sforza

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Sforza family Sforza Carlo Count Sforza Francesco Sforza Ludovico

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Sforza family
Italian family that ruled Milan (1450-1535). The family began with the prosperous farmer and later condottiere leader Muzio Attendolo (1369-1424), who was given the nickname Sforza ("Force"). His illegitimate son Francesco Sforza became duke of Milan in 1450. Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1444-76) succeeded his father in 1466, and, though a despotic ruler, he introduced the cultivation of rice, built canals and encouraged commerce, and was a patron of the arts; he was assassinated by conspirators who vainly hoped to provoke a popular uprising. Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1469-94) succeeded his father in 1476 under the regency of his mother and uncle, Ludovico Sforza, who usurped the government in 1481 and established Milan's supremacy. After Ludovico was driven from power by Louis XII of France in 1499, his son Massimiliano Sforza (1493-1530) returned to rule briefly (1513-16) before yielding the duchy to France. Another son, Francesco Maria Sforza (1495-1535), returned after the French defeat to rule from 1522, until his death without heirs ended the ducal line in 1535. The duchy then passed to Charles V and the Habsburgs. Descendants of Sforza Secondo (an illegitimate son of Francesco Sforza) became the Counts Sforza and included the diplomat Carlo, Count Sforza
Carlo Count Sforza
born Sept. 25, 1873, Montignoso di Lunigiana, Italy died Sept. 4, 1952, Rome Italian diplomat. He entered the diplomatic service in 1896 and served in embassies worldwide. He served as minister for foreign affairs (1920-21) and as Italy's ambassador to France (1922), but he resigned after refusing to serve under Benito Mussolini. A strong antifascist, he lived in voluntary exile in Belgium until 1939 and in the U.S. (1940-43). He returned to Italy after World War II to serve in various government posts, including minister of foreign affairs (1947-51)
Francesco Sforza
born July 23, 1401, San Miniato, Tuscany died March 8, 1466, Milan Italian mercenary and duke of Milan (1450-66). He became condottiere of Florence in 1434 and defeated Milan twice (1438, 1440), then was hired by the Milanese to serve as captain general in their struggle to found a republic (1447). He later blockaded the city and seized control, becoming duke of Milan in 1450, and he allied with Florence to secure the Peace of Lodi (1454). See also Sforza family
Ludovico Sforza
born July 27, 1452, Vigevano, Pavia, duchy of Milan died May 27, 1508, Loches, Toubrenne, France Regent (1480-94) and duke of Milan (1494-98). The second son of Francesco Sforza, he was known as "the Moor" because of his dark complexion and black hair. He plotted to take over as regent for his young nephew. He made Milan supreme among the Italian states, and his patronage of scholars and artists such as Leonardo da Vinci made his court renowned in Europe. He bribed Maximilian I to declare him duke of Milan and fought to expel the French from Italy. After Louis XII conquered Milan (1498), Ludovico tried unsuccessfully to retake it (1500); he was captured and died in prison
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