viscount

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف viscount في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

vikont

(isim) vikont

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

viscount templewood

vikont templewood

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف viscount في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

A member of the peerage above a baron but below a count or earl

in england, a title of nobility, ranking fourth in the order of british peerage

{n} a degree of nobility next to an earl

A viscount is a British nobleman who is below an earl and above a baron in rank. a biography of Viscount Mourne. a British nobleman with a rank between that of an earl and a baron. European title of nobility, ranking immediately below a count, or earl. The wife of a viscount is a viscountess. In the Carolingian period, the vicecomes were deputies or lieutenants of the counts (comes), whose official powers they exercised by delegation. In the 11th century most of Normandy was divided into vicomtés, but the viscountcy was not introduced into the English peerage until nearly 400 years after the Norman conquest. Bacon Francis Viscount St. Albans Barras Paul François Jean Nicolas viscount de Beauharnais Alexandre viscount de Bolingbroke Henry Saint John 1st Viscount Canning Stratford Viscount Stratford of Redcliffe Castelo Branco Camilo viscount of Correia Botelho Castlereagh Robert Stewart Viscount Chateaubriand François Auguste René viscount of Cooper Alfred Duff 1st Viscount Norwich of Aldwick Haldane of Cloane Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Howe William Howe 5th Viscount Lesseps Ferdinand Marie viscount de Melbourne of Kilmore William Lamb 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn John Morley Viscount Nelson Horatio Nelson Viscount Snowden of Ickornshaw Philip Snowden Viscount Townshend of Rainham Charles Townshend 2nd Viscount Viscount Melville Sound Alanbrooke of Brookeborough Alan Francis Brooke 1st Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and of Felixstowe Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil 1st Viscount Chelmsford of Chelmsford Frederic John Napier Thesiger 1st Viscount Viscount Templewood of Chelsea Philippe Marie viscount de Hauteclocque Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st earl of Stockton Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden Northcliffe of Saint Peter Alfred Charles William Harmsworth Viscount Palmerston of Palmerston Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Samuel of Mount Carmel and of Toxeth Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount Simon of Stackpole Elidor John Allsebrook Simon 1st Viscount Slim William Joseph 1st Viscount Slim of Yarralumla and Bishopston Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne viscount de

{i} nobleman below an earl and above a baron

(in various countries) a son or younger brother or a count

See Peer, n

Noun (Plural: Viscounts) Lower ranking nobleman, higher than a Baron and lower than an Earl

A nobleman of the fourth rank, next in order below an earl and next above a baron; also, his degree or title of nobility

a British peer who ranks below an earl and above a baron (in various countries) a son or younger brother or a count

A lord who has been Prince of a Principality once

a British peer who ranks below an earl and above a baron

An officer who formerly supplied the place of the count, or earl; the sheriff of the county

A man who has been a Prince Addressed as "Your Excellency" or "My Lord Viscount," or "Viscount (Firstname) " (Pronounced VIE-count)

vis

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

Viscount Melville Sound

formerly Melville Sound Body of water, northern Canada. Located in the Arctic Archipelago, between Melville and Victoria islands, the sound is 250 mi (400 km) long and 100 mi (160 km) wide. Its discovery, when reached from the east (1819-20) by William E. Parry and from the west (1850-54) by Robert McClure, proved the existence of the Northwest Passage. The sound is navigable only under favourable weather conditions

Viscount Milner

later Viscount Milner (of St. James's and Cape Town) born March 23, 1854, Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt died May 13, 1925, Sturry Court, near Canterbury, Kent, Eng. British high commissioner in South Africa (1897-1905). At the crucial Bloemfontein Conference with Pres. Paul Kruger (1899), Milner advocated granting full citizenship to the Uitlanders (British residents in the Transvaal) after five years' residence. Kruger opposed the policy but was prepared to make concessions. Milner was not, claiming that "war has got to come"; Boer forces invaded Natal four months later, marking the beginning of the South African War. Milner later served as secretary for war (1916-19) and colonial secretary (1919-21)

Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town

later Viscount Milner (of St. James's and Cape Town) born March 23, 1854, Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt died May 13, 1925, Sturry Court, near Canterbury, Kent, Eng. British high commissioner in South Africa (1897-1905). At the crucial Bloemfontein Conference with Pres. Paul Kruger (1899), Milner advocated granting full citizenship to the Uitlanders (British residents in the Transvaal) after five years' residence. Kruger opposed the policy but was prepared to make concessions. Milner was not, claiming that "war has got to come"; Boer forces invaded Natal four months later, marking the beginning of the South African War. Milner later served as secretary for war (1916-19) and colonial secretary (1919-21)

Viscount Templewood

also called (from 1944) Viscount Templewood (of Chelsea) born Feb. 24, 1880, London, Eng. died May 7, 1959, London British statesman. As secretary of state for India (1931-35), he had the immense task of developing and defending in debate the new Indian constitution and was a chief architect of the Government of India Act (1935). He became foreign secretary (1935) but was forced to resign for his role in developing the unpopular Hoare-Laval Pact. As home secretary (1937-39), he helped develop the Munich agreement, which marked him as an appeaser and damaged his reputation. In World War II he served as ambassador to Spain (1940-44)

Viscount Templewood of Chelsea

also called (from 1944) Viscount Templewood (of Chelsea) born Feb. 24, 1880, London, Eng. died May 7, 1959, London British statesman. As secretary of state for India (1931-35), he had the immense task of developing and defending in debate the new Indian constitution and was a chief architect of the Government of India Act (1935). He became foreign secretary (1935) but was forced to resign for his role in developing the unpopular Hoare-Laval Pact. As home secretary (1937-39), he helped develop the Munich agreement, which marked him as an appeaser and damaged his reputation. In World War II he served as ambassador to Spain (1940-44)

viscount de Hauteclocque Philippe-Marie

orig. Philippe-Marie, viscount de Hauteclocque born Nov. 22, 1902, Belloy-Saint-Leonard, France died Nov. 28, 1947, Colomb-Bechar, Alg. French general in World War II. He was captured by the Germans in 1939, but escaped to England, where he took the pseudonym Leclerc to protect his family and joined the Free French forces of Charles de Gaulle. He achieved a number of military victories in French Equatorial Africa and North Africa, and in 1944 he commanded a French division in the Normandy Invasion. On August 25 he received the surrender of the German commander in Paris. He died in an airplane accident and was posthumously named marshal of France

1st earl of Stockton Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden Maurice Harold Macmillan

in full Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st earl of Stockton, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden born Feb. 10, 1894, London, Eng. died Dec. 29, 1986, Birch Grove, Sussex British prime minister (1957-63). He served in the House of Commons (1924-29, 1931-64) and held posts in Winston Churchill's wartime coalition government. After the war he served as minister of housing (1951-54), minister of defense (1954), foreign secretary (1955), and chancellor of the Exchequer (1955-57). In 1957 he became prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party. He worked to improve relations with the U.S. and visited Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in 1959. Domestically, Macmillan supported Britain's postwar social programs. His government began to lose popularity in 1961 because of a wage freeze and other deflationary measures and a Soviet espionage scandal involving John Profumo, secretary of state for war. He championed membership in the European Economic Community, though Britain's membership application was vetoed in 1963 by Charles de Gaulle. Demands for a new party leader led to his resignation in 1963. He wrote a series of memoirs (1966-75) and served as chair (1963-74) of his family's publishing house, Macmillan & Co

Alan Francis Brooke 1st Viscount Alanbrooke

born July 23, 1883, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, France died June 17, 1963, Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, Eng. British military leader. He served in World War I and later became director of military training (1936-37) and an expert on gunnery. In World War II he began as commander of a corps in France and covered the Dunkirk evacuation. After serving as commander of the British home forces (1940-41), he was promoted to chief of staff (1941-46). He established good relations with the U.S. forces and exercised a strong influence on Allied strategy. He was promoted to field marshal in 1944 and created a viscount in 1946

Alan Francis Brooke 1st Viscount Alanbrooke of Brookeborough

born July 23, 1883, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, France died June 17, 1963, Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, Eng. British military leader. He served in World War I and later became director of military training (1936-37) and an expert on gunnery. In World War II he began as commander of a corps in France and covered the Dunkirk evacuation. After serving as commander of the British home forces (1940-41), he was promoted to chief of staff (1941-46). He established good relations with the U.S. forces and exercised a strong influence on Allied strategy. He was promoted to field marshal in 1944 and created a viscount in 1946

Alexandre viscount de Beauharnais

born May 28, 1760, Martinique died June 23, 1794, Paris, France French politician and general, first husband of Joséphine. A liberal noble, he became a prominent figure during the French Revolution. He presided over the Constituent Assembly in 1791, served with gallantry in the army, and was named general in chief of the Army of the Rhine in 1793. He was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, largely because he was a noble. He was the father of Eugène and Hortense de Beauharnais and the grandfather of Napoleon III

Alfred Charles William Harmsworth Viscount Northcliffe

born July 15, 1865, Chapelizod, near Dublin, Ire. died Aug. 14, 1922, London, Eng. British newspaper publisher. After an impoverished childhood and a few attempts to make a quick fortune, he joined his brother, Harold Sidney Harmsworth (1868-1940), in publishing popular periodicals that formed the basis of Amalgamated Press, at the time the world's largest periodical publishing empire. In 1896 he started the Daily Mail, one of the first British newspapers to popularize its coverage to appeal to a mass readership. He also founded the Daily Mirror (1903) and bought The Times (1908), transforming it into a modern newspaper. His influence was greatest in shifting the press away from its traditional informative role to that of the commercial exploiter and entertainer of mass publics. He has been considered the most successful publisher in the history of the British press

Alfred Charles William Harmsworth Viscount Northcliffe of Saint Peter

born July 15, 1865, Chapelizod, near Dublin, Ire. died Aug. 14, 1922, London, Eng. British newspaper publisher. After an impoverished childhood and a few attempts to make a quick fortune, he joined his brother, Harold Sidney Harmsworth (1868-1940), in publishing popular periodicals that formed the basis of Amalgamated Press, at the time the world's largest periodical publishing empire. In 1896 he started the Daily Mail, one of the first British newspapers to popularize its coverage to appeal to a mass readership. He also founded the Daily Mirror (1903) and bought The Times (1908), transforming it into a modern newspaper. His influence was greatest in shifting the press away from its traditional informative role to that of the commercial exploiter and entertainer of mass publics. He has been considered the most successful publisher in the history of the British press

Alfred Duff 1st Viscount Norwich of Aldwick Cooper

born Feb. 22, 1890 died Jan. 1, 1954 British politician. He served as a Conservative in Parliament (1924-29 and 1931-45). After a stint as secretary of state for war (1935-37), he became first lord of the Admiralty (1937) but resigned to protest the Munich agreement. Later he served as minister of information under Winston Churchill (1940-41) and as ambassador to France (1944-47). His books include Talleyrand, Haig, and his autobiography, Old Men Forget

Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery

born Nov. 17, 1887, London, Eng. died March 24, 1976, near Alton, Hampshire British general in World War II. Educated at Sandhurst, he distinguished himself in World War I and remained in the army, becoming known as a tough and efficient leader. In World War II he commanded the British army in the North Africa Campaign and forced the German retreat from Egypt after the Battle of El Alamein (1942). He commanded troops in the Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy (1943) and in the Normandy Campaign, leading the British-Canadian army group across northern France and into northern Germany. Promoted to field marshal, he became chief of the imperial staff (1946-48) and later deputy commander of NATO (1951-58). A cautious, thorough strategist, "Monty" often exasperated fellow Allied commanders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower, but his insistence on complete readiness ensured his popularity with his troops

Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein

born Nov. 17, 1887, London, Eng. died March 24, 1976, near Alton, Hampshire British general in World War II. Educated at Sandhurst, he distinguished himself in World War I and remained in the army, becoming known as a tough and efficient leader. In World War II he commanded the British army in the North Africa Campaign and forced the German retreat from Egypt after the Battle of El Alamein (1942). He commanded troops in the Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy (1943) and in the Normandy Campaign, leading the British-Canadian army group across northern France and into northern Germany. Promoted to field marshal, he became chief of the imperial staff (1946-48) and later deputy commander of NATO (1951-58). A cautious, thorough strategist, "Monty" often exasperated fellow Allied commanders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower, but his insistence on complete readiness ensured his popularity with his troops

Camilo viscount of Correia Botelho Castelo Branco

born March 16, 1825, Lisbon, Port. died June 1, 1890, Seide Portuguese novelist. An orphan from a family with a tendency to insanity, he studied medicine and theology before beginning to write. While imprisoned for eloping with another man's wife, he wrote his best-known work, Amor de perdição (1862; "Fatal Love"), about a thwarted love that leads to crime and exile. His 58 novels, many mirroring his passionate life, range from Romantic melodrama to realism. His best works include O romance d'um homem rico (1861; "The Love Story of a Rich Man") and O retrato de Ricardina (1868; "Portrait of Ricardina"). Ennobled in 1885, he committed suicide five years later

Charles Townshend 2nd Viscount Townshend

born April 18, 1675, Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Eng. died June 21, 1738, Raynham British politician. He succeeded to his father's title in 1687, married the sister of Robert Walpole, and served as secretary of state (1714-16). With Walpole, Townshend led the Whig Party and became president of the privy council (1720). Again secretary of state (1721-30), he formed the League of Hanover (1725), which allied Britain, France, and Prussia against Austria and Spain. He resigned when Walpole, by then the dominant minister, opposed an aggressive policy against Austria. Also interested in agricultural reform, Townshend developed the use of turnips in crop rotation, earning the nickname Turnip Townshend

Charles Townshend 2nd Viscount Townshend of Rainham

born April 18, 1675, Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Eng. died June 21, 1738, Raynham British politician. He succeeded to his father's title in 1687, married the sister of Robert Walpole, and served as secretary of state (1714-16). With Walpole, Townshend led the Whig Party and became president of the privy council (1720). Again secretary of state (1721-30), he formed the League of Hanover (1725), which allied Britain, France, and Prussia against Austria and Spain. He resigned when Walpole, by then the dominant minister, opposed an aggressive policy against Austria. Also interested in agricultural reform, Townshend developed the use of turnips in crop rotation, earning the nickname Turnip Townshend

Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

born Sept. 14, 1864, London, Eng. died Nov. 24, 1958, Tunbridge Wells, Kent British statesman. The son of the marquess of Salisbury, he served during World War I as minister of blockade and as assistant secretary of state for foreign affairs. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations covenant in 1919 and, as president of the League of Nations Union (1923-45), one of the League's most loyal workers until it was superseded by the United Nations. In 1937 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby

born April 23, 1861, Brackenhurst, near Southwell, Nottinghamshire, Eng. died May 14, 1936, London British field marshal. He fought in the South African War and served as inspector general of cavalry (1910-14). In World War I, he commanded with distinction in the Middle East. His victory over the Turks at Gaza (1917) led to the capture of Jerusalem, and his victory at Megiddo, along with his capture of Damascus and Aleppo, ended Ottoman power in Syria. His success was partly due to his innovative use of cavalry and other mobile forces, and he is remembered as the last great British leader of mounted cavalry. As high commissioner for Egypt (1919-25), he steered that country to recognition as a sovereign state (1922)

Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and of Felixstowe

born April 23, 1861, Brackenhurst, near Southwell, Nottinghamshire, Eng. died May 14, 1936, London British field marshal. He fought in the South African War and served as inspector general of cavalry (1910-14). In World War I, he commanded with distinction in the Middle East. His victory over the Turks at Gaza (1917) led to the capture of Jerusalem, and his victory at Megiddo, along with his capture of Damascus and Aleppo, ended Ottoman power in Syria. His success was partly due to his innovative use of cavalry and other mobile forces, and he is remembered as the last great British leader of mounted cavalry. As high commissioner for Egypt (1919-25), he steered that country to recognition as a sovereign state (1922)

Ferdinand viscount de Lesseps

born Nov. 19, 1805, Versailles, France died Dec. 7, 1894, La Chenaie, near Guilly French diplomat, builder of the Suez Canal. A career diplomat, he held posts in Egypt and elsewhere until 1849. In 1854 he was authorized by the viceroy of Egypt to build a canal across the isthmus of the Suez. He organized a company in 1858, with half its capital from French people, and construction began at Port Said in 1859. The Suez Canal was officially inaugurated in 1869. In 1879 Lesseps organized another company to build a Panama canal, but he gave up the project because of political and economic difficulties. He was prosecuted but cleared of charges of misappropriating funds, though French government members were accused of bribe taking

Ferdinand -Marie viscount de Lesseps

born Nov. 19, 1805, Versailles, France died Dec. 7, 1894, La Chenaie, near Guilly French diplomat, builder of the Suez Canal. A career diplomat, he held posts in Egypt and elsewhere until 1849. In 1854 he was authorized by the viceroy of Egypt to build a canal across the isthmus of the Suez. He organized a company in 1858, with half its capital from French people, and construction began at Port Said in 1859. The Suez Canal was officially inaugurated in 1869. In 1879 Lesseps organized another company to build a Panama canal, but he gave up the project because of political and economic difficulties. He was prosecuted but cleared of charges of misappropriating funds, though French government members were accused of bribe taking

Francis Viscount St. Albans Bacon

born Jan. 22, 1561, London, Eng. died April 9, 1626, London British statesman and philosopher, father of modern scientific method. He studied at Cambridge and at Gray's Inn. A supporter of the Earl of Essex, Bacon turned against him when Essex was tried for treason. Under James I he rose steadily, becoming successively solicitor general (1607), attorney general (1613), and lord chancellor (1618). Convicted of accepting bribes from those being tried in his court, he was briefly imprisoned and permanently lost his public offices; he died deeply in debt. He attempted to put natural science on a firm empirical foundation in the Novum Organum (1620), which sets forth his scientific method. His elaborate classification of the sciences inspired the 18th-century French Encyclopedists (see Encyclopédie), and his empiricism inspired 19th-century British philosophers of science. His other works include The Advancement of Learning (1605), History of Henry VII (1622), and several important legal and constitutional works

Frederic John Napier Thesiger 1st Viscount Chelmsford

born Aug. 12, 1868, London, Eng. died April 1, 1933, London English colonial administrator. In 1905 he was appointed governor of Queensland, Austl., and in 1909 of New South Wales. He left Australia in 1913 to serve in India as a captain in the Dorsetshire regiment. As viceroy of India in a time of surging Indian nationalism (1916-21), he helped to institute reforms increasing Indian representation in government but provoked opposition by his severe measures against nationalists

Frederic John Napier Thesiger 1st Viscount Chelmsford of Chelmsford

born Aug. 12, 1868, London, Eng. died April 1, 1933, London English colonial administrator. In 1905 he was appointed governor of Queensland, Austl., and in 1909 of New South Wales. He left Australia in 1913 to serve in India as a captain in the Dorsetshire regiment. As viceroy of India in a time of surging Indian nationalism (1916-21), he helped to institute reforms increasing Indian representation in government but provoked opposition by his severe measures against nationalists

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne viscount de Turenne

orig. Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne born Sept. 11, 1611, Sedan, France died July 27, 1675, Sasbach, Baden-Baden French military leader. He earned his reputation as a military leader in the Thirty Years' War, especially with the capture of Turin (1640). Made a marshal of France (1643), he commanded the French army in Germany and joined the Swedish army in conquering Bavaria (1648). In France he joined the aristocrats in the Fronde (1649), but later he skillfully commanded the royal army to defeat the forces led by the prince de Condé, who had allied himself with Spain, and to bring about the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which ended France's war with Spain. Appointed marshal-general (1660), Turenne marched alongside Louis XIV in joint command of the French armies in the War of Devolution (1667-68). His bold strategies won numerous victories against the imperial army in Germany (1672-75), but he was killed in action at Sasbach. He was buried with the kings of France at Saint-Denis and later moved to the Invalides by Napoleon, who esteemed Turenne as the greatest military leader in history

Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston

known as Lord Palmerston born Oct. 20, 1784, Broadlands, Hampshire, Eng. died Oct. 18, 1865, Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire English politician and prime minister (1855-58, 1859-65). He entered Parliament in 1807 as a Tory and served as secretary at war (1809-28). Associated with the Whig Party from 1830, he served many years as foreign secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51) and supported British interests and liberal causes abroad. He played a key role in establishing the independence of Belgium (1830-31) and Greece (1832) and secured Turkey's integrity against France (1840). Appointed prime minister in 1855, he brought an end to the Crimean War, approved the creation of the independent Kingdom of Italy, and supported a policy of neutrality in the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Pam," he was a symbol of British nationalism and one of Britain's most popular leaders

Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston of Palmerston

known as Lord Palmerston born Oct. 20, 1784, Broadlands, Hampshire, Eng. died Oct. 18, 1865, Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire English politician and prime minister (1855-58, 1859-65). He entered Parliament in 1807 as a Tory and served as secretary at war (1809-28). Associated with the Whig Party from 1830, he served many years as foreign secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51) and supported British interests and liberal causes abroad. He played a key role in establishing the independence of Belgium (1830-31) and Greece (1832) and secured Turkey's integrity against France (1840). Appointed prime minister in 1855, he brought an end to the Crimean War, approved the creation of the independent Kingdom of Italy, and supported a policy of neutrality in the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Pam," he was a symbol of British nationalism and one of Britain's most popular leaders

Henry Saint John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

born Sept. 16, 1678, probably Wiltshire, Eng. died Dec. 12, 1751, Battersea, near London British politician. After entering Parliament in 1701, he became a prominent Tory in the reign of Queen Anne, serving as secretary of war (1704-08) and of state (1710-15). He was dismissed from office by George I and, fearing impeachment because of his intrigues with the Jacobites, he fled to France in 1715. He returned to England in 1725 and became the centre of a literary circle that included Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and John Gay. He waged an influential propaganda campaign in opposition to the Whigs and their leader, Robert Walpole, and also wrote several historical and philosophical works, including The Idea of a Patriot King (published secretly by Pope in 1744 and as a corrected version in 1749)

Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount Samuel

born Nov. 6, 1870, Liverpool, Eng. died Feb. 5, 1963, London British politician. A social worker in the London slums, he entered the House of Commons in 1902, where he effected legislation that established juvenile courts and the Borstal system for youthful offenders. As postmaster general (1910-14, 1915-16), he nationalized the telephone system. Appointed the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920-25), he improved the region's economy and promoted harmony among its religious communities. He presided (1925-26) over the royal commission on the coal industry and helped to settle the general strike of May 1926. He led the Liberal Party in the House of Commons (1931-35), and after being made viscount (1937), he was leader of the party in the House of Lords (1944-55). As president of the British (later Royal) Institute of Philosophy (1931-59), he wrote popular works such as Practical Ethics (1935) and Belief and Action (1937)

Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount Samuel of Mount Carmel and of Toxeth

born Nov. 6, 1870, Liverpool, Eng. died Feb. 5, 1963, London British politician. A social worker in the London slums, he entered the House of Commons in 1902, where he effected legislation that established juvenile courts and the Borstal system for youthful offenders. As postmaster general (1910-14, 1915-16), he nationalized the telephone system. Appointed the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920-25), he improved the region's economy and promoted harmony among its religious communities. He presided (1925-26) over the royal commission on the coal industry and helped to settle the general strike of May 1926. He led the Liberal Party in the House of Commons (1931-35), and after being made viscount (1937), he was leader of the party in the House of Lords (1944-55). As president of the British (later Royal) Institute of Philosophy (1931-59), he wrote popular works such as Practical Ethics (1935) and Belief and Action (1937)

Horatio Nelson Viscount Nelson

known as Lord Nelson born Sept. 29, 1758, Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, Eng. died Oct. 21, 1805, at sea, off Cape Trafalgar, Spain British naval commander. He entered the navy in 1770 and served in the West Indies from 1777 to 1783. In 1793 he was sent to support the British allies against the French in the Mediterranean. After the British victory against the Spanish and French in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797), he was promoted to rear admiral. In 1798 he pursued Napoleon's fleet to Egypt, where he won the decisive Battle of the Nile. During a prolonged stay in Naples for his ships' repairs, he pursued a love affair with Emma, Lady Hamilton. For helping restore the Neapolitan king Ferdinand I to power (1799), he was created duke di Bronte. As second in command of an expedition to attack Denmark, he skillfully won the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and was appointed commander in chief of the navy. In 1805 he was sent to the Mediterranean to meet the threat posed by the French fleet in Napoleon's scheme to invade England. In the ensuing Battle of Trafalgar, Nelson, aboard his flagship Victory, was shot by a French sniper from the Redoutable and died just as the British fleet secured its victory. His death was widely mourned, and he became England's most popular hero. His brilliant tactical command assured British naval supremacy for over 100 years

John Allsebrook Simon 1st Viscount Simon

born Feb. 28, 1873, Manchester, Eng. died Jan. 11, 1954, London British politician. A successful lawyer, he served in the House of Commons (1906-18, 1922-40). In the 1930s he led the Liberal National Party and served successively as foreign secretary (1931-35), home secretary (1935-37), and chancellor of the Exchequer (1937-40). Favouring rapprochement with Germany, he supported the appeasement policy of Neville Chamberlain and the Munich agreement. In 1940 Simon was appointed lord chancellor in Winston Churchill's wartime coalition ministry and was created a viscount

John Allsebrook Simon 1st Viscount Simon of Stackpole Elidor

born Feb. 28, 1873, Manchester, Eng. died Jan. 11, 1954, London British politician. A successful lawyer, he served in the House of Commons (1906-18, 1922-40). In the 1930s he led the Liberal National Party and served successively as foreign secretary (1931-35), home secretary (1935-37), and chancellor of the Exchequer (1937-40). Favouring rapprochement with Germany, he supported the appeasement policy of Neville Chamberlain and the Munich agreement. In 1940 Simon was appointed lord chancellor in Winston Churchill's wartime coalition ministry and was created a viscount

John Morley Viscount Morley

born Dec. 24, 1838, Blackburn, Eng. died Sept. 23, 1923, Wimbledon, London English politician and historian. He worked as a journalist in London from 1860, mainly as editor of the liberal Fortnightly Review (1867-82). A supporter of William E. Gladstone, Morley served in the House of Commons (1883-95, 1896-1908). As chief secretary for Ireland (1886, 1892-95), he helped prepare the Irish Home Rule bills. As secretary for India (1905-10), he brought elected Indian representation into the government. He also wrote acclaimed historical works, including biographies of Gladstone, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Oliver Cromwell

John Morley Viscount Morley of Blackburn

born Dec. 24, 1838, Blackburn, Eng. died Sept. 23, 1923, Wimbledon, London English politician and historian. He worked as a journalist in London from 1860, mainly as editor of the liberal Fortnightly Review (1867-82). A supporter of William E. Gladstone, Morley served in the House of Commons (1883-95, 1896-1908). As chief secretary for Ireland (1886, 1892-95), he helped prepare the Irish Home Rule bills. As secretary for India (1905-10), he brought elected Indian representation into the government. He also wrote acclaimed historical works, including biographies of Gladstone, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Oliver Cromwell

Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas viscount de Barras

born June 30, 1755, Fox-Amphoux, France died Jan. 29, 1829, Chaillot French revolutionary. A Provençal nobleman, Barras became disenchanted with the royal regime and welcomed the French Revolution. Elected to the National Convention (1792), he played a key role in the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and emerged as the commander of the army of the interior and the police. In 1795 he and Napoleon defended the regime against a royalist insurrection and established the Directory, with Barras as chief among the five directors. The Coup of 18 Fructidor brought him greater power, but he was overthrown in 1799 and exiled from Paris on suspicion of conspiracy to restore the monarchy

Philip Snowden Viscount Snowden

born July 18, 1864, Ickornshaw, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 15, 1937, Tilford, Surrey British politician. From 1893 he was a lecturer and writer for the socialist Independent Labour Party (ILP), then became its leader (1903-06). In the House of Commons (1906-18, 1922-31), he excelled in debates on social and economic questions. He served as chancellor of the Exchequer in James Ramsay MacDonald's governments (1924, 1929-31) and in 1931 secured Britain's abandonment of the gold standard

Philip Snowden Viscount Snowden of Ickornshaw

born July 18, 1864, Ickornshaw, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 15, 1937, Tilford, Surrey British politician. From 1893 he was a lecturer and writer for the socialist Independent Labour Party (ILP), then became its leader (1903-06). In the House of Commons (1906-18, 1922-31), he excelled in debates on social and economic questions. He served as chancellor of the Exchequer in James Ramsay MacDonald's governments (1924, 1929-31) and in 1931 secured Britain's abandonment of the gold standard

Richard Bedford Bennett Viscount Bennett

born July 3, 1870, Hopewell, N.B., Can. died June 27, 1947, Mickleham, Surrey, Eng. Canadian prime minister (1930-35). Bennett was admitted to the bar in 1893 and practiced in New Brunswick. He then moved west and served in the legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Alberta and in the Canadian House of Commons (1911). He was named director general of national service (1916) and later minister of justice (1921). He became head of the Conservative Party in 1927 and, promising relief from the Great Depression, prime minister in 1930. But he underestimated the severity of the crisis, and his measures were ineffective. He was defeated by the Liberals under W.L. Mackenzie King. In 1939 he retired to England, where he was made a viscount in 1941

Richard Bedford Bennett Viscount Bennett of Mickleham and of Calgary and Hopewel

born July 3, 1870, Hopewell, N.B., Can. died June 27, 1947, Mickleham, Surrey, Eng. Canadian prime minister (1930-35). Bennett was admitted to the bar in 1893 and practiced in New Brunswick. He then moved west and served in the legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Alberta and in the Canadian House of Commons (1911). He was named director general of national service (1916) and later minister of justice (1921). He became head of the Conservative Party in 1927 and, promising relief from the Great Depression, prime minister in 1930. But he underestimated the severity of the crisis, and his measures were ineffective. He was defeated by the Liberals under W.L. Mackenzie King. In 1939 he retired to England, where he was made a viscount in 1941

Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Haldane

born July 30, 1856, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 19, 1928, Cloan, Perthshire Scottish lawyer and statesman. As British secretary of state for war (1905-12), he instituted important military reforms; the speedy mobilization of British forces in 1914 was largely due to his planning. He was lord chancellor (1912-15) in H.H. Asquith's government and again (1924) in James Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Party government

Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Haldane of Cloane

born July 30, 1856, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 19, 1928, Cloan, Perthshire Scottish lawyer and statesman. As British secretary of state for war (1905-12), he instituted important military reforms; the speedy mobilization of British forces in 1914 was largely due to his planning. He was lord chancellor (1912-15) in H.H. Asquith's government and again (1924) in James Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Party government

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 1st Viscount Cecil

born Sept. 14, 1864, London, Eng. died Nov. 24, 1958, Tunbridge Wells, Kent British statesman. The son of the marquess of Salisbury, he served during World War I as minister of blockade and as assistant secretary of state for foreign affairs. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations covenant in 1919 and, as president of the League of Nations Union (1923-45), one of the League's most loyal workers until it was superseded by the United Nations. In 1937 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Robert Stewart Viscount Castlereagh

born June 18, 1769, Dublin, Ire. died Aug. 12, 1822, London, Eng. British politician. He was elected to the Irish Parliament in 1790 and later served in the British Parliament (1794-1805, 1806-22). As chief secretary for Ireland (1798-1801), Castlereagh singlehandedly forced the Act of Union through the Irish Parliament in 1800. He served as Britain's secretary for war (1805-06, 1807-09) and as secretary for foreign affairs and leader of the House of Commons (1812-22). Considered one of the most distinguished foreign secretaries in British history, he played a leading role in bringing together the Grand Alliance that overthrew Napoleon and in deciding the form of the peace settlements at the Congress of Vienna. Beset with paranoia and believing that he was being blackmailed, he eventually committed suicide

Stratford Viscount Stratford Canning

born Nov. 4, 1786, London, Eng. died Aug. 14, 1880, Frant, Sussex British diplomat. A cousin of George Canning, he served as minister to Switzerland (1814-18) and later to the U.S. (1820-23). As ambassador to Constantinople intermittently for almost 20 years, he exerted a strong influence on Turkish policy. He was involved with the movement for Greek independence from Turkey. He later became friends with the Ottoman sultan and encouraged the Tanzimat program of reforms. He supported Turkish resistance to Russian attempts to influence Ottoman affairs and tried in vain to prevent the Crimean War. He retired after leaving Turkey in 1858

Stratford Viscount Stratford of Redcliffe Canning

born Nov. 4, 1786, London, Eng. died Aug. 14, 1880, Frant, Sussex British diplomat. A cousin of George Canning, he served as minister to Switzerland (1814-18) and later to the U.S. (1820-23). As ambassador to Constantinople intermittently for almost 20 years, he exerted a strong influence on Turkish policy. He was involved with the movement for Greek independence from Turkey. He later became friends with the Ottoman sultan and encouraged the Tanzimat program of reforms. He supported Turkish resistance to Russian attempts to influence Ottoman affairs and tried in vain to prevent the Crimean War. He retired after leaving Turkey in 1858

William 1st Viscount Slim Slim

born , Aug. 6, 1891, Bristol, Gloucestershire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1970, London British general. He served with the British army in World War I and with the Indian army from 1920. In World War II he commanded Indian troops in East Africa and the Middle East (1940-41). As commander of the 1st Burma Corps (1942), he led a 900-mi (1,450-km) retreat from superior Japanese forces in Burma to India. In 1944 he led forces to repel a Japanese invasion of northern India; in 1945 he retook Burma from the Japanese. Promoted to field marshal (1948), he served as chief of the Imperial General Staff (1948-52) and later as governor-general of Australia (1953-60)

William Howe 5th Viscount Howe

born Aug. 10, 1729 died July 12, 1814, Plymouth, Devonshire, Eng. British military commander. The brother of Adm. Richard Howe, he fought in the last French and Indian War (1754-63), in which he earned a reputation as one of the army's most brilliant young generals. In the American Revolution, he succeeded Thomas Gage as supreme commander of British forces in North America in 1776. He soon captured New York City and the surrounding area, and in 1777 he led British troops to victories at the Battles of the Brandywine and of Germantown. Moving his forces to Philadelphia, he left troops under John Burgoyne vulnerable in New York state, thus contributing to the British defeat at the Battles of Saratoga. He resigned in 1778 and was succeeded by Henry Clinton

William Joseph 1st Viscount Slim of Yarralumla and Bishopston Slim

born , Aug. 6, 1891, Bristol, Gloucestershire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1970, London British general. He served with the British army in World War I and with the Indian army from 1920. In World War II he commanded Indian troops in East Africa and the Middle East (1940-41). As commander of the 1st Burma Corps (1942), he led a 900-mi (1,450-km) retreat from superior Japanese forces in Burma to India. In 1944 he led forces to repel a Japanese invasion of northern India; in 1945 he retook Burma from the Japanese. Promoted to field marshal (1948), he served as chief of the Imperial General Staff (1948-52) and later as governor-general of Australia (1953-60)

William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne

born March 15, 1779, London, Eng. died Nov. 24, 1848, Brocket, near Hatfield, Hertfordshire British prime minister (1834, 1835-41). A lawyer, he entered the House of Commons in 1806 and the House of Lords in 1829. Although a Whig, he served in Tory governments as chief secretary for Ireland (1827-28) and advocated political rights for Roman Catholics. He served as home secretary (1830-34) in Earl Grey's Whig government, reluctantly supporting the Reform Bill of 1832. As prime minister (1834), he gained the support of Whigs and moderate Tories and opposed further parliamentary reform and efforts to repeal the Corn Laws. In his second administration (1835-41), he became the young Queen Victoria's valued chief political adviser. His firm stand in foreign policy averted war with France over Syria (1840). His wife, Lady Caroline Lamb (1785-1828), was a minor novelist, famous for her affair with Lord Byron in 1812-13

William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne of Kilmore

born March 15, 1779, London, Eng. died Nov. 24, 1848, Brocket, near Hatfield, Hertfordshire British prime minister (1834, 1835-41). A lawyer, he entered the House of Commons in 1806 and the House of Lords in 1829. Although a Whig, he served in Tory governments as chief secretary for Ireland (1827-28) and advocated political rights for Roman Catholics. He served as home secretary (1830-34) in Earl Grey's Whig government, reluctantly supporting the Reform Bill of 1832. As prime minister (1834), he gained the support of Whigs and moderate Tories and opposed further parliamentary reform and efforts to repeal the Corn Laws. In his second administration (1835-41), he became the young Queen Victoria's valued chief political adviser. His firm stand in foreign policy averted war with France over Syria (1840). His wife, Lady Caroline Lamb (1785-1828), was a minor novelist, famous for her affair with Lord Byron in 1812-13

الواصلة

vis·count