backing

Hisleri, görüntüleri, düşünceleri ya da anıları iletmeyen müzik sadece arka fon gürültüsüdür. - Music that doesn't transmit feelings, images, thoughts, or memories is just background noise.

Bir yüz çıbanım var.Bir burun deliğinin arkasında acılı bir yumru var. - I have a facial boil. There's a painful lump at the back of one nostril.

back

ters

Tom elinin tersiyle ağzını sildi. - Tom wiped his mouth with the back of his hand.

Ne yazık ki plan ters tepti. - Unfortunately, the plan backfired.

back

geri

Ne zaman geri döneceksin? - What time will you be back?

O asla geri dönmemek üzere Japonya'dan ayrıldı. - He left Japan never to come back.

back

{i} arkalık

backing singer

Geri vokalist, geri vokal

backing up

(Bilgisayar) yedekleniyor

backing up

(Bilgisayar) yedekliyor

üzerine resim yapılabilinen bir tür kağıt

backing store

mağaza destek

backing a bill

(Ticaret) bir senede kefil olma

backing a bill

(Ticaret) senede kefil olmak

(İnşaat) derz fitili

backing roll

(Matbaacılık, Basımcılık) destek valsi

backing roll

(Matbaacılık, Basımcılık) karşı vals

backing side

(Tekstil) arka taraf

(Askeri) masif taş

Sürekli seni desteklemekten bıktım. - I'm fed up with always backing you up.

Tom beni desteklemek için kaldı. - Tom stayed to back me up.

back

{f} 1. -i desteklemek, -e arka olmak, -e yardım etmek: Akif's company is

back

{f} üzerine bahse girmek

back

(Dilbilim) kalın

Saçını tıraş edersen, tekrar daha kalın uzayacaktır. - If you shave your hair, it will grow back thicker.

back

sırtlamak

back

(Anatomi) omurga

Omurgasızların hiçbir omurgası veya bel kemiği yoktur. - Invertebrates have no backbone or spinal column.

Tom şimdi vazgeçmek üzere değil. - Tom isn't about to back down now.

Sadece ne kadar geriye gitmek istiyorsun? - Just how far back do you want to go?

Bir bebek olmak için geriye gitmek istiyorum. - I want to go back to being a baby.

Hastanenin arkasındaki o yapı nedir? - What's that building at the back of the hospital?

Sınıfın arkasındaki birkaç öğrenci, cep telefonundan mesaj atıyorlardı. - Several students in the back of the classroom were texting.

(Bilgisayar) desen

Tom yine normale döndü. - Tom is back to normal.

Ütü soğuduktan sonra Mary elektrik kablosunu ütüye sardı, ütüyü tekrar rafa koydu, ütü masasını katladı ve onu yine dolaba kaldırdı. - After the iron had cooled off, Mary wrapped the electrical cord around the iron, put the iron back on the shelf, folded up the ironing board, and put it away back in the closet.

back

oynamak

back

(Bilgisayar) önceki

Ne zaman döndün? Ben önceki gün geri döndüm. - When did you return? I came back the day before yesterday.

Önceki gece partiden geç dönmeme rağmen sabah bir papatya kadar dinçtim. - Although I came back late from the party last night, I was as fresh as a daisy in the morning.

back

eski

Tepenin üstündeki eski kilise on ikinci yüzyıla kadar uzanmaktadır. - The old church on the hill dates back to the twelfth century.

İstasyona geri dönüş uzun bir yol olmasına rağmen, eski vagon yavaş yavaş yaklaştı. - Although it was a long way back to the station, little by little the old wagon drew near.

Hapishaneden çıktığımda, Tom tekrar ayaklarımın üstünde durmama yardımcı oldu. - When I got out of prison, Tom helped me get back on my feet.

Kısa bir süre içinde tekrar gelmek zorunda kalacaksın: o işle ilgilenen adam az önce dışarı çıktı. - You'll have to come back in a while: the man dealing with that business has just gone out.

Tekneye geri dönelim. - Let's get back to the boat.

Tom tekneye dönmeye çalıştı. - Tom tried to get back in boat.

(Askeri) ters esiş

Leyla sıkı bir dini geçmişten geliyor. - Layla comes from a strict religious background.

Mütevazı bir geçmişten geliyorum. - I come from a humble background.

back

eski yerine

back

geriye doğru götürmek

Zamanda geçmişe seyahat etmenin imkansız olduğu düşünülüyor. - It is considered impossible to travel back to the past.

Tom geçmişe seyahat etti. - Tom traveled back in time.

(para) önceden borç olan

Muhtaç arkadaşlarına asla sırtını dönmez. - He never turns his back on a friend in need.

Biz uzun süredir arkadaşız. - We're friends from way back.

back

geriye doğru

Tom Mary'yi memnun etmek için geriye doğru eğilir. - Tom bends over backwards to please Mary.

Tom geriye doğru yürüyor. - Tom is walking backwards.

back

dal

Tom tekrar uykuya daldı. - Tom fell back to sleep.

Niçin içeri dalmıyoruz? - Why don't we duck back inside?

brake backing plate

Nereye gittiğimizi bilmek için bazen geriye bakmalıyız. - Sometimes we need to look back to know where we are going to.

Köpek geriye doğru yürüdü. - The dog walked backward.

back

sırtına binmek güneşin aksi yönüne dönmek

back

önce

Onun öğle yemeğinden önce geri gelmesini bekliyorum. - I expect her to come back before lunch.

Sekizden önce geri döndü. - He came back before eight.

back

{s} eski tarihli

back

sözünden

Tom şimdi sözünden dönemez. - Tom can't back out now.

Tom kesinlikle sözünden dönecek bir insan tipi gibi görünmüyor. - Tom certainly doesn't seem like the kind of person that would back down.

back

üzerine bahse girmek geriye sürmek

back

{s} arkadaki

Resmimizi arkadaki heykelle çektirelim, değil mi? - Let's have our picture taken with the statue in the back, shall we?

Tom yardım etmek için dönen tek kişi. - Tom is the only one who came back to help.

Sana yardım etmek için geri geldim. - I came back to help you.

back

{i} bek

Lütfen 2.30'a kadar bekle. Tom o zaman geri dönecek. - Please wait till 2:30. Tom will back then.

Her zaman bir kötümserden ödünç para al; o, geri ödenmesini beklemez. - Always borrow money from a pessimist; he doesn't expect to be paid back.

{f} destek olmak

{i} futbol bek

{i} elin tersi

Tom arkaya yakın oturuyor. - Tom is sitting near the back.

Arkaya yakın masalardan birinde oturalım. - Let's sit at one of the tables near the back.

Hiçbir kültürel geçmiş, sanatı anlamak için gerekli değildir. - No cultural background is necessary to understand art.

O henüz geri gelmedi. Kaza geçirmiş olabilir. - He isn't back yet. He may have had an accident.

back

geride

Açık söylemek gerekirse, bu takımın kazanamayacak olmasının sebebi onları geride tutmanızdır. - To put it bluntly, the reason this team won't win is because you're holding them back.

Polis kalabalığı geride tuttu. - The police held the crowd back.

back

{f} kaplamak (kitap)

back

{s} geriye doğru giden

back

(isim) sırt, belkemiği; arka, geri; arkalık, elin tersi, kitap sırtı, ters taraf; defans oyuncusu, bek; tekne (boya vb.)

back

{s} ödemesi gecikmiş

back

arka olmak

back

{s} uzak

TV uzaktan kumandasını bana geri ver. - Give me back the TV remote.

On ay uzak kaldıktan sonra eve geri döndü. - He returned back home after being away for ten months.

back

{i} defans oyuncusu

back

{i} tekne (boya vb.)

back

{f} geri geri gitmek

{i} belkemiği

{f} kayırmak

{f} sırtına binmek

dirise etmek back down back out caymak

back

{s} ödenmemiş

back

bir şeye destek olmak

{f} astarlamak

{f} takviye etmek

{i} ters taraf

{i} kitap sırtı

{i} (Anatomi) sırt, belkemiği

back

(Askeri) TERS ESİŞ: Rüzgarın saat ibresi aksi istikametinden esmesi

back

ciro etmek

crystal backing

(Nükleer Bilimler) sönümleme bloku

gravel backing

(Askeri) çakıl destek

marketing backing

(Ticaret) pazarlama desteği

photo backing

(Sinema) dip fotoğrafı

rubble backing

(Askeri) döküntü taşla destekleme

weld with backing strip

altlıklı kaynak dikişi

İngilizce - İngilizce

backing teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı

Support, especially financial

It's a volunteer organization that works with backing from the city and a few grants.

Musicians and vocalists who support the main performer

Present participle of back

A liner or other material added behind or underneath

The cardboard backing gives the notebook a little extra stiffness.

That which provides support for the main performer

(wind) That turns anticlockwise

A backing is a layer of something such as cloth that is put onto the back of something in order to strengthen or protect it

Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets, cabinets, and towel bars In this way, items are screwed and mounted into solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to break loose from the wall Carpet backing holds the pile fabric in place

A coating that is applied to the back of fabric to prevent seam slippage and excess wear

Materials (fabrics or yarns) comprising the back of the carpet

before putting on the cover

Process of shaping a ridge or shoulder on each side of the spine of a text block after rounding it, and prior to lining it Backing accommodates the thickness of the boards, and provides a hinge along which they swing Backing also helps to prevent the spine of the textblock from collapsing into a concave shape over time See Rounding (LBI Standard Glossary, p 13)

The backing of a popular song is the music which is sung or played to accompany the main tune. Sharon also sang backing vocals for Barry Manilow

That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability

Support or aid given to a person or cause

{i} support, aid; musical accompaniment

the bottom or back layer of a quilt, usually a plain unadorned fabric that has been pieced to the width of the quilt

this is the fabric on the back of the quilt

something forming a back that is added for strengthening

Application of an additional layer to an item to provide support Sometimes called lining Backing is a conservation treatment used on weakened sheet paper items

[n] the piece of cloth that forms the underside of a quilt

Woven or non-woven material used underneath the item or fabric being embroidered to provide support and stability Can be hooped with the item or placed between the machine throat place and the hooped garment Available in various weights and two basic types--cutaway and tearaway

the act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives" something forming a back that is added for strengthening

Thin, high-visibility Dacron® line designed to be tied between the reel spool and the back end of the fly line

The fabric on the back side of a quilt; the bottom layer of a quilt sandwich The backing may be a single fabric or may be pieced

The bottom or back layer of a quilt Traditionally plain, currently quilter's are using print fabrics that match the front, knowing other quilters' will turn it over

A relatively thin flexible material to which the adhesive is applied Theoretically' any material that is reasonably flat' relatively thin' and flexible could be used as a tape backing

Material or surface on which a flag is placed for the purpose of stabilization or preservation See "Blocked "

If someone has the backing of an organization or an important person, they receive support or money from that organization or person in order to do something. He said the president had the full backing of his government to negotiate a deal Mr Bach set up his own consulting business with the backing of his old boss. = support

The fabric and yarns that make up the side of the carpet that lays next to the floor In tufted carpets there are two types of backing Primary backing a woven or nonwoven fabric through which the yarn is inserted by the tufting needles Secondary backing Fabric that is laminated to the back of the carpet to reinforce it

A counterclockwise shift in the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere at a certain location In the Southern Hemisphere, it is clockwise This can either happen in the horizontal or the vertical (with height) For example, the wind shifts from the northeast to the north to the northwest It is the opposite of veering

The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc

Walking, usually across a road or natural barrier, in a backward motion, generally in an attempt to camouflage track by an incorrect direction of travel

financial resources provided to make some project possible; "the foundation provided support for the experiment"

the act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"

Fanning out and hammering the back of the book to form joints or shoulders to accommodate the cover boards See also joint

Referring to abrasives, backing is the flexible material that provides a surface for abrasive grain Paper, waterproof paper, and heavy weight cloth are the most commonly used backings for woodworking abrasives

The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward

Support for the main performer

A change in wind direction in a counterclockwise sense; opposite of veering

A counterclockwise shift in wind direction (for example, south winds shifting to the east)

Fabrics and yarns that make up the back of the carpet as opposed to the carpet pile or face In tufted carpet

A change in wind direction that shifts counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere at a certain location In the Southern Hemisphere, it is clockwise This can either happen in the horizontal or the vertical (with height) For example, the wind shifts from the northeast to the north to the northwest It is the opposite of veering

Woven or non-woven material used beneath the item or fabric being embroidered to provide support and stability Can be hooped with the item or placed between the machine throat and the hooped garment Available in various weights and in two basic types: cut-away and tear-away

backing band

A group of musicians who accompany an artist at a live performance or on a recording. This can either be an established group, or else an ad hoc group assembled for the purpose

backing up

Present participle of back up

backing singer

A backing vocalist or backing singer (or, especially in the U.S. and Canada, backup singer or sometimes background singer or harmony vocalist) is a singer who provides vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists

backing vocalist

backing up

the process of copying your files onto removable media This gives you a copy of the files that you can recover from if something happens to the original copy

backing and filling

fluctuating between two actions or decisions, constantly changing a decision, delaying a decision continually (American Slang); guiding a water vessel through a narrow area by alternately letting the sails catch the wind and preventing the sails from catching the wind (Nautical)

backing track

musical accompaniment that is prerecorded

backing up

to print the second side of printed sheet Also, to make a duplicate of a computer file as a precaution against losing the original

backing up

to print the second side of printed sheet possibly aligned back-to-back

backing up

A method of saving and storing important files efficiently

backing up

Printing the reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side

backing up

duplicating a disk or file, which can be used if something happens to the original

backing up

In press work, the reverse side of the sheet

backing up

Saving your data to a floppy disk (p 16)

backing up

Printing the reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side In electrotyping, backing a copper shell with metal to make the plate the required thickness

backing up

Copying some or all of the files on your Mac to different disks or tape, so you won't lose the information if the original versions are damaged, lost, or stolen The copied files are called backups

backing up

Making a copy of a computer file for use if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed Sometimes called archiving See also DUMPING

back

The inside margin of a page

back

The roof of a horizontal underground passage

back

to brace the yards so that the wind presses on the front of the sail, to slow the ship

back

The side of any object which is opposite the front or useful side

Turn the book over and look at the back.

back

The spine and associated tissues

I hurt my back lifting that dictionary.

back

Area behind, such as the backyard of a house

We'll meet out in the back of the library.

back

That part of the body that bears clothing

back

The keel and keelson of a ship

The ship's back broke in the pounding surf.

back

Upper part of a natural object which is considered to resemble an animal's back

The small boat raced over the backs of the waves.

back

The reverse side; the side that is not normally seen

I hung the clothes on the back of the door.

back

to lay out a second, smaller anchor to provide additional holding power

back

Not current

I’d like to find a back issue of that magazine.

back

The part of a piece of clothing which covers the back

I still need to finish the back of your dress.

back

The edge of a book which is bound

The titles are printed on the backs of the books.

back

The backrest, the part of a piece of furniture which receives the human back

Can you fix the back of this chair?.

back

to change direction contrary to its normal pattern (anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern)

back

Large and attractive buttocks

back

Produced in the back of the mouth

U in rude is a back vowel.

back

Effort, usually physical

Put some back into it!.

back

The side of a blade opposite the side used for cutting

Tap it with the back of your knife.

back

To or in a previous condition or place

The office fell into chaos when you left, but now order is back.

back

A non-alcoholic drink (often water or a soft drink), to go with hard liquor or a cocktail

sealant backing

A compressible material placed in a joint before appyling sealant

back

{n} the hinderpart, rear, thick part, outside

back

{v} to mount, second, support, put back

back

{a} backward, behind, on things past

Back

door

Tom entered through the back door. - Tom came in through the back door.

Tom came in through the back door. - Tom entered through the back door.

ura

In some team sports, a position behind most players on the team

back

the position of a player on a football team who is stationed behind the line of scrimmage

back

in repayment or retaliation; "we paid back everything we had borrowed"; "he hit me and I hit him back"; "I was kept in after school for talking back to the teacher"

back

A garment for the back; hence, clothing

back

To write upon the back of; as, to back a letter; to indorse; as, to back a note or legal document

back

To a former state, condition, or station; as, to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism

back

To support

back

In arrear; as, to be back in one's rent

back

establish as valid or genuine; "Can you back up your claims?"

back

cause to travel backward; "back the car into the parking spot"

back

Toward the stern

back

That which is farthest away from the front

back

back

The rear of body, especially the part between the neck and the end of the spine and opposite the chest and belly

back

(football) a person who plays in the backfield

back

the change direction contrary to its normal pattern (anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern)

back

In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as, the back of a horse, fish, or lobster

back

In a state of restraint or hindrance

back

In return, repayment, or requital

back

This is the rear defensive player

back

located at or near the back of an animal; "back (or hind) legs"; "the hinder part of a carcass"

back

Posterior part of the body trunk from the nape of the neck to the buttocks

back

the position of a player on a football team who is stationed behind the line of scrimmage a support that you can lean against while sitting; "the back of the dental chair was adjustable"

back

the front and back covering of a book; "the book had a leather binding"

back

in or to or toward an original condition; "he went back to sleep"

back

Far from the main area

back

(Of time) In times past; ago

back

the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord; "the fall broke his back"

back

The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village

back

when using a browser, returns to the last page viewed

back

be in back of; "My garage backs their yard"

back

backward, to the rear; to the past

back

option on the browser menu which is used to undo several recent positioning operations

back

of an earlier date; "back issues of the magazine"

back

give support or one's approval to; "I'll second that motion"; "I can't back this plan"; "endorse a new project"

back

A member of the offensive backfield: the quarterback or either of the two running backs; also, a member of the defensive backfield: either of the two safeties or two cornerbacks

back

An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge

back

To bet on the success of; as, to back a race horse

back

The back of a book is the binding edge To back a book is to shape the back of a previously rounded book, so as to make a shoulder on either side against which the front and back covers fit closely

back

In the previous state or position

back

The wind is said to back when its direction changes in a counter-clockwise direction A wind that was blowing from the south and shifts to the east is often said to be "backing to the east " Also see veer and haul

back

A support or resource in reserve

back

The front, or outer surface of the bow; the surface facing the target

back

In concealment or reserve; in one's own possession; as, to keep back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another

back

The side of something opposite the front or useful side; the reverse side; the side that is not normally seen

back

To brace the weather yardarm in so that the wind acts on the forward part of the sail, pressing it back

back

To adjoin behind; to be at the back of

back

In, to, or toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step back

back

shift to a counterclockwise direction; "the wind backed"

back

(1) The main portion of a hide, obtained by cutting off the two bellies (2) Leather made from (1) Bark Tanned Leather vegetable tanned, mainly by means of the tannins contained in the barks of trees

back

Dorsal part of the bird

back

The distance from the withers to top of croup or hips should match the length of the horse's neck from the poll to the withers The length of the back is directly related to the slope of shoulder The steeper the shoulder, the longer the back A horse with a long back is usually not as well balanced or as strong as a short-backed horse

back

the side that goes last or is not normally seen; "he wrote the date on the back of the photograph"

back

building Thunderstorm - A thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction

back

To go in the reverse direction

back

Near the rear

back

in answer; "he wrote back three days later"; "had little to say in reply to the questions

back

To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as, to back a friend

back

A ferryboat

back

the part of a garment that covers your back; "they pinned a `kick me' sign on his back"

back

Moving or operating backward; as, back action

back

The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw

back

a support that you can lean against while sitting; "the back of the dental chair was adjustable"

back

See Bac, 1

back

The roof or upper part in any underground mining cavity

back

We have listed below each active ingredient that can be found in our products Also included is a description of some of the general symptoms associated with each ingredient Derma-Clear Ingredients Glossary: Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade): Acutely flushed, hot dry skin, burning to the touch Boils and abscesses Influenza, especially indicated when the eyes are inflamed Sudden chill and onset of symptoms characterized by flushing, burning heat and throbbing pain Mezereum (Spurge Olive): Often useful in cases of neuralgic pains about the teeth and face Skin is sensitive to the touch with intense itching Miliary eruptions Lac Vaccinum Defloratum (Skimmed Cow's Milk): Intense frontal headache Sore throat, aggravated when swallowing Nausea and vomiting Short dry cough and soreness of chest Pimples on face and forehead Back

back

The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail

back

a defender

back

1 On a vessel, toward the stern 2 Of wind, to change in a counterclockwise direction, as would be seen looking down from above the earth; Compare to veer

back

(football) a person who plays in the backfield strengthen by providing with a back or backing establish as valid or genuine; "Can you back up your claims?"

back

To stand still behind another dog which has pointed; said of a dog

back

in answer; "he wrote back three days later"; "had little to say in reply to the questions"

back

the part of something that is furthest from the normal viewer; "he stood at the back of the stage"; "it was hidden in the rear of the store"

back

To place or seat upon the back

back

The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as, the back of a book; the back of an army; the back of a chimney

back

{s} behind, after

back

One of the players usually numbered 9 through 15 Except for the scrumhalf, backs don't take part in scrums or lineouts

back

Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as, the back door; back settlements

back

support financial backing for; "back this enterprise"

back

Being in arrear; overdue; as, back rent

back

To get upon the back of; to mount

back

The part of something that goes last

back

The back button allows you to step back through the screens one step at a time

back

To move or go backward; as, the horse refuses to back

back

A large arrow pointing to the left on your browser's toolbar By clicking back you can move backwards through any links that you have followed

back

To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as, to back books

back

To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; used of the wind

back

In a manner that impedes

back

In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as, he took back the offensive words

back

The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage

back

at or to or toward the back or rear; "he moved back"; "tripped when he stepped backward"; "she looked rearward out the window of the car"

back

strengthen by providing with a back or backing

back

A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc

back

in or to or toward a past time; "set the clocks back an hour"; "never look back"; "lovers of the past looking fondly backward"

back

Away from contact; by reverse movement

back

To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as, to go back for something left behind; to go back to one's native place; to put a book back after reading it

back

Away from the front or from an edge

back

a browser button that returns the view to the last page shown A drop list attached to the button lists the last several pages visited

back

To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as, to back oxen

back

place a bet on; "Which horse are you backing?"; "I'm betting on the new horse"

back

travel backward; "back into the driveway"; "The car backed up and hit the tree"

back

the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine; "his back was nicely tanned"

back

be behind; approve of; "He plumped for the Labor Party"; "I backed Kennedy in 1960"

back

{f} support; move backwards, move to the rear

back

{i} dorsal area; part of a chair where the back rests; rear part of the human body (from the neck to the end of the spine); end; defense player (Basketball)

back

in or to or toward a former location; "she went back to her parents' house"

back

To a previous condition or place

back

The flared hinge ironed onto the text portion of a case bound book by a rounder-backer The back serves several purposes: 1) it holds the round in the text 2) it keeps the cover boards in position after the book is cased in 3) it creates a hinge together with the case that helps each page to bend in the paper rather than at the binding, reducing stress on the binding and making the book last longer

back