician. He served in the English Civil Wars, fighting first for the king (1643) and then for Parliament (1644). He was appointed by Oliver Cromwell to the council of state (1653-54, 1659) and also served in Parliament (1654-60). One of 12 commissioners sent to invite Charles II to return to England, he was appointed to Charles's privy council (1660) and served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1661-72) and lord chancellor (1672-73). As head of the Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations (1672-74), he drew up a constitution for the North American province of Carolina, aided by his protégé John Locke. Dismissed by Charles for supporting the anti-Catholic Test Act and opposing the marriage of Charles's brother James (later James II) to another Catholic, Shaftesbury became a leader of the Whig opposition. He exploited the political chaos caused by Titus Oates to consolidate his parliamentary power and tried unsuccessfully to pass the Exclusion Bill, to keep James from the throne. In 1681 Charles dissolved the Parliament; Shaftesbury was arrested and tried for treason but was acquitted. In 1682 he fled to Holland, where he died

Anthony Ashley Cooper 3rd earl of Shaftesbury

born Feb. 26, 1671, London, Eng. died Feb. 15, 1713, Naples English politician and philosopher. Grandson of the 1st earl of Shaftesbury, he received his early education from John Locke. He entered Parliament in 1695; succeeding to his title in 1699, he served three years in the House of Lords. His numerous philosophical essays were influenced by Neoplatonism; published as Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711), they became the chief source of English Deism and influenced writers such as Alexander Pope, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Immanuel Kant

Anthony Ashley Cooper 7th earl of Shaftesbury

born April 28, 1801, London, Eng. died Oct. 1, 1885, Folkestone, Kent English politician and social reformer. When his father succeeded to the earldom in 1811, Cooper became Lord Ashley. As a member of Parliament (1826-51), he opposed the Reform Bill of 1832 but supported Catholic emancipation and repeal of the Corn Laws. From 1833 he led the factory reform movement in Parliament and effected passage of the Mines Act (1842) and the Ten Hours Act (1847), known as Lord Ashley's Act, which shortened the working day in textile mills. As president of the Ragged Schools Union (1843-83), he promoted the free education of destitute children. Succeeding to his father's title in 1851, he continued his work as one of the most effective social reformers of 19th-century England. He also led the Evangelical movement within the Church of England and financially supported several missionary societies

Archibald Percival Wavell 1st Earl Wavell

born May 5, 1883, Colchester, Essex, Eng. died May 24, 1950, London British army officer. Recognized as an excellent trainer of troops, he became British commander in chief for the Middle East in 1939. In World War II he was noted for his defeat of the numerically superior Italian armies in North Africa (1940-41) but was unable to stop the German force under Erwin Rommel in the North Africa Campaign. As commander in chief of Southeast Asia (1941-43), he failed to stop the Japanese conquests of Malaya, Singapore, and Burma (1942). Promoted to field marshal, he served as viceroy of India (1943-47)

Archibald Percival Wavell 1st Earl Wavell of Eritrea and of Winchester

born May 5, 1883, Colchester, Essex, Eng. died May 24, 1950, London British army officer. Recognized as an excellent trainer of troops, he became British commander in chief for the Middle East in 1939. In World War II he was noted for his defeat of the numerically superior Italian armies in North Africa (1940-41) but was unable to stop the German force under Erwin Rommel in the North Africa Campaign. As commander in chief of Southeast Asia (1941-43), he failed to stop the Japanese conquests of Malaya, Singapore, and Burma (1942). Promoted to field marshal, he served as viceroy of India (1943-47)

Archibald Philip Primrose 5th earl of Rosebery

orig. Archibald Philip Primrose born May 7, 1847, London, Eng. died May 21, 1929, Epsom, Surrey British politician. He served in William E. Gladstone's governments as undersecretary for Scottish affairs (1881-83) and foreign secretary (1886, 1892-94). He succeeded Gladstone as prime minister (1894-95) but was ineffective in resolving conflicts within the Liberal Party and in passing legislation through the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. He broke with the Liberal Party by opposing Irish Home Rule (1905) and retired from public life

Arthur James 1st Earl Balfour

born July 25, 1848, Whittinghame, East Lothian, Scot. died March 19, 1930, Woking, Surrey, Eng. British statesman. The nephew of the marquess of Salisbury, Balfour served in Parliament (1874-1911) and in his uncle's government as secretary for Ireland (1887-91). From 1891 he was the Conservative Party's leader in Parliament and succeeded his uncle as prime minister (1902-05). He helped form the Entente Cordiale (1904). His most famous action came in 1917 when, as foreign secretary (1916-19), he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration, which expressed official British approval of Zionism. He served as lord president of the council (1919-22, 1925-29) and drafted the Balfour Report (1926), which defined relations between Britain and the dominions expressed in the Statute of Westminster

Arthur James 1st Earl Balfour of Whittingehame

born July 25, 1848, Whittinghame, East Lothian, Scot. died March 19, 1930, Woking, Surrey, Eng. British statesman. The nephew of the marquess of Salisbury, Balfour served in Parliament (1874-1911) and in his uncle's government as secretary for Ireland (1887-91). From 1891 he was the Conservative Party's leader in Parliament and succeeded his uncle as prime minister (1902-05). He helped form the Entente Cordiale (1904). His most famous action came in 1917 when, as foreign secretary (1916-19), he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration, which expressed official British approval of Zionism. He served as lord president of the council (1919-22, 1925-29) and drafted the Balfour Report (1926), which defined relations between Britain and the dominions expressed in the Statute of Westminster

Benjamin earl of Beaconsfield Disraeli

born Dec. 21, 1804, London, Eng. died April 19, 1881, London British politician and author who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874-80). Of Italian-Jewish descent, he was baptized a Christian as a child, which enabled his future career, because until 1858, practitioners of Judaism were excluded from Parliament. He first made his mark as a writer with Vivian Grey (1826-27); later novels included Coningsby (1844) and Sybil (1845). He was elected to Parliament as a Conservative in 1837. In 1845 he made a series of brilliant speeches against Sir Robert Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws, which helped him to become leader of the Conservatives. He served three stints as chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1865-68) and played a prominent role in passing the Reform Bill of 1867. He was prime minister briefly in 1868, then returned in his second ministry (1874-80) to promote social reform. An advocate of a strong foreign policy, he secured a triumph for imperial prestige with his acquisition of Suez Canal shares and won concessions for England at the Congress of Berlin. A trusted friend of Queen Victoria, he introduced a bill conferring on her the title Empress of India. After the Conservatives were defeated in 1880, he kept the party leadership and finished his political novel Endymion (1880)

Bertrand 3rd Earl Russell Russell

born May 18, 1872, Trelleck, Monmouthshire, Eng. died Feb. 2, 1970, near Penrhyndeudraeth, Merioneth, Wales British logician and philosopher. He is best known for his work in mathematical logic and for his advocacy on behalf of a variety of social and political causes, especially pacifism and nuclear disarmament. He was born into the British nobility as the grandson of Earl Russell, who was twice prime minister of Britain in the mid-19th century. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge University, where he came under the influence of the idealist philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart, though he soon rejected idealism in favour of an extreme Platonic realism. In an early paper, "On Denoting" (1905), he solved a notorious puzzle in the philosophy of language by showing how phrases such as "The present king of France," which have no referents, function logically as general statements rather than as proper names. Russell later regarded this discovery, which came to be known as the "theory of descriptions," as one of his most important contributions to philosophy. In The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and the epochal Principia Mathematica (3 vol., 1910-13), which he wrote with Alfred North Whitehead, he sought to demonstrate that the whole of mathematics derives from logic. For his pacifism in World War I he lost his lectureship at Cambridge and was later imprisoned. (He would abandon pacifism in 1939 in the face of Nazi aggression.) Russell's best-developed metaphysical doctrine, logical atomism, strongly influenced the school of logical positivism. His later philosophical works include The Analysis of Mind (1921), The Analysis of Matter (1927), and Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948). His A History of Western Philosophy (1945), which he wrote for a popular audience, became a best-seller and was for many years the main source of his income. Among his many works on social and political topics are Roads to Freedom (1918); The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920), a scathing critique of Soviet communism; On Education (1926); and Marriage and Morals (1929). In part because of the controversial views he espoused in the latter work, he was prevented from accepting a teaching position at the City College of New York in 1940. After World War II he became a leader in the worldwide campaign for nuclear disarmament, serving as first president of the international Pugwash Conferences on nuclear weapons and world security and of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 1961, at the age of 89, he was imprisoned for a second time for inciting civil disobedience. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950

Bertrand Arthur William 3rd Earl Russell Russell

born May 18, 1872, Trelleck, Monmouthshire, Eng. died Feb. 2, 1970, near Penrhyndeudraeth, Merioneth, Wales British logician and philosopher. He is best known for his work in mathematical logic and for his advocacy on behalf of a variety of social and political causes, especially pacifism and nuclear disarmament. He was born into the British nobility as the grandson of Earl Russell, who was twice prime minister of Britain in the mid-19th century. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge University, where he came under the influence of the idealist philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart, though he soon rejected idealism in favour of an extreme Platonic realism. In an early paper, "On Denoting" (1905), he solved a notorious puzzle in the philosophy of language by showing how phrases such as "The present king of France," which have no referents, function logically as general statements rather than as proper names. Russell later regarded this discovery, which came to be known as the "theory of descriptions," as one of his most important contributions to philosophy. In The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and the epochal Principia Mathematica (3 vol., 1910-13), which he wrote with Alfred North Whitehead, he sought to demonstrate that the whole of mathematics derives from logic. For his pacifism in World War I he lost his lectureship at Cambridge and was later imprisoned. (He would abandon pacifism in 1939 in the face of Nazi aggression.) Russell's best-developed metaphysical doctrine, logical atomism, strongly influenced the school of logical positivism. His later philosophical works include The Analysis of Mind (1921), The Analysis of Matter (1927), and Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948). His A History of Western Philosophy (1945), which he wrote for a popular audience, became a best-seller and was for many years the main source of his income. Among his many works on social and political topics are Roads to Freedom (1918); The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920), a scathing critique of Soviet communism; On Education (1926); and Marriage and Morals (1929). In part because of the controversial views he espoused in the latter work, he was prevented from accepting a teaching position at the City College of New York in 1940. After World War II he became a leader in the worldwide campaign for nuclear disarmament, serving as first president of the international Pugwash Conferences on nuclear weapons and world security and of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 1961, at the age of 89, he was imprisoned for a second time for inciting civil disobedience. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950

Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl Cornwallis

born Dec. 31, 1738, London, Eng. died Oct. 5, 1805, Ghazipur, India British soldier and statesman. In 1780, during the American Revolution, he was appointed British commander in the American South. He defeated Horatio Gates at Camden, S.C., then marched into Virginia and encamped at Yorktown (see Siege of Yorktown). Trapped and besieged there, he was forced to surrender his army (1781), a defeat that effectively ended military operations in the war. Despite his defeat, he retained esteem in England. As governor-general of India (1786-93, 1805), he introduced legal and administrative reforms; the Cornwallis Code (1793) established a tradition of incorruptible British civil servants. In the third Mysore War he defeated Tippu Sultan in 1792. As viceroy of Ireland (1798-1801), he supported the parliamentary union of Britain and Ireland. He negotiated the Anglo-French Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Reappointed governor-general of India in 1805, he died shortly after his arrival there

Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey

born March 13, 1764, Falloden, Northumberland, Eng. died July 17, 1845, Howick, Northumberland British politician, leader of the Whig Party, and prime minister (1830-34). Grey entered Parliament in 1786 and soon became prominent among the aristocratic Whigs, led by Charles James Fox, in opposition to William Pitt's conservative government. In 1806 Grey became first lord of the Admiralty in Lord Grenville's government, and, when Fox died the same year, Grey became foreign secretary and leader of the Foxite Whigs. In 1807 the dismissal of the ministry and the loss of his seat for Northumberland because of his Catholic sympathies left Grey with a distaste for office. From 1815 to 1830 he was more patron than leader of the divided Whig opposition. In 1830 he became prime minister with popular backing for parliamentary reform. After considerable debate and conflict, he won adoption of the Reform Bill of 1832

Charles Stanhope 3rd Earl Stanhope

born Aug. 3, 1753, London, Eng. died Dec. 15, 1816, Chevening, Kent English politician and inventor. A member of the House of Commons (1780-86), where he was known as Lord Mahon until inheriting his father's title, he became chairman of the Revolution Society and favoured parliamentary reform. He sympathized with the French republicans and opposed Britain's war with Revolutionary France. He was also an experimental scientist and invented calculating machines, a printing press and a microscope lens named for him, a stereotyping machine, and a steam carriage

Charles Talbot duke and 12th earl of Shrewsbury

born July 24, 1660 died Feb. 1, 1718, London, Eng. English statesman. He inherited his father's title at age seven and was raised as a Catholic. He became a Protestant in 1679 and in 1688 was one of seven men who invited William of Orange to seize power from James II. After aiding the successful rebellion, Shrewsbury served William III as secretary of state (1689-90, 1694-99) and was created a duke in 1694. Shifting his allegiance from the Whigs, he served in a Tory administration as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1710-14) and was appointed by Queen Anne as lord high treasurer (1714). He obtained recognition of George I as the legitimate royal heir and assured the peaceful succession of the house of Hanover

Clement 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow Attlee

born Jan. 3, 1883, Putney, London, Eng. died Oct. 8, 1967, Westminster, London British Labour Party leader (1935-55) and prime minister (1945-51). Committed to social reform, he lived for much of the years (1907-22) in a settlement house in London's impoverished East End. Elected to Parliament in 1922, he served in several Labour governments and in the wartime coalition government of Winston Churchill, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1945. Attlee presided over the establishment of the welfare state in Britain, the nationalization of major British industries, and the granting of independence to India, an important step in the conversion of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. He resigned when the Conservatives narrowly won the election in 1951

Clement Richard 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow Attlee

born Jan. 3, 1883, Putney, London, Eng. died Oct. 8, 1967, Westminster, London British Labour Party leader (1935-55) and prime minister (1945-51). Committed to social reform, he lived for much of the years (1907-22) in a settlement house in London's impoverished East End. Elected to Parliament in 1922, he served in several Labour governments and in the wartime coalition government of Winston Churchill, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1945. Attlee presided over the establishment of the welfare state in Britain, the nationalization of major British industries, and the granting of independence to India, an important step in the conversion of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. He resigned when the Conservatives narrowly won the election in 1951

David Lloyd George Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor

born Jan. 17, 1863, Manchester, Eng. died March 26, 1945, Ty-newydd, near Llanystumdwy, Caernarvonshire, Wales British prime minister (1916-22). He entered Parliament in 1890 as a Liberal and retained his seat for 55 years. He served as president of the Board of Trade (1905-08), then as chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-15). Rejection of his controversial "People's Budget" (to raise taxes for social programs) in 1909 by the House of Lords led to a constitutional crisis and passage of the Parliament Act of 1911. He devised the National Insurance Act of 1911, which laid the foundation of the British welfare state. As minister of munitions (1915-16), he used unorthodox methods to ensure that war supplies were forthcoming during World War I. He replaced H.H. Asquith as prime minister in 1916, with Conservative support in his coalition government. His small war cabinet ensured speedy decisions. Distrustful of the competence of the British high command, he was constantly at odds with Gen. Douglas Haig. In the 1918 elections his decision to continue a coalition government further split the Liberal Party. He was one of the three great statesmen responsible for the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference. He began the negotiations that culminated in the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921. He resigned in 1922 and headed an ailing Liberal Party (1926-31)

Douglas 1st Earl Haig

born June 19, 1861, Edinburgh, Scot. died Jan. 29, 1928, London, Eng. British general in World War I. A career army officer, he was promoted to general in 1914 and led British forces in northern France. In 1915 he succeeded John French as commander in chief of the British Expeditionary Force. Advocating a strategy of attrition, he was criticized for the enormous British losses at the Battles of the Somme (1916) and Ypres (1917). He was promoted to field marshal in 1916. In 1918 he secured the appointment of Ferdinand Foch as commander of the Allied forces; the two worked well together, and after helping stop the last German offensive, Haig led the victorious Allied assault in August 1918

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st earl of Halifax

born April 16, 1881, Powderham Castle, Devonshire, Eng. died Dec. 23, 1959, Garroby Hall, near York, Yorkshire British statesman. He was elected to Parliament in 1910. As viceroy of India (1925-31), he worked on terms of understanding with Mohandas K. Gandhi and accelerated constitutional advances. His tenure as foreign secretary (1938-40) in Neville Chamberlain's government was controversial because of Chamberlain's policy of appeasement toward Adolf Hitler, but Halifax kept the post into Winston Churchill's ministry. As ambassador to the U.S. (1941-46), he greatly served the Allied cause in World War II, for which he was created earl of Halifax in 1944

Edward George Earl Bulwer-Lytton

later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire British politician, novelist, and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841, and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834), and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ("It was a dark and stormy night...") led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel

Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley 14th earl of Derby

born March 29, 1799, Knowsley Park, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 23, 1869, London English statesman. Having entered Parliament as a Whig in 1820, he later joined the Conservatives and became leader of the Conservative Party (1846-68) and prime minister (1852, 1858, and 1866-68). Legislation adopted during his tenure included the removal of Jewish discrimination in Parliament membership, the transfer of India's administration from the East India Company to the crown, and the Reform Bill of 1867. He is remembered as one of England's greatest parliamentary orators

Edward Hyde 1st earl of Clarendon

born Feb. 18, 1609, Dinton, Wiltshire, Eng. died Dec. 9, 1674, Rouen, France. English statesman and historian. A successful lawyer, he was also well known in literary circles. As a member of Parliament, he became an adviser to Charles I, recommending moderate policies, but was unable to prevent the English Civil Wars. He helped bring about the Restoration of Charles II and was created earl of Clarendon in 1661. As lord chancellor (1660-67), he dominated most aspects of the administration. His criticism of the king's immorality eventually destroyed their friendship, and Parliament made him a scapegoat for the disasters of the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665. Dismissed as lord chancellor in 1667, he spent the rest of his life in exile in France, where he completed his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England

Edward Stanley 14th earl of Derby

born March 29, 1799, Knowsley Park, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 23, 1869, London English statesman. Having entered Parliament as a Whig in 1820, he later joined the Conservatives and became leader of the Conservative Party (1846-68) and prime minister (1852, 1858, and 1866-68). Legislation adopted during his tenure included the removal of Jewish discrimination in Parliament membership, the transfer of India's administration from the East India Company to the crown, and the Reform Bill of 1867. He is remembered as one of England's greatest parliamentary orators

Edward de Vere 17th earl of Oxford

orig. Edward de Vere born April 12, 1550, Castle Hedingham, Essex, Eng. died June 24, 1604, Newington, Middlesex English lyric poet. A brilliantly gifted linguist and one of the most dashing figures of his time, Oxford was also reckless, hot-tempered, and disastrously spendthrift. He was the patron of an acting company, Oxford's Men, and possibly later of the Lord Chamberlain's Men (as hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England), as well as of such writers as John Lyly and Edmund Spenser. He wrote highly praised poems and plays in his earlier years, though none of the plays are known to have survived. A 1920 book by J. Thomas Looney made Oxford the leading candidate, next to William Shakespeare himself, for the authorship of Shakespeare's plays, a theory supported by the coincidence that Oxford's literary output apparently ceased just before Shakespeare's work began to appear. A major difficulty in the Oxfordian theory, however, is his death date (1604), because, according to standard chronology, 14 of Shakespeare's plays, including many of the most important ones, were apparently written after that time. The debate, however, remained lively into the 21st century

Evelyn Baring 1st earl of Cromer

born Feb. 26, 1841, Cromer Hall, Norfolk, Eng. died Jan. 29, 1917, London British administrator in Egypt. After serving as an army officer (1858-72), he became private secretary to his cousin Lord Northbrook, viceroy of India. In 1877 he went to Egypt to help resolve Egypt's financial problems. Named British agent and consul general in 1883, he instituted a form of government known as the Veiled Protectorate, whereby he ruled the Egyptian khedives. Egypt was made financially solvent by 1887, and Cromer's parsimony and encouragement of agricultural projects increased its prosperity. Until his resignation in 1907, he remained the country's real ruler, profoundly influencing Egypt's development as a modern state

Frederick Edwin Smith 1st earl of Birkenhead

born July 12, 1872, Birkenhead, Cheshire, Eng. died Sept. 30, 1930, London British politician. Elected to the House of Commons in 1906, he became noted as an orator and soon became a leader of the Conservative Party. As attorney general (1915-18), he successfully prosecuted Roger Casement. As lord chancellor (1919-22), he secured passage of the Law of Property Act (1922) and subsequent real-property statutes (1925) that replaced a convoluted system of land law. He also helped negotiate the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921

George Hamilton-Gordon 4th earl of Aberdeen

born Jan. 28, 1784, Edinburgh, Scot. died Dec. 14, 1860, London, Eng. British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852-55). As special ambassador to Austria in 1813, he helped form the coalition that defeated Napoleon. As foreign secretary (1828-30, 1841-46), he settled boundary disputes between Canada and the U.S. with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the Oregon Treaty (see Oregon Question). As prime minister, he formed a coalition government, but his indecision hampered peacekeeping efforts and led to Britain's involvement in the Crimean War. Constitutionally responsible for the mistakes of British generals in the war, he resigned in 1855

George William Frederick Villiers 4th earl of Clarendon

born Jan. 12, 1800, London, Eng. died June 27, 1870, London British statesman. After serving as British ambassador to Spain (1833-39), he held various cabinet posts until Lord Aberdeen named him secretary of state for foreign affairs in 1853. Clarendon failed to prevent the outbreak of the Crimean War, and his performance during it was undistinguished, but he secured favourable terms for Britain at the Congress of Paris (1856). He continued in office under Lord Palmerston until 1858 and also served as foreign secretary under Earl Russell (1865-66) and William E. Gladstone (1868-70)

H H 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith Asquith

born Sept. 12, 1852, Morley, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 15, 1928, Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire British politician and prime minister (1908-16). Elected to the House of Commons in 1886, he served as home secretary (1892-95). A leader of the Liberal Party, he became prime minister in 1908. His plan to limit the powers of the House of Lords was enacted by the Parliament Act of 1911. He led Britain in the early years of World War I, but domestic crises combined with British losses in the war led to widespread dissatisfaction. He resigned in 1916 but remained leader of his party until 1926

Harold Alexander 1st Earl Alexander

born Dec. 10, 1891, London, Eng. died June 16, 1969, Slough, Buckinghamshire British field marshal in World War II. In 1940 he helped direct the Dunkirk evacuation and was the last man to leave the beaches. Appointed British commander in chief in the Mediterranean theatre in 1942, he helped lead the North Africa Campaign against the Germans. He directed the invasions of Sicily and Italy, then became commander in chief of Allied forces in Italy. After the war, he served as governor-general of Canada (1946-52) and as Britain's minister of defense (1952-54)

Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl Alexander

born Dec. 10, 1891, London, Eng. died June 16, 1969, Slough, Buckinghamshire British field marshal in World War II. In 1940 he helped direct the Dunkirk evacuation and was the last man to leave the beaches. Appointed British commander in chief in the Mediterranean theatre in 1942, he helped lead the North Africa Campaign against the Germans. He directed the invasions of Sicily and Italy, then became commander in chief of Allied forces in Italy. After the war, he served as governor-general of Canada (1946-52) and as Britain's minister of defense (1952-54)

Henry Howard earl of Northampton

born Feb. 25, 1540, Shottesham, Norfolk, Eng. died June 15, 1614, London English noble noted for his intrigues in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Younger brother of the 4th duke of Norfolk, he was implicated in efforts to free Mary, Queen of Scots. He successfully sought favour with the Scottish king James VI, who, on his accession as James I of England, made Howard a privy councillor (1603) and earl of Northampton (1604). As a judge at the trials of Walter Raleigh (1603) and Guy Fawkes (1605), he pressed for conviction

Henry Howard earl of Surrey

Most of his poetry was published 10 years later. With Thomas Wyat, he introduced into England the styles and metres of the Italian humanist poets, laying the foundation of a great age in English poetry. He translated two books of Virgil's Aeneid, marking the first use in English of blank verse and was the first to develop the sonnet form used by William Shakespeare

Henry Howard earl of Surrey

born 1517, Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, Eng.? died Jan. 13, 1547, London English poet. Because of his aristocratic birth and connections, Surrey was involved in the jockeying for place that accompanied Henry VIII's policies. After returning to England in 1546 from a campaign abroad, he was accused of treason by his rivals. After his sister admitted he was still a Roman Catholic, he was executed at age

Henry Wriothesley 3rd earl of Southampton

born Oct. 6, 1573, Cowdray, Sussex, Eng. died Nov. 10, 1624, Bergen op Zoom, Neth. English nobleman, patron of William Shakespeare. Grandson of the 1st earl of Southampton, he became a favourite of Elizabeth I. He was a liberal patron of writers, including Thomas Nashe. Shakespeare dedicated two long poems to him (1593, 1594), and he has often been identified as the noble youth addressed in most of Shakespeare's sonnets. He accompanied the 2nd earl of Essex on expeditions to Cádiz and the Azores (1596, 1597). For supporting the Essex rebellion (1601), he was imprisoned (1601-03); following James I's accession, he regained his place at court. He became a privy councillor in 1619, but he lost favour by opposing the 1st duke of Buckingham. He and his son volunteered to fight for the United Provinces against Spain, but, soon after landing in the Netherlands, they both died of fever

Herbert Henry 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith Asquith

born Sept. 12, 1852, Morley, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 15, 1928, Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire British politician and prime minister (1908-16). Elected to the House of Commons in 1886, he served as home secretary (1892-95). A leader of the Liberal Party, he became prime minister in 1908. His plan to limit the powers of the House of Lords was enacted by the Parliament Act of 1911. He led Britain in the early years of World War I, but domestic crises combined with British losses in the war led to widespread dissatisfaction. He resigned in 1916 but remained leader of his party until 1926

Horace 4th earl of Orford Walpole

orig. Horatio Walpole born Sept. 24, 1717, London, Eng. died March 2, 1797, London English writer, connoisseur, and collector. The son of prime minister Robert Walpole, he had an undistinguished career in Parliament. In 1747 he acquired a small villa at Twickenham that he transformed into a pseudo-Gothic showplace called Strawberry Hill; it was the stimulus for the Gothic Revival in English domestic architecture. His literary output was extremely varied. He became famous for his medieval horror tale The Castle of Otranto (1765), the first Gothic novel in English. He is especially remembered for his private correspondence of more than 3,000 letters, most addressed to Horace Mann, a British diplomat. Intended for posthumous publication, they constitute a survey of the history, manners, and taste of his age

Hugh O'Neill 2nd earl of Tyrone

born 1540 died July 20, 1616, Rome, Papal States Irish rebel. Born into the powerful O'Neill family of Ulster, he grew up in London, then returned to Ireland (1568) to assume his grandfather's title of earl of Tyrone. As chieftain of the O'Neills from 1593, he led skirmishes against the English and won the Battle of the Yellow Ford on the River Blackwater, Ulster, which sparked a countrywide revolt (1598). He received aid and troops from Spain (1601) but was defeated by the English at Kinsale and forced to surrender (1603). In 1607 he fled with about 100 chieftains and lived in Rome the rest of his life. The so-called "flight of the earls" brought an end to Gaelic Ulster, and the province was rapidly Anglicized

James Bruce 8th earl of Elgin

born July 20, 1811, London, Eng. died Nov. 20, 1863, Dharmshala, India British governor-general of Canada. He was appointed governor of Jamaica in 1842. As governor of British North America (1847-54), he implemented the policy of responsible, or cabinet, government recommended by Lord Durham. Elgin supported the Rebellion Losses Act (1849), which compensated Canadians for losses during the 1837 rebellion in Lower Canada, a stand criticized by Tory opponents in England and French-Canadian rioters in Montreal. He negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty (1854) between the Canadian colonies and the U.S. In 1857 he left Canada to serve in diplomatic posts in China, Japan, and India

James Butler 12th earl and 1st duke of Ormonde

born Oct. 19, 1610, London, Eng. died July 21, 1688, Kingston Lacy, Dorset Anglo-Irish statesman. Born into the prominent Butler family of Ireland, he succeeded to the earldom of Ormonde in 1632. In service to the English crown in Ireland from 1633, he fought against the Catholic rebellion from 1641. He concluded a peace with the Catholic confederacy in 1649, then rallied support for Charles II, but he was forced to flee when Oliver Cromwell landed at Dublin. He was Charles's adviser in exile (1650-60). After the Restoration he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland (1662-69, 1677-84), where he encouraged Irish commerce and industry. He was created a duke in 1682

James Douglas 4th earl of Morton

born 1516 died June 2, 1581, Edinburgh, Scot. Scottish nobleman. Appointed chancellor by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563, he conspired with other Protestant nobles to murder Mary's adviser David Riccio and probably was involved in the murder of Lord Darnley. He led the nobles that drove Mary's husband, the earl of Bothwell, from Scotland and forced her to abdicate in favour of her infant son, James (later James I of England). He became regent for James in 1572 and restored the rule of law to Scotland. Resented by the other nobles, he was forced to resign in 1578; he was later charged with complicity in Darnley's murder and executed

James Earl Carter, Jr.

{i} Jimmy Carter, James "Jimmy" Earl Carter Jr. (born 1924), 39th president of the United States (1977-1981), Nobel Peace laureate of 2002

James Earl Jones

born Jan. 17, 1931, Arkabutla, Miss., U.S. U.S. actor. He studied acting in New York City and made his Broadway debut in 1957. He was praised for his performance in Othello (1964) and in roles with the New York Shakespeare Festival (1961-73). He starred as the black boxer in The Great White Hope (1969, Tony Award; film, 1970). After returning to Broadway in Paul Robeson (1978) and Fences (1985, Tony Award), he starred in the television series Paris (1979-80) and Gabriel's Fire (1990-91, Emmy Award). He has appeared in numerous films; his sonorous voice lent gravity to the character of Darth Vader in Star Wars (1977) and its sequels and to the Mufasa role in The Lion King (1994)

James Earl Jones

(born 1931) African American film and Shakespearean stage actor

James Earl Ray

In Memphis he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Months later, he recanted his confession, without effect. Later in life, his unsuccessful pleas to have his case reopened were supported by some civil rights leaders, notably the King family

James Earl Ray

a US man accused of killing Rev. Martin Luther King in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in prison (1928-98). born March 10, 1928, Alton, Ill., U.S. died April 23, 1998, Nashville, Tenn. Assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ray was a petty criminal who had been sentenced several times to prison; he escaped from the Missouri state prison in 1967. In Memphis, Tenn., on April 4, 1968, he shot King from the window of a rooming house as King emerged from his motel room across the street. Ray fled to Toronto, London, Lisbon, and back to London, where he was arrested on June

James Earl Ray

{i} (1928-1998) person charged and convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr

James Graham 5th earl and 1st marquess of Montrose

born 1612 died May 21, 1650, Edinburgh, Scot. Scottish general in the English Civil Wars. He served in the Covenanter army that invaded northern England (1640) but remained a royalist. Appointed lieutenant-general by Charles I (1644), he led his royalist army of Highlanders and Irish to victories in major battles in Scotland. After Charles's defeat in 1645, Montrose fled to the European continent. He returned to Scotland in 1650 with 1,200 men, but he was defeated, captured, and hanged

James Stanhope 1st Earl Stanhope

born 1673, Paris, France died Feb. 5, 1721, London, Eng. English soldier and statesman. He began a military career in 1691 and rose rapidly to become commander in chief of the English army in Spain in 1708 in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was defeated and captured by the French (1710), then returned to England (1712) and regained his seat in the House of Commons (1701-21). He served in the Whig government as secretary of state and negotiated the Quadruple Alliance against Spain (1718). Stanhope served as first lord of the treasury (1717-18), but his ministry was discredited by the South Sea Bubble scandal

James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of Cardigan

born Oct. 16, 1797, Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, Eng. died March 27/28, 1868, Deene Park, Northamptonshire British general. After entering the army (1824), he purchased promotions to become a lieutenant colonel (1832) and gained a reputation as a martinet. He spent his inherited wealth to make his regiment the best-dressed in the service (introducing the later-named cardigan jacket). At the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853), he was appointed commander of the Light Brigade of British cavalry, which he led in the ill-fated charge at the Battle of Balaklava. Despite the disaster, Cardigan was lionized on his return to England and appointed inspector general of cavalry

John 1st earl of Ypres French

born Sept. 28, 1852, Ripple, Kent, Eng. died May 22, 1925, Deal, Kent British military leader. A soldier from 1874, he successfully led the British cavalry in the South African War. He was appointed inspector general in 1907 and chief of the army general staff in 1913. As commander of the British Expeditionary Force from the beginning of World War I, he was criticized for his indecisive leadership at Ypres, Belg., and elsewhere that caused large numbers of British casualties. Forced to resign in 1915, he served as commander in chief in Britain and later as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1918-21)

John Denton Pinkstone 1st earl of Ypres French

born Sept. 28, 1852, Ripple, Kent, Eng. died May 22, 1925, Deal, Kent British military leader. A soldier from 1874, he successfully led the British cavalry in the South African War. He was appointed inspector general in 1907 and chief of the army general staff in 1913. As commander of the British Expeditionary Force from the beginning of World War I, he was criticized for his indecisive leadership at Ypres, Belg., and elsewhere that caused large numbers of British casualties. Forced to resign in 1915, he served as commander in chief in Britain and later as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1918-21)

John George Lambton 1st earl of Durham

born April 12, 1792, London died July 28, 1840, Cowes, Isle of Wight, Eng. British colonial administrator in Canada. He was a member of the British House of Commons (1813-28) and served in the cabinet of Earl Grey (1830-33). In 1838 he was appointed governor-general and lord high commissioner of Canada. He appointed a new executive council to placate the rebellious French Canadians of Lower Canada (later Quebec). Criticized in England for his action, he resigned. He later issued the Durham Report, which advocated the union of Lower Canada and Upper Canada and the expansion of self-government to preserve Canadian loyalty to Britain

John Montagu 4th earl of Sandwich

born Nov. 13, 1718 died April 30, 1792, London, Eng. British first lord of the Admiralty (1748-51, 1771-82). He served as secretary of state for the north (1763-65, 1770-71) and led the prosecution of John Wilkes. Appointed first lord of the Admiralty during the American Revolution, he was criticized for keeping much of the British fleet in European waters to avoid French attack. His promotion of exploration led Capt. James Cook to name the Sandwich Islands (later Hawaii) after him in 1778. The sandwich was named after him in 1762 when he spent 24 hours at a gaming table without other food

John Rushworth Jellicoe 1st Earl Jellicoe

born Dec. 5, 1859, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng. died Nov. 20, 1935, London British admiral. He entered the Royal Navy in 1872 and rose through the ranks to become commander of the fleet during World War I (1914-16). He won a crucial victory in the Battle of Jutland (1916), after which he was promoted to first sea lord of the Admiralty (1916-17) and admiral of the fleet (1919). He served as governor of New Zealand (1920-24)

John Russell 1st Earl Russell

born Aug. 18, 1792, London, Eng. died May 28, 1878, Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey British politician and prime minister (1846-52, 1865-66). A member of the prominent Russell family, he entered Parliament in 1813. He was a strong advocate of reform and made it a cause of the Whig Party, leading the effort to pass the Reform Bill of 1832. He served in Viscount Melbourne's government as home secretary (1835), reducing the number of crimes liable to capital punishment and beginning state support of public education. In the 1840s he advocated free trade and forced Robert Peel out of office. Russell became prime minister in 1846 and established the 10-hour day in factories (1847) and a board of public health (1848), but party disunity defeated his attempts at wider social and economic reform

John Russell 1st Earl Russell of Kingston Russell

born Aug. 18, 1792, London, Eng. died May 28, 1878, Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey British politician and prime minister (1846-52, 1865-66). A member of the prominent Russell family, he entered Parliament in 1813. He was a strong advocate of reform and made it a cause of the Whig Party, leading the effort to pass the Reform Bill of 1832. He served in Viscount Melbourne's government as home secretary (1835), reducing the number of crimes liable to capital punishment and beginning state support of public education. In the 1840s he advocated free trade and forced Robert Peel out of office. Russell became prime minister in 1846 and established the 10-hour day in factories (1847) and a board of public health (1848), but party disunity defeated his attempts at wider social and economic reform

John Stuart 3rd earl of Bute

orig. John Stuart born May 25, 1713, Edinburgh, Scot. died March 10, 1792, London, Eng. Scottish-born British statesman. He was the tutor and constant companion of the future George III; when the latter ascended to the throne, he named Bute secretary of state (1761). As prime minister (1762-63), Bute negotiated the peace ending the Seven Years' War, but, having failed to create a stable administration, he resigned in 1763

John Wilmot 2nd earl of Rochester

born April 10, 1647, Ditchley Manor House, Oxfordshire, Eng. died July 26, 1680, Woodstock, Oxfordshire English poet and wit. The most notorious debauchee of the Restoration court, Rochester was also its best poet and one of the most original and powerful English satirists. A Satyr Against Mankind (1675) is a scathing denunciation of rationalism and optimism that contrasts human perfidy with animal wisdom, and "History of Insipids" (1676) is a devastating attack on the government of Charles II. In 1680 he became ill, experienced a religious conversion, and recanted his past, ordering "all his profane and lewd writings" burned. His single dramatic work is Valentinian (1685)

Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten

orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died Aug. 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947-48). He became first sea lord (1955-59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959-65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat

Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died Aug. 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947-48). He became first sea lord (1955-59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959-65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat

Richard Howe Earl Howe

born March 8, 1726, London, Eng. died Aug. 5, 1799 English admiral who commanded the British fleet to victory in the Battle of the First of June (1794) in the French Revolutionary Wars. As vice admiral (from 1775), he commanded in North America (1776-78), defeating French attempts to take Newport, R.I. After returning to England, he commanded the Channel fleet against the French and Spaniards and served as first lord of the Admiralty (1783-88). In 1793 he again commanded the Channel fleet. His victory against the French on June 1, 1794, provided an example of tactical excellence for his successors, including Horatio Nelson

Robert 1st earl of Orford Walpole

born Aug. 26, 1676, Houghton Hall, Norfolk, Eng. died March 18, 1745, London English statesman generally regarded as the first British prime minister. Elected to the House of Commons in 1701, he became an active Whig parliamentarian. He served as secretary at war (1708-10) and as treasurer of the navy (1710-11). He was also a member of the Kit-Cat Club. The Tory government sought to remove his influence by impeaching him for corruption, and he was expelled from the Commons in 1712. With the accession of George I (1714), he regained his position and rose rapidly to become first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the Exchequer (1715-17, 1721-42). Although associated with the South Sea Bubble scandal, he restored confidence in the government and maintained the Whigs in office. He cultivated the support of George II from 1727 and used royal patronage for political ends, skillfully managing the House of Commons to win support for his trade and fiscal programs, including the sinking fund. With his consolidation of power, he effectively became the first British prime minister. He avoided foreign entanglements and kept England neutral until 1739 but was forced into the War of Jenkins' Ear. He resigned under pressure in 1742 and was created an earl. His acclaimed art collection, sold to Russia in 1779, became part of the Hermitage Museum collection

Robert 1st earl of Oxford Harley

born Dec. 5, 1661, London, Eng. died May 21, 1724, London English politician. Elected to Parliament in 1688, he led a coalition of Whigs and moderate Tories. He was speaker of the House of Commons (1701-05) and secretary of state (1704-08). A favourite of Queen Anne, he changed his politics to ally with the Tories. He became chancellor of the Exchequer and head of the Tory ministry in 1710. Created earl of Oxford (1711) and lord treasurer, he secured a reasonable peace at the Peace of Utrecht (1713). He was exiled from power by the Hanoverian succession and imprisoned (1715-17), after which he retired from politics

Robert 1st earl of Salisbury Cecil

born June 1, 1563, London, Eng. died May 24, 1612, Marlborough, Wiltshire English statesman. Trained in statesmanship by his father, William Cecil, Robert entered the House of Commons in 1584. He became acting secretary of state in 1590 and was formally appointed to the post by Elizabeth I in 1596. He succeeded his father as chief minister in 1598 and guided the peaceful succession of Elizabeth by James I, for whom he continued as chief minister from 1603 and lord treasurer from 1608. He negotiated the end of the war with Spain in 1604 and allied England with France

Robert Anthony 1st earl of Avon Eden

born June 12, 1897, Windlestone, Durham, Eng. died Jan. 14, 1977, Alvediston, Wiltshire British politician. After combat service in World War I, he was elected to the House of Commons in 1923. He became foreign secretary in 1935 but resigned in 1938 to protest Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. He held the post again in 1940-45 and in 1951-55, and he helped to settle the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute and arranged an armistice in Indochina. Succeeding Winston Churchill as prime minister in 1955, he attempted to ease international tension by welcoming to Britain Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolay A. Bulganin of the Soviet Union. His fall began when Egypt seized the Suez Canal and he supported an Anglo-French intervention in Egypt (see Suez Crisis). He resigned in 1957, citing ill health

Robert Banks Jenkinson 2nd earl of Liverpool

born June 7, 1770, London, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1828, Fife House, Whitehall, London British prime minister (1812-27). He entered the House of Commons in 1790 and became a leading Tory, serving as foreign secretary (1801-04), home secretary (1804-06, 1807-09), and secretary for war and the colonies (1809-12). The War of 1812 with the U.S. and the final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars were fought during his premiership. He urged abolition of the slave trade at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15). Although sometimes overshadowed by his colleagues and by the duke of Wellington's military prowess, he conducted a sound administration

Robert Devereux 2nd earl of Essex

born Nov. 10, 1567, Netherwood, Herefordshire, Eng. died Feb. 25, 1601, London English soldier and courtier. He was the son of the 1st earl of Essex. As a young man, he became the aging Elizabeth I's favorite, though their relationship was stormy. In 1591-92 he commanded the English force in France that helped Henry IV fight the French Roman Catholics, and in 1596 he commanded forces in the sack of Cádiz. In 1599 Elizabeth sent him to Ireland as lord lieutenant, where he fought an unsuccessful campaign against Irish rebels and concluded an unfavorable truce, leading Elizabeth to deprive him of his offices in 1600. In 1601 he made an unsuccessful attempt to raise the populace of London in revolt against Elizabeth; he was captured, tried by his former mentor Francis Bacon, and beheaded

Robert Devereux 3rd earl of Essex

born 1591, London, Eng. died Sept. 14, 1646, London English military commander. Son of the 2nd earl of Essex, he began his military career in 1620 and commanded forces for Charles I until the Long Parliament deposed Charles's ministers (1640). As the English Civil Wars began, he was appointed to command the Parliamentary army. He fought against the Royalists at the indecisive Battle of Edgehill (1642) and advanced on London in 1643. His army was besieged at Lostwithiel, Cornwall, in 1644, and all surrendered except Essex, who escaped by sea. He resigned his command in 1645

Robert Dudley earl of Leicester

born June 24, 1532/33 died Sept. 4, 1588, Cornbury, Oxfordshire, Eng. English courtier and favourite of Elizabeth I. Imprisoned in 1553 for aiding the attempt by his father, the duke of Northumberland, to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne, he was released in 1554. Handsome and ambitious, he won Elizabeth's affection upon her accession (1558) and was made a privy councillor in 1559. When his wife died in 1560, it was rumoured that he had murdered her in order to marry Elizabeth. He became an active suitor of Elizabeth; though he failed to win the queen's hand, they remained close friends. In 1585 he was sent in command of an English force to assist the Netherlands in its revolt against Spain; he proved incompetent and was recalled (1587)

Robert Spencer 2nd earl of Sunderland

born Sept. 5, 1641, Paris, France died Sept. 28, 1702, Althorp, Northamptonshire, Eng. English statesman and chief adviser in the reigns of Charles II, James II, and William III. After a period in diplomatic service, he twice served as secretary of state (1679-81, 1683) and became the chief architect of Charles's pro-French foreign policy. He converted to Roman Catholicism to maintain his influence in James's reign. After William became king, Sunderland renounced his Catholicism and became the principal intermediary between the king and Parliament. He was appointed lord chamberlain in 1697, but Whig opposition soon forced him from office

Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin

born Aug. 3, 1867, Bewdley, Worcestershire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1947, Astley Hall, near Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire British politician. After managing his family's large industrial holdings, he became a Conservative member of the House of Commons (1908-37). He served as financial secretary of the treasury (1917-21) and president of the Board of Trade (1921-22), then was appointed prime minister (1923-24, 1924-29, 1935-37). He proclaimed a state of emergency in the general strike of 1926 and later secured passage of the antiunion Trade Disputes Act. As prime minister after 1935, he began to strengthen the British military while showing little public concern about the aggressive policies of Germany and Italy. He was criticized for not protesting the Italian conquest of Ethiopia. In 1936 he satisfied public opinion by procuring the abdication of Edward VIII, whose desire to marry divorcée Wallis Simpson, Baldwin believed, threatened the prestige of the monarchy

Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley

born Aug. 3, 1867, Bewdley, Worcestershire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1947, Astley Hall, near Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire British politician. After managing his family's large industrial holdings, he became a Conservative member of the House of Commons (1908-37). He served as financial secretary of the treasury (1917-21) and president of the Board of Trade (1921-22), then was appointed prime minister (1923-24, 1924-29, 1935-37). He proclaimed a state of emergency in the general strike of 1926 and later secured passage of the antiunion Trade Disputes Act. As prime minister after 1935, he began to strengthen the British military while showing little public concern about the aggressive policies of Germany and Italy. He was criticized for not protesting the Italian conquest of Ethiopia. In 1936 he satisfied public opinion by procuring the abdication of Edward VIII, whose desire to marry divorcée Wallis Simpson, Baldwin believed, threatened the prestige of the monarchy

Thomas 1st earl of Dorset Sackville

born 1536, Buckhurst, Sussex, Eng. died April 19, 1608, London English politician and poet. A London barrister, he entered Parliament in 1558. He was a member of the Privy Council (1585) and conveyed the death sentence to Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1586. He later served on diplomatic missions to The Hague and served as lord high treasurer (1599-1608). He was also noted as the coauthor of The Tragedie of Gorboduc (1561), the earliest English drama in blank verse, and for his "Induction," the most famous part of the verse collection A Myrrour for Magistrates (1563)

Thomas 2nd earl of Limerick Dongan

born 1634, Castletown, County Kildare, Ire. died Dec. 14, 1715, London, Eng. British colonial governor of New York. A member of an Irish royalist family, he was exiled to France after the English Civil Wars. Recalled to England in 1677, he served as lieutenant governor of Tangiers from 1678 to 1680. As governor of New York (1682-88), he organized the colony's first representative assembly, issued a "Charter of Liberties" in 1683, and pursued a policy of cooperation with the Iroquois Confederacy against the French. He returned to England in 1691

Thomas Howard 1st earl of Suffolk

born Aug. 24, 1561 died May 28, 1626, London, Eng. English naval officer and politician. Son of the 4th duke of Norfolk, Howard held naval commands and distinguished himself in the attack on the Spanish Armada (1588). He led naval forays against the Spanish in the reign of Elizabeth I. Created earl of Suffolk in 1603, he served James I as lord chamberlain (1603-14) and lord high treasurer (1614-18). In 1618 he was deprived of his office on charges of embezzlement and was briefly imprisoned with his wife, who had taken bribes from Spain

Thomas Wentworth 1st earl of Strafford

born April 13, 1593, London, Eng. died May 12, 1641, London English politician and leading adviser to Charles I. Although an outspoken member of the opposition, he switched his support to the crown when offered a barony in 1628. As lord president of the north (1628-33), he quelled defiance to the crown. As lord deputy of Ireland (1633-39), he consolidated the royal authority, extended English settlement, reformed the administration, and increased revenues for the crown. He was recalled to command Charles's army against a Scottish revolt, but the costly war was opposed by the Long Parliament; as a target representing the king's authority, he was impeached by the Parliament in 1640. Strafford was accused of subverting the laws (he had offered to bring over the Irish army to subdue the king's opponents in England); when it looked as though he might be acquitted, John Pym, the leader of the House of Commons, had a bill of attainder passed that condemned Strafford to death. Strafford released the king from his promise of protection, and Charles gave his consent to the bill. Strafford was subsequently beheaded in the presence of an immense and jubilant crowd

Thomas Wriothesley 1st earl of Southampton

born Dec. 21, 1505, London, Eng. died July 30, 1550, London English politician. He followed his father, a herald, into royal service and became personal secretary to Thomas Cromwell (1533), whom he succeeded as a secretary of state to Henry VIII (1540). Wriothesley became one of Henry's leading councillors and was appointed lord chancellor of England (1544-47). After Henry's death, he was created earl of Southampton (1547) by the duke of Somerset, but he was deprived of the chancellorship. He supported Somerset's overthrow in 1549 but was excluded from the privy council in 1550

Thomas earl of Essex Cromwell

born 1485, Putney, near London, Eng. died July 28, 1540, probably London English politician and principal adviser (1532-40) to Henry VIII. He was a confidential adviser to Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey, before entering Parliament (1529), where his abilities attracted the king's notice. Entering Henry's service in 1530, he was chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration. He eventually came into complete control of the government, though he pretended to be acting on the king's authority. In 1539 he made the mistake of inducing Henry to marry Anne of Cleves, which led to his fall. At his enemies' instigation he was arrested for heresy and treason, condemned without a hearing, and executed

Walter Devereux 1st earl of Essex

born Sept. 16, 1541, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, Wales died Sept. 22, 1576, Dublin, Ire. English soldier. Born to a titled family, he helped suppress a rebellion in northern England in 1569 and was made earl of Essex in 1572. In 1573 he offered to subdue and colonize, at his own expense, a portion of Ulster that had not accepted English overlordship. There he treacherously captured and executed the Irish rebel leaders and massacred hundreds of the populace, contributing to Irish bitterness toward the English. Elizabeth I commanded him to break off the enterprise in 1575. He died of dysentery shortly after returning to Ireland from England

Warren Earl Burger

born Sept. 17, 1907, St. Paul, Minn., U.S. died June 25, 1995, Washington, D.C. U.S. jurist. He graduated with honours from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, after which he joined a prominent law firm and became active in the Republican Party. He was appointed an assistant U.S. attorney general (1953) and named to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1955), where his conservative approach commended him to Pres. Richard Nixon, who nominated him for chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1969. Contrary to the expectations of some, he did not try to reverse the liberal decisions on civil-rights issues and criminal law made during the tenure of his predecessor, Earl Warren. Under his leadership, the court upheld the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, permitted busing as a means of ending racial segregation in public schools, and endorsed the use of racial quotas in the awarding of federal grants and contracts. Burger voted with the majority in Roe v. Wade (1973). Keenly interested in judicial administration, he became deeply involved in efforts to improve the judiciary's efficiency. He retired in 1986 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988

William 1st Earl Cadogan

born 1672, Liscarton, County Meath, Ire. died July 17, 1726, Kensington, near London, Eng. British soldier. He served as a trusted colleague with the duke of Marlborough in the War of the Spanish Succession. Later he became involved in intrigues to secure the succession for the Hanoverian George I (1714). He crushed a Jacobite rebellion in 1716, was granted an earldom in 1718, and was promoted to commander in chief in 1722

William Alexander 1st earl of Stirling

born 1576, Menstrie, Clackmannan, Scot. died Feb. 12, 1640, London, Eng. Scottish poet and colonizer of Canada. He was a member of the court of James I, where he wrote his sonnet sequence Aurora (1604). In 1621 he obtained a grant for territory in North America that he named New Scotland (Nova Scotia), despite French claims to part of the land. He offered baronetcies to Scotsmen who would sponsor settlers, but the region was not colonized until his son established a settlement at Port Royal (Annapolis Royal). Alexander was compelled to surrender the territory under the Treaty of Susa (1629), which ended an Anglo-French conflict. Scottish settlers were ordered to withdraw by 1631

William Earl Dodge

born Sept. 4, 1805, Hartford, Conn., U.S. died Feb. 9, 1883, New York, N.Y. U.S. mining entrepreneur. He was a dry-goods merchant in Hartford, Conn., before founding the metal dealership Phelps, Dodge & Co. with his father-in-law, Anson G. Phelps, in 1833. They soon established a prosperous metal-importing business. Dodge made numerous other investments in timberland, mills, and iron and copper mines. After purchasing the Copper Queen mine in Arizona in 1882, the company became a major U.S. mining concern. Further acquisitions and diversifications have made Phelps Dodge Corp. one of the world's largest copper producers

William Murray 1st earl of Mansfield

born March 2, 1705, Scone, Perthshire, Scot. died March 20, 1793, London, Eng. British jurist. Called to the bar in 1730, he gained a wide reputation in 1737 when he eloquently supported before the House of Commons a merchants' petition to stop Spanish assaults on their ships. As chief justice of the King's Bench (1756-88), he conducted several scrupulously fair trials of persons accused of treason and seditious libel. He reduced an unwieldy mass of outmoded commercial law to a coherent body of rules, refined the law of contracts, and made major contributions to maritime law. He was a member of the cabinet three times, entrusting the great seal of his office to a committee so that he could retain the chief justiceship and still exert political power. In 1783 he declined cabinet office, preferring to serve as speaker of the House of Lords. Thomas B. Macaulay called him the father of modern Toryism

William Parsons 3rd earl of Rosse

born June 17, 1800, York, Eng. died Oct. 31, 1867, Monkstown, County Cork, Ire. Irish astronomer. His "Leviathan," 54 ft (16.5 m) long, was the largest reflecting telescope of the 19th century, and its mirror had a diameter of 72 in. (183 cm). With it Rosse discovered the spiral shape of many objects then classed as nebulae, now recognized as galaxies, and he studied and named the Crab Nebula. He was also the first to discover binary and triple stars. As Lord Oxmantown, he sat in the House of Commons (1821-34); on inheriting his father's earldom in 1841, he joined the House of Lords

earldom

An earldom is the rank or title of an earl

earldom

The jurisdiction of an earl; the territorial possessions of an earl

earldom

the domain controlled by an earl or count or countess the dignity or rank or position of an earl or countess

earldom

{i} title of an earl (British nobleman); lands under an earl's jurisdiction

earldom

The status, title, or dignity of an earl

earls

plural of earl

the Earl of Essex

an English soldier and politician. For many years he was a close friend and adviser of Queen Elizabeth I, but after their friendship ended she ordered him to be put in prison and, later, to be killed (1566-1601)

Türkçe nasıl söylenir

ırl

Telaffuz

/ˈərl/ /ˈɜrl/

Etimoloji

[ '&r(-&)l ] (noun.) 12th century. Old English eorl, from Proto-Germanic *erlaz (compare Old Norse jarl, Old Saxon/Old High German erl), from *erōn (compare Old Norse jara 'fight, battle'), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er- (compare Latin orior 'to rise, get up', Ancient Greek órnēmi 'to urge, incite', Avestan ərənaoiti 'to move', Sanskrit ṛṇóti 'to arise, reach, move, attack').