In some languages such as Italian or Russian, a verbal form similar to a present participle, but functioning as an adverb. These words are sometimes referred to as conjunctive participles
A gerund is a noun formed from a verb which refers to an action, process, or state. In English, gerunds end in `-ing', for example `running' and `thinking'. a noun in the form of the present participle of a verb, for example 'shopping' in the sentence 'I like shopping' (gerundium, from gerere )