thomas

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف thomas في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.
thomas love peacock: thomas tavuskuşu aşk
doubting Thomas: şüpheci kimse
doubting thomas: şüpheci tıp
doubting Thomas: (deyim) kuskucu,supheci kimse
doubting thomas: herşeyden kuşkulanan tip

التركية - التركية

تعريف thomas في التركية التركية القاموس.
thomas hobbes: Siyaset biliminin başyapıtlarından bir sayılan Leviathan adlı incelemesi ve bu kitapta geçen insan insanın kurdudur sözüyle ünlü ingiliz düşünür

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف thomas في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.: An Apostle, best remembered for doubting the resurrection of Jesus
But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came. The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the LORD. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe.; An infidel (used by Christians in reference to the Apostle); A patronymic surname; A male given name of biblical origin, popular since the 13th century
goodness we scarcely have a name for the baby yet now all of you must take a vote, all of you, but let's have a nice simple name like Thomas don't you think I hate elaborate names, do please all of you vote for Thomas....; {i} male first name; family name; A surname derived from the given name; American jurist who was appointed an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991. Welsh poet known for his bardic voice experiments with syllabic verse. He wrote highly personal poems, such as "Fern Hill" (1946), as well as essays, short fiction, and works for radio, including Under Milk Wood (1954). American Union general who fought at the Battle of Shiloh (1862) and was renowned for his stalwart defense during the Union defeat at Chickamauga (1863). American publisher who founded the Massachusetts Spy, an anti-British newspaper (1770), and produced many books, including the first English Bible printed in the colonies. American radio commentator who was a correspondent during both World Wars, broadcast a nightly news program (1930-1976), and wrote and lectured widely on his travel adventures. American socialist leader. A founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (1920), he was the Socialist Party candidate for President six times between 1928 and 1948. American clockmaker and a pioneer in the mass production of clocks. Adès Thomas Affleck Thomas Aldrich Thomas Bailey Allbutt Sir Thomas Clifford Aquinas Saint Thomas Arne Thomas Augustine Arnold Thomas Bayard Thomas Francis Becket Saint Thomas Thomas à Becket Beecham Sir Thomas James Thomas Bell Benton Thomas Hart Bewick Thomas Blanchard Thomas Booth Edwin Thomas Boulsover Thomas Bowdler Thomas Bradley Thomas Browne Sir Thomas Cardigan James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of Carlyle Thomas Cech Thomas Robert Chatterton Thomas Chippendale Thomas Thomas Clancy Thomas Campbell Cole Thomas Thomas Connery Conway Thomas Cook Thomas Cosgrave William Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell Thomas earl of Essex Thomas Cruise Mapother IV de Colmar Charles Xavier Thomas De La Warr Thomas West 12th Baron De Quincey Thomas Dewey Thomas Edmund Dongan Thomas 2nd earl of Limerick Dorr Thomas Wilson Dorsey Thomas Andrew Thomas Dorsey Thomas Clement Douglas Eakins Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Eliot Thomas Stearns Erskine of Restormel Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Fairfax of Cameron Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Farrell James Thomas Gaddis William Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Gallaudet Thomas Hopkins Germain Thomas Gray Thomas Haliburton Thomas Chandler Hardy Thomas Hendricks Thomas Andrews Hobbes Thomas Hooker Thomas Hutchinson Thomas Huxley Thomas Henry Jackson Charles Thomas Thomas Jonathan Jackson Jefferson Thomas Kuhn Thomas Samuel Kyd Thomas Lawrence Thomas Edward Linacre Thomas Lipton Sir Thomas Johnstone Littleton Sir Thomas Lombardi Vincent Thomas Macaulay Thomas Babington Baron Macaulay of Rothley Macdonough Thomas Malory Sir Thomas Malthus Thomas Robert Mann Thomas Marshall Thomas Riley Thomas Joseph Mboya Merton Thomas Middleton Thomas Midgley Thomas Jr. John Thomas Miner Thomas Hezikiah Mix Moore Thomas More Saint Thomas Morgan Thomas Hunt Morley Thomas Mudge Thomas Muggeridge Malcolm Thomas Müntzer Thomas Thomas Munzer Nashe Thomas Nast Thomas Newcastle under Lyme Thomas Pelham Holles 1st duke of Newcomen Thomas Norfolk Thomas Howard 2nd duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard 3rd duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard 4th duke of Otway Thomas Paine Thomas Peacock Thomas Love Pendergast Thomas Joseph Pinckney Thomas Pride Sir Thomas Pynchon Thomas Quiller Couch Sir Arthur Thomas Raffles Sir Thomas Stamford Rapier James Thomas Reed Thomas Brackett Reid Thomas Rietveld Gerrit Thomas Rowlandson Thomas Rymer Thomas Sackville Thomas 1st earl of Dorset Saint Thomas Sampson William Thomas Shadwell Thomas Sheraton Thomas Sopwith Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch Southampton Thomas Wriothesley 1st earl of Staubach Roger Thomas Strafford Thomas Wentworth 1st earl of William Thomas Strayhorn Suffolk Thomas Howard 1st earl of Sumter Thomas Sydenham Thomas Tallis Thomas Telford Thomas Thomas à Kempis Thomas Hemerken Thomas Clarence Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas George Henry Thomas Helen Thomas Isiah Lord III Thomas Lewis Thomas Lowell Jackson Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas Saint Tompion Thomas Traherne Thomas Thomas Wright Waller Watson Thomas John Sr. Thomas Sturges Watson Weelkes Thomas Weller Thomas Huckle Thomas Lanier Williams Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wolfe Thomas Clayton Wolsey Thomas Cardinal Wyat Thomas Sir Thomas Thomas Wyatt Young Thomas Shaughnessy of Montreal and Ashford Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron; of biblical origin, popular since the 13th century; a radio broadcast journalist during World War I and World War II noted for his nightly new broadcast (1892-1981); the Apostle who would not believe the resurrection of Jesus until he saw Jesus with his own eyes; One of the Twelve Apostles (Matt 10: 3; Mark 3: 18; Luke 6: 15; Acts 1: 13), seldom mentioned in the Synoptics but relatively prominent in the fourth Gospel, where he is called Didymus (twin) (John 11: 16; 20: 24; 21: 2) Unable to believe the other disciples' report of Jesus' resurrection, Thomas is suddenly confronted with the risen Jesus and pronounces the strongest confession of faith in the Gospel (John 20: 24-29); Welsh poet (1914-1953); Mud of night being also called Jules Would come from the anthem of Pascal time: " Thomas vacuum, empties latus ", that the people sang in the churches at happy time when the clerks more sensitive to the beauty than some abbichons modern, had not put Latin yet at the index in the religious ceremonies; United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859); twin, one of the twelve (Matt 10: 3; Mark 3: 18, etc ) He was also called Didymus (John 11: 16; 20: 24), which is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name All we know regarding him is recorded in the fourth Gospel (John 11: 15, 16; 14: 4, 5; 20: 24, 25, 26-29) From the circumstance that in the lists of the apostles he is always mentioned along with Matthew, who was the son of Alphaeus (Mark 3: 18), and that these two are always followed by James, who was also the son of Alphaeus, it has been supposed that these three, Matthew, Thomas, and James, were brothers; the Apostle who would not believe the resurrection of Jesus until he saw Jesus with his own eyes Welsh poet (1914-1953) a radio broadcast journalist during World War I and World War II noted for his nightly new broadcast (1892-1981) United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968) United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859); A vampire that served the Master in "Welcome to the Hellmouth " He was seen with Darla at The Bronze, hunting for prey to bring to the Master He selected Willow, and was later staked by Buffy, who insulted his outfit by stating, "Live in the now, okay? You look like DeBarge!" Darla also referred to him as being "young and stupid" ("Welcome to the Hellmouth"); Lowry; Where the parties have included a settlement of vocational rehabilitation rights, a finding that there is a good faith issue that if decided against the claimant would preclude all workers' compensation benefits; United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968)
Thomas 1st earl of Dorset Sackville: born 1536, Buckhurst, Sussex, Eng. died April 19, 1608, London English politician and poet. A London barrister, he entered Parliament in 1558. He was a member of the Privy Council (1585) and conveyed the death sentence to Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1586. He later served on diplomatic missions to The Hague and served as lord high treasurer (1599-1608). He was also noted as the coauthor of The Tragedie of Gorboduc (1561), the earliest English drama in blank verse, and for his "Induction," the most famous part of the verse collection A Myrrour for Magistrates (1563)
Thomas 2nd earl of Limerick Dongan: born 1634, Castletown, County Kildare, Ire. died Dec. 14, 1715, London, Eng. British colonial governor of New York. A member of an Irish royalist family, he was exiled to France after the English Civil Wars. Recalled to England in 1677, he served as lieutenant governor of Tangiers from 1678 to 1680. As governor of New York (1682-88), he organized the colony's first representative assembly, issued a "Charter of Liberties" in 1683, and pursued a policy of cooperation with the Iroquois Confederacy against the French. He returned to England in 1691
Thomas A Dorsey: born July 1, 1899, Villa Rica, Ga., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1993, Chicago, Ill. U.S. songwriter, singer, and pianist, the "father of gospel music. " Born the son of a revivalist preacher, Dorsey was influenced by blues pianists in the Atlanta area. After moving to Chicago in 1916, he appeared under the name of "Georgia Tom," became a pianist with Ma Rainey, and composed secular "hokum" songs (those peppered with risqué double entendres). He wrote his first gospel song in 1919, and in 1932 he abandoned the blues completely and founded the Pilgrim Baptist Church in Chicago. His more than 1,000 gospel songs include "Precious Lord, Take My Hand," "Peace in the Valley," and "If We Ever Needed the Lord Before." He recorded extensively in the early 1930s. Many of his songs were introduced by Mahalia Jackson. He founded and directed the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses
Thomas A Hendricks: born Sept. 7, 1819, near Zanesville, Ohio, U.S. died Nov. 25, 1885, Indianapolis, Ind. U.S. politician. He practiced law in Indiana before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1851-55) and Senate (1863-69); he was later governor (1873-77). Though loyal to the Union, he opposed many aspects of the Union's military effort during the American Civil War; he also opposed the Reconstruction program imposed on the South after the war. He favoured leniency toward white supremacists in the South and opposed all legislation aimed at assisting freedmen. He was the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1876 (as the running mate of Samuel Tilden) and again in 1884, when he was elected with Grover Cleveland. He died shortly after taking office
Thomas Adès: born March 1, 1971, London, Eng. British composer. Trained as a pianist at the Guildhall School, he later attended King's College, Cambridge. Initial recognition came for his virtuoso piano playing, but he started to write music in 1990 (Five Eliot Landscapes) and was instantly acclaimed as a major composer for his inventiveness and remarkably assured technique. His controversial opera Powder Her Face (1995), about a 20th-century divorce scandal, attracted international attention, as did his large symphonic work Asyla (1997)
Thomas Affleck: born 1745, Aberdeen, Scot. died 1795, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. Scottish-born U.S. cabinetmaker. Trained in England, he moved to Philadelphia, where he produced outstanding furniture in the Chippendale style for Gov. John Penn and other leading citizens. The Marlborough-style leg (straight, grooved, with a block foot) and elaborate carving characterize his work
Thomas Alva Edison: a US inventor who made over 1300 electrical inventions, including the microphone, the record player, and equipment for the cinema. He is most famous for inventing the light bulb (=a glass container with a thin wire inside, which produces light by using electricity) (1847-1931). born Feb. 11, 1847, Milan, Ohio, U.S. died Oct. 18, 1931, West Orange, N.J. U.S. inventor. He had very little formal schooling. He set up a laboratory in his father's basement at age 10; at 12 he was earning money selling newspapers and candy on trains. He worked as a telegrapher (1862-68) before deciding to pursue invention and entrepreneurship. Throughout much of his career, he was strongly motivated by efforts to overcome his handicap of partial deafness. For Western Union he developed a machine capable of sending four telegraph messages down one wire, only to sell the invention to Western Union's rival, Jay Gould, for more than $100,000. He created the world's first industrial-research laboratory, in Menlo Park, N.J. There he invented the carbon-button transmitter (1877), still used in telephone speakers and microphones today; the phonograph (1877); and the incandescent lightbulb (1879). To develop the lightbulb, he was advanced $30,000 by such financiers as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. In 1882 he supervised the installation of the world's first permanent commercial central power system, in lower Manhattan. After the death of his first wife (1884), he built a new laboratory in West Orange, N.J. Its first major endeavour was the commercialization of the phonograph, which Alexander Graham Bell had improved on since Edison's initial invention. At the new laboratory Edison and his team also developed an early movie camera and an instrument for viewing moving pictures; they also developed the alkaline storage battery. Although his later projects were not as successful as his earlier ones, Edison continued to work even in his 80s. Singly or jointly, he held a world-record 1,093 patents, nearly 400 of them for electric light and power. He always invented for necessity, with the object of devising something new that he could manufacture. More than any other, he laid the basis for the technological revolution of the modern electric world
Thomas Alva Edison: (1847-1931) American inventor, inventor of the electric light bulb
Thomas Andrew Dorsey: born July 1, 1899, Villa Rica, Ga., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1993, Chicago, Ill. U.S. songwriter, singer, and pianist, the "father of gospel music. " Born the son of a revivalist preacher, Dorsey was influenced by blues pianists in the Atlanta area. After moving to Chicago in 1916, he appeared under the name of "Georgia Tom," became a pianist with Ma Rainey, and composed secular "hokum" songs (those peppered with risqué double entendres). He wrote his first gospel song in 1919, and in 1932 he abandoned the blues completely and founded the Pilgrim Baptist Church in Chicago. His more than 1,000 gospel songs include "Precious Lord, Take My Hand," "Peace in the Valley," and "If We Ever Needed the Lord Before." He recorded extensively in the early 1930s. Many of his songs were introduced by Mahalia Jackson. He founded and directed the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses
Thomas Andrews Hendricks: born Sept. 7, 1819, near Zanesville, Ohio, U.S. died Nov. 25, 1885, Indianapolis, Ind. U.S. politician. He practiced law in Indiana before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1851-55) and Senate (1863-69); he was later governor (1873-77). Though loyal to the Union, he opposed many aspects of the Union's military effort during the American Civil War; he also opposed the Reconstruction program imposed on the South after the war. He favoured leniency toward white supremacists in the South and opposed all legislation aimed at assisting freedmen. He was the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1876 (as the running mate of Samuel Tilden) and again in 1884, when he was elected with Grover Cleveland. He died shortly after taking office
Thomas Arnold: known as Doctor Arnold born June 13, 1795, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, Eng. died June 12, 1842, Rugby, Warwickshire British educator. A classical scholar, he became headmaster in 1828 of Rugby School, which was in a state of decline. He revived Rugby by reforming its curriculum, athletics program, and social structure (in the prefect system he introduced, older boys served as house monitors to keep discipline among younger boys), becoming in the process the preeminent figure in British education. In 1841 he was named Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. In addition to several volumes of sermons, he wrote a three-volume History of Rome (1838-43). He was the father of Matthew Arnold and grandfather of the novelist Mrs. Humphry Ward (1851-1920)
Thomas Augustine Arne: born March 12, 1710, London, Eng. died March 5, 1778, London British composer. Son of a London upholsterer, he secretly taught himself instrumental skills and composition with the help of an opera musician. Smitten by the opera, he had an early success with his own first opera, Rosamond (1733), and thereafter concentrated almost exclusively on the theatre. As composer to Drury Lane Theatre and London's great pleasure gardens, he became Britain's leading theatrical composer and, after George Frideric Handel, possibly the finest British composer of the century. Of his approximately 90 theatrical works, the best known are Comus (1738), The Judgment of Paris (1740), and Artaxerxes (1762). His song "Rule, Britannia" became an unofficial national anthem. His sister Susannah (1714-66) was the famous singer and actress known as Mrs. Cibber
Thomas B Reed: born Oct. 18, 1839, Portland, Maine, U.S. died Dec. 7, 1902, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician. He served in the Maine legislature and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1877-99). As speaker of the House (1889-91, 1895-99) he introduced procedural changes that strengthened legislative control by the majority party and increased the power of the speaker and the Rules Committee. The Reed Rules were attacked by opponents, who called Reed "Czar Reed" for his vigorous promotion of their passage. Ten years later the speaker's powers were reduced
Thomas Babington Baron Macaulay of Rothley Macaulay: born Oct. 25, 1800, Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, Eng. died Dec. 28, 1859, Campden Hill, London English politician, historian, and poet. While a fellow at Cambridge University, Macaulay published the first of his essays, on John Milton (1825), and gained immediate fame. After entering Parliament in 1830, he became known as a leading orator. From 1834 he served on the Supreme Council in India, supporting the equality of Europeans and Indians before the law and inaugurating a national educational system. He reentered Parliament on returning to England in 1838. He published Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) and Critical and Historical Essays (1843) before retiring to private life and beginning his brilliant History of England, 5 vol. (1849-61); covering the period 1688-1702, it established a Whig interpretation of English history that influenced generations
Thomas Bailey Aldrich: born Nov. 11, 1836, Portsmouth, N.H., U.S. died March 19, 1907, Boston, Mass. U.S. poet, short-story writer, and editor. Aldrich left school at age 13 and soon began to contribute to newspapers and magazines. He was editor of The Atlantic Monthly 1881-90. He drew on his childhood for his classic children's novel The Story of a Bad Boy (1870). His use of the surprise ending influenced the development of the short story in the U.S. Aldrich's poems reflect New England culture and his experiences visiting Europe
Thomas Bewick: born Aug. 12, 1753, Cherryburn, Eng. died Nov. 8, 1828, Gateshead British wood engraver. At age 14 he was apprenticed to a metal engraver, with whom he later went into partnership in Newcastle; Bewick remained there most of his life. He rediscovered the technique of wood engraving, which had declined into a reproductive technique, and brought to it brilliant innovations, such as the use of parallel lines instead of cross-hatching to achieve a wide range of tones and textures. He also developed a method of printing gray backgrounds to heighten the effect of atmosphere and space. Some of his finest works are illustrations for books on natural history. He established a school of engraving in Newcastle
Thomas Blanchard: born June 24, 1788, Sutton, Mass., U.S. died April 16, 1864, Boston, Mass. U.S. inventor. In 1818 he invented a lathe capable of turning irregular shapes, such as a gunstock. It duplicated the form of a pattern object by transmitting to the cutting tool the motion of a friction wheel rolling over the pattern. His invention was an essential step in the development of mass production techniques. He produced several successful designs of shallow-draft steamboats, and in 1849 he invented machinery for bending wood into complex shapes such as plow handles and ship's frames
Thomas Bodley: {i} (1545-1613) English diplomat and scholar who founded the Bodleian Library
Thomas Boulsover: born 1706, Elkington, Derbyshire, Eng. died September 1788, Sheffield British inventor of fused plating ("old Sheffield plate"). As a craftsman of the Cutlers Co. in 1743, while repairing a copper-and-silver knife handle, he discovered that the two metals could be fused and that when the fused metals were rolled in a rolling mill they behaved like a single metal. His invention opened the way to economical production of a great variety of plated objects, from buttons and snuffboxes, which he himself made, to hollowware (e.g., tea sets) and utensils, which were soon manufactured in large quantity by other Sheffield workers
Thomas Bowdler: {i} (1754-1825) English editor who censored and published Shakespeare's writings for family reading
Thomas Bowdler: born July 11, 1754, Ashley, near Bath, Somerset, Eng. died Feb. 24, 1825, Rhydding, near Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales English physician, philanthropist, and man of letters. He is known for his Family Shakspeare (1818), in which, by expurgation and paraphrase, he aimed to provide an edition of the plays suitable for a father to read aloud to his family without fear of offending their susceptibilities or corrupting their minds. The first edition (1807) contained a selection of 20 plays that probably were expurgated by Bowdler's sister, Harriet
Thomas Brackett Reed: born Oct. 18, 1839, Portland, Maine, U.S. died Dec. 7, 1902, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician. He served in the Maine legislature and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1877-99). As speaker of the House (1889-91, 1895-99) he introduced procedural changes that strengthened legislative control by the majority party and increased the power of the speaker and the Rules Committee. The Reed Rules were attacked by opponents, who called Reed "Czar Reed" for his vigorous promotion of their passage. Ten years later the speaker's powers were reduced
Thomas Bradley: born Dec. 29, 1917, Calvert, Texas, U.S. died Sept. 29, 1998, Los Angeles, Calif. Mayor of Los Angeles (1973-93). The son of a sharecropper, he moved with his family to Los Angeles when he was seven and endured poverty after his father abandoned the family. In 1940 he began a 22-year tenure with the city's police department, during which he earned a law degree (1956) by attending night school. In 1963 he became the city's first African American council member, and in 1973 he was elected one of the country's first two African American mayors of a major city (with Coleman Young of Detroit). During five terms as mayor, he helped transform Los Angeles into a bustling business and trading centre, overseeing massive growth and hosting the 1984 Olympic Games. He retired in 1992 after the city was consumed by riots following the acquittal of police officers in the beating of African American motorist Rodney King
Thomas Cardinal Wolsey: born 1475, Ipswich, Suffolk, Eng. died Nov. 29, 1530, Leicester, Leicestershire English prelate and statesman. He served as chaplain to Henry VII and later Henry VIII, for whom he organized the successful campaign against the French (1513). On Henry's recommendation, the pope made Wolsey successively bishop of Lincoln (1514), archbishop of York (1514), cardinal (1515), and papal legate (1518). In 1515 Henry appointed him lord chancellor of England, which added to his power and wealth. Wolsey sought to bring peace to Europe, but in 1521 he allied with Emperor Charles V against France. Although he introduced judicial and monastic reforms, he became unpopular for raising taxes. In 1529 he failed to persuade the pope to grant Henry an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, for which he soon lost favour and was stripped of his offices except the archbishopric of York. In 1530 he was arrested for treason for corresponding with the French court, and he died on his way to face the king
Thomas Carlyle: {i} (1795-1881) Scottish born English essayist and historian who wrote about the French Revolution in 1837
Thomas Carlyle: a Scottish writer on political and social subjects, who wrote a famous history of the French Revolution (1795-1881). born Dec. 4, 1795, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scot. died Feb. 5, 1881, London, Eng. Scottish historian and essayist. The son of a mason, Carlyle was reared in a strict Calvinist household and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He moved to London in 1834. An energetic, irritable, fiercely independent idealist, he became a leading moral force in Victorian literature. His humorous essay "Sartor Resartus" (1836) is a fantastic hodgepodge of autobiography and German philosophy. The French Revolution, 3 vol. (1837), perhaps his greatest achievement, contains outstanding set pieces and character studies. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) showed his reverence for strength, particularly when combined with the conviction of a God-given mission. He later published a study of Oliver Cromwell (1845) and a huge biography of Frederick the Great, 6 vol. (1858-65)
Thomas Cech: born Dec. 8, 1947, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. biochemist, molecular biologist, and Nobel laureate. He received his Ph.D. from UC-Berkeley in 1975. In 1982 he became the first to show that an RNA molecule could catalyze a chemical reaction. He and Sidney Altman were awarded a 1989 Nobel Prize for their independent discoveries that RNA, previously thought to be only a messenger of genetic information, can also catalyze cellular chemical reactions essential to life
Thomas Chandler Haliburton: born Dec. 17, 1796, Windsor, Nova Scotia died Aug. 27, 1865, Isleworth, Middlesex, Eng. Canadian writer. He served in the legislature of his native Nova Scotia and later served as a judge of the Supreme Court (1841-54), where he maintained the strong conservatism that informs his writings. He moved to England in 1856 and was a member of Parliament from 1859 until his death. He is best known for creating the character Sam Slick, a Yankee clock peddler and cracker-barrel philosopher whose escapades first appeared in the newspaper Nova Scotian and were later published in The Clockmaker (1836, 1838, 1840) and other volumes
Thomas Chatterton: born Nov. 20, 1752, Bristol, Gloucestershire, Eng. died Aug. 24, 1770, London English poet. At age 11 Chatterton wrote a pastoral eclogue on an old parchment and passed it off successfully as a 15th-century work. Thereafter he created more poems in a similar vein, attributing them to a fictitious monk he called Thomas Rowley. After a mock suicide threat freed him from an apprenticeship to an attorney, he set out for London. There he had some success with a comic opera, The Revenge, but when a prospective patron died, he found himself penniless and without prospects and committed suicide at
Thomas Chatterton: Considered a precursor of Romanticism, he was praised by such poets as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, and William Wordsworth
Thomas Chippendale: (baptized June 5, 1718, Otley, Eng. died November 1779, London) English cabinetmaker. Little is known of his life before 1753, when he opened a showroom and workshop in London. In 1754 he published The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director, a popular collection of designs illustrating almost every type of domestic furniture. The designs were mostly his improvements on already existing styles. Though much 18th-century furniture is attributed to him, only a few pieces can be assigned with certainty to his workshop. See also Chippendale style
Thomas Clayton Wolfe: born Oct. 3, 1900, Asheville, N.C., U.S. died Sept. 15, 1938, Baltimore, Md. U.S. writer. Wolfe studied at the University of North Carolina and in 1923 moved to New York City, where he taught at New York University while writing plays. Look Homeward, Angel (1929), his first and best-known novel, and Of Time and the River (1935) are thinly veiled autobiographies. In The Story of a Novel (1936) he describes his close working relationship with the editor Maxwell Perkins, who helped him shape the chaotic manuscripts for his first two books into publishable form. His short stories were collected in From Death to Morning (1935). After his death at age 37 from tuberculosis, the novels The Web and the Rock (1939) and You Can't Go Home Again (1940) were among the works extracted from the manuscripts he left
Thomas Cole: born Feb. 1, 1801, Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, Eng. died Feb. 11, 1848, Catskill, N.Y., U.S. British-born U.S. landscape painter, founder of the Hudson River school. After immigrating to the U.S. with his family in 1819, he studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1825 Asher B. Durand began purchasing his work and finding him patrons. After settling in Catskill, N.Y., Cole traveled throughout the northeast making pencil sketches of the scenery, from which he later produced finished paintings in his studio. He is famous for his views of the Hudson Valley, as well as for grandiose imaginary vistas
Thomas Conway: born Feb. 27, 1735, Ireland died 1800 General of the U.S. army during the American Revolution. Sent by France to aid the Revolutionary army, he fought in the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, then was promoted to major general by Congress, against the advice of George Washington. Conway advocated Washington's replacement as commander in chief by Horatio Gates; his "plot," called the Conway Cabal, was exposed, and he was forced to resign
Thomas Cook: a British company that sells holidays and also arranges flights, sells foreign money etc. It is one of the oldest companies providing services for travellers and was started in 1841 by Thomas Cook. born Nov. 22, 1808, Melbourne, Derbyshire, Eng. died July 18, 1892, Leicester, Leicestershire British innovator of the conducted tour. A Baptist missionary, in 1841 he arranged for a special train to be run to a temperance meeting; this was probably the first publicly advertised excursion train in England. He began to arrange excursions on a regular basis, and in 1856 he led his first grand tour of Europe. In the early 1860s he became an agent for the sale of travel tickets; with his son, John Mason Cook (1834-99), he founded the Thomas Cook & Son travel agency. In the 1880s the firm also organized military transport and postal services
Thomas Cranmer: an English priest who was Archbishop of Canterbury, and who was one of the leaders of the Reformation (=the time when many Christians in Europe left the Catholic religion and started the Protestant religion) in England. When the Catholic Mary I became Queen of England, she ordered Cranmer to be killed by being burned (1489-1556). born July 2, 1489, Aslacton, Nottinghamshire, Eng. died March 21, 1556, Oxford First Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. Educated at the University of Cambridge, he was ordained in 1523. He became involved in Henry VIII's negotiations with the pope over divorcing Catherine of Aragon. In 1533 Henry appointed him archbishop of Canterbury, putting him in a position to help overthrow papal supremacy in England. He annulled Henry's marriage to Catherine, supported his marriage to Anne Boleyn, and later helped him divorce her. After Henry's death in 1547, Cranmer became an influential adviser to the young Edward VI, moving England firmly in a Protestant direction. He wrote the Forty-two Articles, from which the Thirty-nine Articles of Anglican belief were derived. When the strongly anti-Protestant Mary I became queen, Cranmer was tried, convicted of heresy, and burned at the stake
Thomas Cromwell: an English politician who became King Henry VIII 's chief adviser, and made laws that gave Henry control of all the churches in England, instead of the Pope. He also organized the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1485-1540)
Thomas De Quincey: born Aug. 15, 1785, Manchester, Lancashire, Eng. died Dec. 8, 1859, Edinburgh, Scot. English essayist and critic. While a student at Oxford he first took opium to relieve the pain of facial neuralgia. He became a lifelong addict, an experience that inspired his best-known work, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1822), whose highly poetic and imaginative prose has made it an enduring masterpiece of English style. As a critic he is best known for the essay "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823)
Thomas Dudley: {i} (1576-1653) British governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Thomas E Dewey: born March 24, 1902, Owosso, Mich., U.S. died March 16, 1971, Bal Harbour, Fla. U.S. attorney and politician. He became an assistant U.S. attorney in New York in 1931 and was elected district attorney in 1937. His successful prosecution of organized-crime figures won him three terms as governor of New York (1943-55), during which he pursued policies of political and fiscal moderation. He received the Republican presidential nomination in 1944 but was soundly defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt; nominated again in 1948, he was widely predicted to defeat the incumbent, Harry S. Truman, but Truman retained the vote of farmers and labour to prevail. Dewey retired from politics in 1955 but continued to advise Republican administrations
Thomas Eakins: a US painter who used a very realistic style (1844-1916). born July 25, 1844, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died June 25, 1916, Philadelphia U.S. painter. After early training at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1866-70), he spent most of his life in his native Philadelphia. He reinforced his study of the live model at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts by studying anatomy at a medical college. The Gross Clinic (1875), depicting a surgical operation, was too realistic for his contemporaries but is now seen as his masterpiece. In 1876 he began teaching at the Pennsylvania Academy, but he was forced to resign in 1886 for working with nude models in mixed classes. In addition to numerous portraits, he painted boating and other outdoor scenes that reflect his fascination with the human body in motion. His interest in locomotion led him to the sequential photography of Eadweard Muybridge, and he began producing photographs and sculpture as well as paintings. Perhaps the most outstanding U.S. painter of the 19th century, his work inspired the trend of realism in American painting in the early 20th century
Thomas Edison: {i} Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), United States inventor, inventor of the electric light bulb
Thomas Edmund Dewey: born March 24, 1902, Owosso, Mich., U.S. died March 16, 1971, Bal Harbour, Fla. U.S. attorney and politician. He became an assistant U.S. attorney in New York in 1931 and was elected district attorney in 1937. His successful prosecution of organized-crime figures won him three terms as governor of New York (1943-55), during which he pursued policies of political and fiscal moderation. He received the Republican presidential nomination in 1944 but was soundly defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt; nominated again in 1948, he was widely predicted to defeat the incumbent, Harry S. Truman, but Truman retained the vote of farmers and labour to prevail. Dewey retired from politics in 1955 but continued to advise Republican administrations
Thomas Edward Lawrence: byname Lawrence of Arabia born Aug. 15, 1888, Tremadoc, Caernarvonshire, Wales died May 19, 1935, Clouds Hill, Dorset, Eng. British scholar, military strategist, and author. He studied at Oxford, submitting a thesis on Crusader castles. He learned Arabic on an archaeological expedition (1911-14). During World War I (1914-18) he conceived the plan of supporting Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire as a way of undermining Germany's eastern ally, and he led Arab forces in a guerrilla campaign behind the lines, tying up many Ottoman troops. In 1917 his forces had their first major victory, capturing the port town of Al-Aqabah. He was captured later that year, but he escaped. His troops reached Damascus in 1918, but Arab factionalism and Anglo-French decisions to divide the area into British-and French-controlled mandates prevented the Arabs from forming a unified nation despite their victory. Lawrence retired, declining royal decorations. Under the name Ross, and later Shaw, he enlisted in the Royal Air Force (and briefly the Royal Tank Corps). He finished his autobiography, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, in 1926. He was eventually posted to India; his experiences provided grist for his semifictional The Mint. He died in a motorcycle accident three months after his discharge
Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Erskine: born Jan. 10, 1750, Edinburgh, Scot. died Nov. 17, 1823, Almondell, Linlithgowshire Scottish lawyer. He was the youngest son of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan. After service in the British navy and army, he entered the law, and in 1778 he was called to the bar. His practice flourished after he won a seminal libel case, and he went on to make important contributions to the protection of personal liberties. His defense of politicians and reformers on charges of treason and related offenses, including an unsuccessful defense of Thomas Paine (1792), checked repressive measures taken by the British government in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He contributed to the law of criminal responsibility by defending, on the novel ground of insanity, a would-be assassin of George III. He served in Parliament (1783-84, 1790-1806) until elevated to the peerage (1806), and he was lord chancellor (1806-07) in William Grenville's "ministry of all talents." In 1820 he defended Queen Caroline, whom George IV had brought to trial before the House of Lords for adultery in order to deprive her of her rights and title. Erskine's courtroom speeches are characterized by vigour, cogency, and lucidity and often by great literary merit
Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Erskine of Restormel: born Jan. 10, 1750, Edinburgh, Scot. died Nov. 17, 1823, Almondell, Linlithgowshire Scottish lawyer. He was the youngest son of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan. After service in the British navy and army, he entered the law, and in 1778 he was called to the bar. His practice flourished after he won a seminal libel case, and he went on to make important contributions to the protection of personal liberties. His defense of politicians and reformers on charges of treason and related offenses, including an unsuccessful defense of Thomas Paine (1792), checked repressive measures taken by the British government in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He contributed to the law of criminal responsibility by defending, on the novel ground of insanity, a would-be assassin of George III. He served in Parliament (1783-84, 1790-1806) until elevated to the peerage (1806), and he was lord chancellor (1806-07) in William Grenville's "ministry of all talents." In 1820 he defended Queen Caroline, whom George IV had brought to trial before the House of Lords for adultery in order to deprive her of her rights and title. Erskine's courtroom speeches are characterized by vigour, cogency, and lucidity and often by great literary merit
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fairfax: born Jan. 17, 1612, Denton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Nov. 12, 1671, Nun Appleton, Yorkshire Commander in chief of the Parliamentary army during the English Civil Wars. His tactical skill and courage helped bring about many Parliamentary victories, including the Battle of Marston Moor. As commander in chief of the New Model Army, he defeated Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. Fairfax disapproved of the purge of Parliament by his soldiers in 1648 and refused to serve on the commission that condemned Charles to death. In 1650 he resigned as commander in chief to protest the proposed invasion of Scotland. In 1658 he helped George Monck restore Parliamentary rule in the face of opposition from the army. He was a member of the Parliament that invited Charles's son to return to England as Charles II
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron: born Jan. 17, 1612, Denton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Nov. 12, 1671, Nun Appleton, Yorkshire Commander in chief of the Parliamentary army during the English Civil Wars. His tactical skill and courage helped bring about many Parliamentary victories, including the Battle of Marston Moor. As commander in chief of the New Model Army, he defeated Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. Fairfax disapproved of the purge of Parliament by his soldiers in 1648 and refused to serve on the commission that condemned Charles to death. In 1650 he resigned as commander in chief to protest the proposed invasion of Scotland. In 1658 he helped George Monck restore Parliamentary rule in the face of opposition from the army. He was a member of the Parliament that invited Charles's son to return to England as Charles II
Thomas Francis Bayard: born Oct. 29, 1828, Wilmington, Del., U.S. died Sept. 28, 1898, Dedham, Mass. U.S. statesman, diplomat, and lawyer. Born into a prominent political family, he succeeded his father as U.S. senator from Delaware (1869-85). He served as secretary of state (1885-89) and as ambassador to Britain (1893-97), the first U.S. representative to Great Britain to hold that rank. A champion of arbitration, he was critical of the aggressive position of Pres. Grover Cleveland in the dispute with Britain over the Venezuelan boundary (1895)
Thomas Gainsborough: (1727-1788) British portrait and landscape painter, creator of "The Mall" and "The Blue Boy
Thomas Gainsborough: a British artist famous for his portraits (=pictures of people) , such as 'The Blue Boy', and for his landscapes (=pictures of the countryside) (1727-88). (baptized May 14, 1727, Sudbury, Eng. died Aug. 2, 1788, London) British painter. At 13 he left his native Suffolk to study in London. By 1750, back in Suffolk, he had established a reputation in portraiture and landscape painting. He painted landscapes for pleasure; portraiture was his profession. In 1759 he moved to the fashionable spa of Bath, where his works would be seen by a wider and wealthier public. In 1768 he became a founding member of the Royal Academy of Art. He developed an elegant, formal portrait style inspired by Anthony Van Dyck, whose influence can be seen in such portraits as his famous Blue Boy (1770). In 1774 he moved to London and became a favourite of the royal family, preferred above the official court painter, Joshua Reynolds. His love of landscape came from studying 17th-century Dutch artists and later Peter Paul Rubens, whose influence is evident in The Watering Place (1777). His output was prodigious; he produced many landscape drawings in various media, and in his later years he also created images of seascapes, pastoral subjects, and children
Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron Shaughnessy: born Oct. 6, 1853, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S. died Dec. 10, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. Canadian railway executive. After working as a clerk for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, he joined the Canadian Pacific Railway as general purchasing agent (1882), becoming vice president (1891-99), president (1899-1918), and chairman of the board (from 1918). He oversaw the greatest expansion in the railroad's history and added shipping and mining industries to its holdings
Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron Shaughnessy of Montreal and Ashford: born Oct. 6, 1853, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S. died Dec. 10, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. Canadian railway executive. After working as a clerk for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, he joined the Canadian Pacific Railway as general purchasing agent (1882), becoming vice president (1891-99), president (1899-1918), and chairman of the board (from 1918). He oversaw the greatest expansion in the railroad's history and added shipping and mining industries to its holdings
Thomas Germain: born 1673, Paris, Fr. died Aug. 14, 1748, Paris French silver-and goldsmith. He studied painting as a boy and in 1691 was apprenticed to a silversmith in Rome. From 1706 to the 1720s, back in France, he worked on church commissions, such as a silver-gilt monstrance for Notre-Dame de Paris (1716). He became a master in the guild in 1720, and in 1723 Louis XV appointed him a royal goldsmith. Among his patrons were the queen of Spain, the king and queen of Naples, and the Portuguese court; his workshop produced some 3,000 silver objects for the palace at Lisbon over a 40-year period. He is best known for elaborate objects in Rococo style, though some of his pieces display a more restrained elegance
Thomas Gray: an English poet whose best-known work, Elegy written in a Country Churchyard, is usually called Gray's Elegy (1716-71). born Dec. 26, 1716, London, Eng. died July 30, 1771, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire British poet. He studied and later settled at Cambridge, where he wrote poems of wistful melancholy filled with truisms phrased in striking, quotable lines. Though his output was small, he became the dominant poetic figure in his day. He is remembered especially for "An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard" (1751), one of the best known of English lyric poems and the greatest work of the English "graveyard school." After its overwhelming success, his next two poems met a disappointing response, and he virtually ceased writing
Thomas Gresham: {i} Sir Thomas Gresham (1519-1579), English financier and trader
Thomas H Weller: born June 15, 1915, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S. U.S. physician and virologist. He studied at Harvard Medical School. For culturing poliomyelitis virus, which led to the development of polio vaccines, he shared a 1954 Nobel Prize with John Enders (1879-1985) and Frederick Robbins (b. 1916). He was the first (with Franklin Neva) to culture rubella virus and to isolate chickenpox virus from human cell cultures. He served as director of Harvard University's Center for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases (1966-81)
Thomas Hardy: a British writer and poet. Many of his novels are set in the countryside of Dorset in the southwest of England, and they often describe the unhappy side of life. His characters are often shown to be struggling against their own feelings and against fate. His best known books include Far From the Madding Crowd, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure (1840-1928). born June 2, 1840, Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, Eng. died Jan. 11, 1928, Dorchester, Dorset British novelist and poet. Son of a country stonemason and builder, he practiced architecture before beginning to write poetry, then prose. Many of his novels, beginning with his second, Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), are set in the imaginary county of Wessex. Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), his first success, was followed by The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895), all expressing his stoical pessimism and his sense of the inevitable tragedy of life. Their continuing popularity (many have been filmed) owes much to their richly varied yet accessible style and their combination of romantic plots with convincingly presented characters. Hardy's works were increasingly at odds with Victorian morality, and public indignation at Jude so disgusted him that he wrote no more novels. He returned to poetry with Wessex Poems (1898), Poems of the Past and the Present (1901), and The Dynasts (1910), a huge poetic drama of the Napoleonic Wars
Thomas Hardy: {i} (1840-1928) English short story writer and poet, author of "Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Thomas Harriot: {i} (1560-1621) English mathematician and astronomer who founded the English school of algebra and introduced new symbols and notation
Thomas Hart Benton: born March 14, 1782, near Hillsborough, N.C., U.S. died April 10, 1858, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician. After moving to St. Louis, Mo. (1815), he became editor of the St. Louis Enquirer. Appealing to agrarian and commercial interests, he won election to the U.S. Senate in 1820. He became a crusader for the distribution of public lands to settlers and was soon acknowledged as the chief spokesman in the Senate of the early Democratic Party. His opposition to the extension of slavery into the West cost him his Senate seat in 1851, though he later served in the House of Representatives (1853-55). His grandnephew was the artist Thomas Hart Benton. born April 15, 1889, Neosho, Mo., U.S. died Jan. 19, 1975, Kansas City, Mo. U.S. painter and muralist. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and at the Académie Julian in Paris, where he came into contact with Synchromism and Cubism. In 1912 he returned to the U.S. and settled in New York City. Failing in his attempts at Modernism, he set out to travel through the rural heartland, sketching people and places. In the 1930s he painted several notable murals, including America Today (1930-31) at the New School for Social Research. He often transposed biblical and classical stories to rural American settings, as in Susanna and the Elders (1938). His style, which quickly became influential, is characterized by undulating forms, cartoonlike figures, and brilliant colour. He taught at the Art Students League in New York, where Jackson Pollock was his best-known student
Thomas Hastings: {i} (1860-1929) famous United States architect who together with his partner John Merven Carrere founded a prominent architectural firm
Thomas Henry Huxley: born May 4, 1825, Ealing, Middlesex, Eng. died June 29, 1895, Eastbourne, Sussex British biologist. The son of a schoolmaster, he earned a medical degree. After working as a surgeon on a surveying expedition in the South Pacific (1846-50), during which he carried out extensive studies of marine organisms, he taught for many years at the Royal School of Mines in London (1854-85). In the 1850s he established his reputation with his important papers on animal individuality, certain mollusks, the methods of paleontology, the methods and principles of science and science education, the structure and functions of nerves, and the vertebrate skull. He was one of the earliest and strongest supporters of Darwinism; his 1860 debate with Bishop Samuel Wilberforce gained widespread attention. In the 1860s Huxley did valuable work in paleontology and classification, especially classification of birds. Later in life he turned to theology; he is said to have coined the word agnostic to describe his views. Few scientists have been as influential over such a wide field of scientific development and as effective in the total movement of thought and action within their own generation
Thomas Hobbes: an English political philosopher. In his book Leviathan he expressed the opinion that, since people think only of themselves and behave badly, it is best if they are ruled by one powerful authority (1588-1679). born April 5, 1588, Westport, Wiltshire, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1679, Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire English philosopher and political theorist. The son of a vicar who abandoned his family, Hobbes was raised by his uncle. After graduating from the University of Oxford he became a tutor and traveled with his pupil in Europe, where he engaged Galileo in philosophical discussions on the nature of motion. He later turned to political theory, but his support for absolutism put him at odds with the rising antiroyalist sentiment of the time. He fled to Paris in 1640, where he tutored the future King Charles II of England. In Paris he wrote his best-known work, Leviathan (1651), in which he attempted to justify the absolute power of the sovereign on the basis of a hypothetical social contract in which individuals seek to protect themselves from one another by agreeing to obey the sovereign in all matters. Hobbes returned to Britain in 1651 after the death of Charles I. In 1666 Parliament threatened to investigate him as an atheist. His works are considered important statements of the nascent ideas of liberalism as well as of the longstanding assumptions of absolutism characteristic of the times
Thomas Hobbes: (1588-1679) English philosopher and writer, author of "Leviathan
Thomas Hooker: born probably July 7, 1586, Markfield, Leicestershire, Eng. died July 7, 1647, Hartford, Conn. Anglo-American colonial clergyman. He held pastorates in England (1620-30), where he was attacked for Puritan leanings. He fled to Holland before emigrating to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633. As pastor of a company of Puritans, he moved them to Connecticut to settle Hartford in 1636. He helped frame the Fundamental Orders (1639), which later formed the basis of the Connecticut constitution
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet: born Dec. 10, 1787, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died Sept. 10, 1851, Hartford, Conn. U.S. philanthropist and founder of the first American school for the deaf. He graduated from Yale College and later studied in England and France, where he learned the sign method of communication. In 1816 he established the school for the deaf in Hartford, Conn.; for more than 50 years it would remain the main American training centre for instructors of the deaf. Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., is named in his honour
Thomas Howard 1st earl of Suffolk: born Aug. 24, 1561 died May 28, 1626, London, Eng. English naval officer and politician. Son of the 4th duke of Norfolk, Howard held naval commands and distinguished himself in the attack on the Spanish Armada (1588). He led naval forays against the Spanish in the reign of Elizabeth I. Created earl of Suffolk in 1603, he served James I as lord chamberlain (1603-14) and lord high treasurer (1614-18). In 1618 he was deprived of his office on charges of embezzlement and was briefly imprisoned with his wife, who had taken bribes from Spain
Thomas Howard 2nd duke of Norfolk: born 1443 died May 21, 1524, Framlingham, Suffolk, Eng. English noble prominent in the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Son of the 1st duke of Norfolk, he was made steward of the royal household and created earl of Surrey in 1483. While fighting for Richard III, he was taken prisoner (and his father killed) in the Battle of Bosworth Field. After his release in 1489, he commanded the defense of the Scottish borders and later defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden. Norfolk later served as lord treasurer and a privy councillor, and he helped arrange the marriage of Margaret Tudor to James IV of Scotland. In 1520 he was guardian of England during Henry VIII's absence in France
Thomas Howard 3rd duke of Norfolk: born 1473 died Aug. 25, 1554, Kenninghall, Norfolk, Eng. English noble prominent in the reign of Henry VIII. Son of the 2nd duke of Norfolk, he was made lord high admiral in 1513 and helped rout the Scots at the Battle of Flodden. Succeeding his father as duke (1524), he led the faction opposed to Cardinal Wolsey, whom he replaced as president of the royal council in 1529. He supported the marriage of his niece Anne Boleyn to Henry (1533), but later (as lord high steward) he presided over her trial (1536). He skillfully suppressed the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion and by 1540 was the most powerful of Henry's councillors. His position weakened after his niece Catherine Howard was put to death (1542) and his son Henry Howard (1517-47) was executed for treason. Imprisoned as an accessory to his son, he was released by Queen Mary in 1553
Thomas Howard 4th duke of Norfolk: born March 10, 1538, Kenninghall, Norfolk, Eng. died June 2, 1572, London English noble executed for his intrigues against Queen Elizabeth I. He was the grandson of the 3rd duke of Norfolk, whom he succeeded as duke in 1554. In favour with both Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, Norfolk commanded the English forces that invaded Scotland in 1559-60. He led the commission to resolve problems between Mary, Queen of Scots, and Scotland's Protestant nobility (1568). He became involved in a plan to free Mary from imprisonment by marrying her and was arrested after a failed revolt by Catholic nobles (1569). Released in 1570, Norfolk was drawn into another plot to install Mary on the English throne through a Spanish invasion of England; discovery of the plot led to his arrest and execution
Thomas Huckle Weller: born June 15, 1915, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S. U.S. physician and virologist. He studied at Harvard Medical School. For culturing poliomyelitis virus, which led to the development of polio vaccines, he shared a 1954 Nobel Prize with John Enders (1879-1985) and Frederick Robbins (b. 1916). He was the first (with Franklin Neva) to culture rubella virus and to isolate chickenpox virus from human cell cultures. He served as director of Harvard University's Center for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases (1966-81)
Thomas Hunt Morgan: born Sept. 25, 1866, Lexington, Ky., U.S. died Dec. 4, 1945, Pasadena, Calif. U.S. zoologist and geneticist. He received his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University. As a professor at Columbia University (1904-28) and California Institute of Technology (1928-45), he conducted important research on heredity. Like many of his contemporaries, Morgan found Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection implausible because it could not be tested experimentally, and he objected to Mendelian and chromosome theories, arguing that no single chromosome could carry specific hereditary traits. His opinion changed as a result of his studies of Drosophila. He developed the hypothesis of sex-linked traits. He adopted the term gene and concluded that genes were possibly arranged in a linear fashion on chromosomes. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933. See also Calvin Blackman Bridges
Thomas Hutchinson: born Sept. 9, 1711, Boston, Mass. died June 3, 1780, London, Eng. American colonial administrator. The son of a wealthy Boston merchant, he pursued business ventures before serving in local and provincial legislatures (1737-49) and as a delegate to the Albany Congress. He served as lieutenant governor (1758-71) and as chief justice of the state Superior Court (1760-69). As governor (1771-74), he strictly enforced British rule. After he was accused of initiating the hated Stamp Act, a mob attacked his home, and he barely escaped with his life. His insistence that a shipment of tea be landed in Boston led to the Boston Tea Party. He was replaced as governor by Gen. Thomas Gage
Thomas Isiah: born April 30, 1961, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. basketball player, coach, and executive. He led Indiana University to a national collegiate title in 1981. As a guard for the Detroit Pistons (1981-94), he amassed 9,061 career assists and helped the team win two NBA championships (1989, 1990); he is regarded as one of the greatest point guards of all time. He subsequently became general manager and part owner of the Toronto Raptors and later coached the Indiana Pacers
Thomas Isiah Lord: born April 30, 1961, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. basketball player, coach, and executive. He led Indiana University to a national collegiate title in 1981. As a guard for the Detroit Pistons (1981-94), he amassed 9,061 career assists and helped the team win two NBA championships (1989, 1990); he is regarded as one of the greatest point guards of all time. He subsequently became general manager and part owner of the Toronto Raptors and later coached the Indiana Pacers
Thomas J Pendergast: born July 22, 1872, St. Joseph, Mo., U.S. died Jan. 26, 1945, Kansas City, Mo. U.S. politician. He was active in municipal politics in Kansas City, Mo., and became the political boss of the city's Democrats by 1916. His political machine dominated city and state politics for almost 25 years and influenced national Democratic conventions. He helped Harry S. Truman in his early political career. Attacked by opponents for allowing corrupt practices in Kansas City, he was convicted of income-tax evasion in 1939 and served one year in prison
Thomas J Sr. Watson: born Feb. 17, 1874, Campbell, N.Y., U.S. died June 19, 1956, New York, N.Y. U.S. industrialist. He went to work for the National Cash Register Co. in 1899. In 1914 he became president of the company that in 1924 became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), which he built into the world's largest manufacturer of electric typewriters and data-processing equipment. Backing an aggressive research-and-development program, he assembled a highly motivated, well-trained, and well-paid staff, gave pep talks, enforced a strict dress code, and posted the now-famous "Think" sign in company offices. In the 1930s and '40s he pursued international trade, extending IBM's influence worldwide. Active in civic affairs, he was noted for his efforts on behalf of the arts and world peace. His son Thomas John Watson, Jr. (1914-93), succeeded him as president (1952), chairman (1961), and CEO (1972)
Thomas Jefferson: (1743-1826) American statesman, one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of the United States (1801-1809)
Thomas Jefferson: the third President of the US, from 1801 to 1809. Jefferson was an important member of the Continental Congress and wrote most of the Declaration of Independence. When he was president, the US bought the Louisiana Purchase, and the slave trade officially stopped being legal (1743-1826). born April 13, 1743, Shadwell, Va. died July 4, 1826, Monticello, Va., U.S. Third president of the U.S. (1801-09). He was a planter and became a lawyer in 1767; he was also a slaveholder, though he opposed slavery. While a member of the House of Burgesses (1769-75), he initiated the Virginia Committee of Correspondence (see Committees of Correspondence (1773) with Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry. In 1774 he wrote the influential Summary View of the Rights of British America, stating that the British Parliament had no authority to legislate for the colonies. A delegate to the second Continental Congress, he was appointed to the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence and became its primary author. He was elected governor of Virginia (1779-81) but was unable to organize effective opposition when British forces invaded the colony (1780-81). Criticized for his conduct, he retired, vowing to remain a private citizen. Again a member of the Continental Congress (1783-85), he drafted the first of the Northwest Ordinances for dividing and settling the Northwest Territory. In 1785 he succeeded Benjamin Franklin as U.S. minister to France. Appointed the first secretary of state (1790-93) by George Washington, he soon became embroiled in a bitter conflict with Alexander Hamilton over the country's foreign policy and their opposing interpretations of the Constitution. Their divisions gave rise to political factions and eventually to political parties. Jefferson served as vice president (1797-1801) under John Adams but opposed Adams's signing of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798); the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, adopted by the legislatures of those states in 1798 and 1799 as a protest against the Acts, were written by Jefferson and James Madison. In the presidential election of 1800 Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the same number of votes in the electoral college; the decision was thrown to the U.S. House of Representatives, which chose Jefferson on the 36th ballot. As president, Jefferson attempted to reduce the powers of the embryonic federal government and to eliminate the national debt; he also dispensed with a great deal of the ceremony and formality that had attended the office of president to that time. In 1803 he oversaw the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the land area of the country, and he authorized the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In an effort to force Britain and France to cease their molestation of U.S. merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars, he signed the Embargo Act. In 1809 he retired to his plantation, Monticello, where he pursued his interests in science, philosophy, and architecture. He served as president of the American Philosophical Society (1797-1815), and in 1819 he founded and designed the University of Virginia. In 1812, after a long estrangement, he and Adams were reconciled and began a lengthy correspondence that illuminated their opposing political philosophies. They died within hours of each other on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In January 2000 the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation accepted the conclusion, supported by DNA evidence, that Jefferson had fathered at least one child with Sally Hemings, one of his house slaves
Thomas John Sr. Watson: born Feb. 17, 1874, Campbell, N.Y., U.S. died June 19, 1956, New York, N.Y. U.S. industrialist. He went to work for the National Cash Register Co. in 1899. In 1914 he became president of the company that in 1924 became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), which he built into the world's largest manufacturer of electric typewriters and data-processing equipment. Backing an aggressive research-and-development program, he assembled a highly motivated, well-trained, and well-paid staff, gave pep talks, enforced a strict dress code, and posted the now-famous "Think" sign in company offices. In the 1930s and '40s he pursued international trade, extending IBM's influence worldwide. Active in civic affairs, he was noted for his efforts on behalf of the arts and world peace. His son Thomas John Watson, Jr. (1914-93), succeeded him as president (1952), chairman (1961), and CEO (1972)
Thomas Joseph Pendergast: born July 22, 1872, St. Joseph, Mo., U.S. died Jan. 26, 1945, Kansas City, Mo. U.S. politician. He was active in municipal politics in Kansas City, Mo., and became the political boss of the city's Democrats by 1916. His political machine dominated city and state politics for almost 25 years and influenced national Democratic conventions. He helped Harry S. Truman in his early political career. Attacked by opponents for allowing corrupt practices in Kansas City, he was convicted of income-tax evasion in 1939 and served one year in prison
Thomas Jr. Midgley: born May 18, 1889, Beaver Falls, Pa., U.S. died Nov. 2, 1944, Worthington, Ohio U.S. engineer and chemist. After studying at Cornell University, he worked as an industrial researcher and administrator. In 1921 he discovered the effectiveness of tetraethyl lead as an antiknock additive for gasoline. He also discovered dichlorodifluoromethane, a refrigerant sold commercially as Freon-12 (see Freon), which with related compounds came into universal use as refrigerants and later as aerosol propellants. Midgley conducted extensive research on natural and synthetic rubbers and discovered one of the first catalysts for "cracking" (breaking down) hydrocarbons
Thomas Keneally: {i} (born 1935) Australian author who is most famous for his 1982 novel "Schindler's Ark" that was published in the United States as "Schindler's List" (and was the basis of the 1993 movie)
Thomas Kuhn: born July 18, 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. died June 17, 1996, Cambridge, Mass. U.S. historian and philosopher of science. He taught at Berkeley (1956-64), Princeton (1964-79), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979-91). In his highly influential work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), he questioned the previously accepted view of scientific progress as a gradual accumulation of knowledge based on universally valid experimental methods and results, claiming that progress was often achieved by far-reaching "paradigm shifts." His other works include The Copernican Revolution (1957), The Essential Tension (1977), and Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity (1978)
Thomas Kyd: born Nov. 6, 1558, London, Eng. died December 1594, London English dramatist. With The Spanish Tragedie (1592), he initiated the revenge tragedy, a favourite dramatic form in the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras in which the main motivation was revenge. One of the most popular plays of its time, it prepared the way for William Shakespeare's Hamlet and other plays. The only other play certainly by Kyd is Cornelia (1594). He was arrested and tortured in 1593 after "atheistical" documents were found in his room; he claimed the papers belonged to Christopher Marlowe, with whom he had shared lodgings. His reputation ruined, he died the next year at age 36
Thomas Lanier Williams: {i} Tennessee Williams (1911-1983), 20th century United States author playwright and poet
Thomas Linacre: born 1460, Canterbury, Kent, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1524, London English physician and classical scholar. Elected a fellow at Oxford in 1484, he became one of the first propagators of the humanist "New Learning" in England; his students included Desiderius Erasmus and St. Thomas More. Many prominent Londoners were his medical patients, including Henry VIII, whose approval he obtained in 1518 to found the Royal College of Physicians, which decided who should practice medicine in Greater London and which licensed physicians throughout the kingdom, ending the indiscriminate practice of medicine by barbers, clergymen, and others
Thomas Love Peacock: a British writer and poet who used satire (=a way of writing in which you make someone seem funny in order to show their faults) to criticize the politicians and writers of his time. His most famous works are novels such as Headlong Hall and Nightmare Abbey (1785-1866). born Oct. 18, 1785, Weymouth, Dorset, Eng. died Jan. 23, 1866, Lower Halliford, Middlesex English novelist and poet. For most of his life Peacock worked for the East India Co. He was a close friend of Percy B. Shelley, who greatly inspired his writing. His best verse is interspersed in his novels, which are dominated by the conversations of their characters and satirize the intellectual currents of the day. His best-known work, Nightmare Abbey (1818), satirizes romantic melancholy and includes characters based on Shelley, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron
Thomas Macdonough: born Dec. 31, 1783, The Trap, Del., U.S. died Nov. 10, 1825, at sea en route from the Mediterranean Sea to New York City U.S. naval officer. He joined the navy in 1800 and served with Stephen Decatur in the Tripolitan War. In the War of 1812 he was ordered to cruise the lakes between Canada and the U.S. When British troops threatened Plattsburg, N.Y., site of U.S. Army headquarters on the northern frontier, he sailed his 14-ship fleet to meet the British 16-ship squadron on Lake Champlain. His victory there (Sept. 11, 1814) saved New York and Vermont from invasion
Thomas Malory: {i} (1405-1471) English author who published translation of romances about King Arthur taken from an assortment of French prose romances
Thomas Malthus: a British economist who studied population growth. He is famous for his opinion that, if the world's population was not controlled by disease, wars, or by sexual restraint, it would grow faster than the world's food supply. (1766-1834)
Thomas Malthus: {i} (1766-1834) English priest and economist famous for his theories on population control
Thomas Mann: {i} (1875-1955) German-born American novelist and critic, author of "The Magic Mountain", winner of the 1929 Nobel Prize for literature
Thomas Mann: a German writer whose books include Death in Venice, The Magic Mountain, and Doctor Faustus. He won the Nobel prize for Literature in 1929 (1875-1955). born June 6, 1875, Lübeck, Ger. died Aug. 12, 1955, near Zürich, Switz. German novelist and essayist, considered the greatest German novelist of the 20th century. After a brief period of office work, Mann devoted himself to writing, as had his elder brother Heinrich (1871-1950). Buddenbrooks (1901), his first novel, was an elegy for old bourgeois virtues. In the novella Death in Venice (1912), a sombre masterpiece, he took up the tragic dilemma of the artist in a collapsing society. Though ardently patriotic at the start of World War I, after 1919 he slowly revised his views of the authoritarian German state. His great novel The Magic Mountain (1924) clarified his growing espousal of Enlightenment principles as one strand of a complex and multifaceted whole. An outspoken opponent of Nazism, he fled to Switzerland on Adolf Hitler's accession; he settled in the U.S. in 1938 but returned to Switzerland in 1952. His tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers (1933-43) concerns the biblical Joseph. Doctor Faustus (1947), his most directly political novel, analyzes the darker aspects of the German soul. The often hilarious Felix Krull, Confidence Man (1954) remained unfinished. He is noted for his finely wrought style enriched by humour, irony, and parody and for his subtle, many-layered narratives of vast intellectual scope. His essays examined such figures as Leo Tolstoy, Sigmund Freud, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, Anton Chekhov, and Friedrich Schiller. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1929
Thomas Merton: later Father M. Louis born Jan. 31, 1915, Prades, France died Dec. 10, 1968, Bangkok, Thai. U.S. monk and Roman Catholic writer. Educated in England, France, and the U.S., Merton taught English at Columbia University before entering a Trappist order in Kentucky. In 1949 he was ordained a priest. His early works, on spiritual themes, include poetry collections; the autobiographical Seven Storey Mountain (1948), which brought him international fame and led many readers to the monastic life; and The Waters of Siloe (1949), a history of the Trappists. In the 1960s his writings tended toward social criticism, Eastern philosophy, and mysticism. He was accidentally electrocuted at a monastic convention in Thailand
Thomas Middleton: an English writer of plays who wrote satirical comedies and tragedies, including Women Beware Women (1580-1627). born April? 1580, London, Eng. died July 4, 1627, Newington Butts, Surrey British playwright. Middleton studied at Oxford University and had written three books of poetry by 1600. He learned to write plays by collaborating with John Webster and others on works for the producer Philip Henslowe. His tragedies Women Beware Women ( 1621) and The Changeling (1622, with William Rowley) are considered his masterpieces. His comedies, which picture a society dazzled by money, include Michaelmas Terme ( 1605), A Trick to Catch the Old-one (1608), A Mad World, My Masters (1608), A Chast Mayd in Cheape-side ( 1613), and A Game at Chess (1625)
Thomas Minton: {i} Thomas Minton (1765-1836), English pottery maker founded the pottery factory in Stoke-on-Trent (England)
Thomas Moore: born May 28, 1779, Dublin, Ire. died Feb. 25, 1852, Wiltshire, Eng. Irish poet, satirist, composer, and singer. Moore graduated from Trinity College and studied law in London, where he became a close friend of Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. His collections Irish Melodies and National Airs (1807-34) consist of 130 original poems set to folk melodies, including "The Minstrel Boy," "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms," and "The Last Rose of Summer." Performed by Moore for London's aristocracy, they aroused sympathy and support for Irish nationalists. His reputation among his contemporaries rivaled that of Byron and Walter Scott. His poem Lalla Rookh (1817), a romantic Oriental fantasy, became the most translated poem of its time. In 1824 he was entrusted with Byron's memoirs; he burned them, presumably to protect Byron. He later published biographies of Byron and others, as well as a History of Ireland (1827)
Thomas More: (1478-1535) English statesman and scholar, author of "Utopia
Thomas Morley: born 1557/58, Norwich, Norfolk, Eng. died October 1602, London English composer, organist, and music theorist. He was educated at Oxford and studied with William Byrd. Though he composed a number of anthems and psalms, he is best known for his secular songs, including those published in the First Booke of Ayres (1600), and for the treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musick (1597). By editing and printing several anthologies of Italian music (often reworked), he was instrumental in bringing the Italian madrigal to England. He also edited The Triumphes of Oriana (published 1603), the most significant collection of English madrigals
Thomas Mudge: born September 1715, Exeter, Devon, Eng. died Nov. 14, 1794, Newington Place, Surrey British watchmaker. In 1765 he invented the lever escapement, the most dependable and widely used device for regulating the movement of the spring-driven watch. He later worked to improve the marine chronometer
Thomas Müntzer: or Thomas Munzer born sometime before 1490, Stolberg, Thuringia died May 27, 1525, Mühlhausen German religious reformer. A student of theology and an associate of Martin Luther, he served as a pastor until his socialism and mystical doctrines led to his removal. His belief in the inner light of the Holy Spirit as opposed to the authority of the Bible alienated the Lutherans. He preached widely, championing the common people, and in 1525 he organized the working classes of Mühlhausen. He led the Peasants' Revolt in Thuringia in 1524-25; after the defeat of his forces, he was tortured, tried, and executed
Thomas Nashe: born 1567, Lowestoft, Suffolk, Eng. died 1601, Yarmouth, Norfolk? English pamphleteer, poet, dramatist, and novelist. The first of the English prose eccentrics, Nashe wrote in a vigorous combination of colloquial diction and idiosyncratic coined compounds that was ideal for controversy. Among his works are the satire Pierce Penilesse His Supplication to the Divell (1592); the masque Summers Last Will and Testament (1592, published 1600); The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), the first picaresque novel in English; and Nashes Lenten Stuffe (1599). The play Dido, Queen of Carthage (1594) was a collaboration with Christopher Marlowe
Thomas Nast: {i} (1840-1902) United States editorial political cartoonist (born in Germany)
Thomas Nast: born Sept. 27, 1840, Landau, Baden died Dec. 7, 1902, Guayaquil, Ecua. German-born U.S. political cartoonist. He arrived in the U.S. at six, and from 1862 to 1886 he worked as a cartoonist for Harper's Weekly. His cartoons in support of the Northern cause in the American Civil War were so effective that Abraham Lincoln called him "our best recruiting sergeant." Many of his most effective cartoons were attacks on the New York City political machine of William Marcy Tweed in the 1870s; one led to Tweed's identification and arrest in Spain. Nast originated the Republican Party's elephant, the Democratic Party's donkey, and one of the most popular images of Santa Claus. Left destitute by the failure of a brokerage house, he was appointed U.S. consul in Ecuador, where he died
Thomas Newcomen: born Feb. 28, 1663, Dartmouth, Devon, Eng. died Aug. 5, 1729, London British engineer. In 1712 he built his atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt's engine. In the Newcomen engine, atmospheric pressure pushed the piston down after the condensation of steam had created a vacuum in the cylinder. Newcomen engines were used for some years in the draining of mines and in raising water to power waterwheels
Thomas Otway: born March 3, 1652, Trotton, near Midhurst, Sussex, Eng. died April 14, 1685, London English dramatist and poet. A failed actor, he turned to writing and had immense success with Don Carlos (produced 1676), considered the best of his rhymed heroic plays. His other plays include The Orphan (1680), a blank-verse domestic tragedy; The Souldier's Fortune (1680), a comedy; and his masterpiece, Venice Preserv'd (1682), one of the greatest theatrical successes of the period. A forerunner of sentimental drama, he is outstanding for his convincing presentations of human emotions in an age of heroic but artificial tragedies. The Poet's Complaint of His Muse (1680) is a powerful, gloomy autobiographical poem
Thomas Paine: (1737-1809) English-born American colonialist writer and patriot, author of the essays "Common Sense" and "The Rights of Man
Thomas Paine: a US political philosopher and writer, born in England. He supported the American states in their fight to become independent of Britain, and he also supported the French Revolution and had to escape from England to France because of this. His most famous books, which have had a great influence on political thinking, are The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason (1737-1809). born Jan. 29, 1737, Thetford, Norfolk, Eng. died June 8, 1809, New York, N.Y., U.S. English-American writer and political pampleteer. After a series of professional failures in England, he met Benjamin Franklin, who advised him to immigrate to America. He arrived in Philadelphia in 1774 and helped edit the Pennsylvania Magazine. In January 1776 he wrote Common Sense, a 50-page pamphlet eloquently advocating independence; more than 500,000 copies were quickly sold, and it greatly strengthened the colonists' resolve. As a volunteer aide to Gen. Nathanael Greene during the American Revolution he wrote his 16 "Crisis" papers (1776-83), each signed "Common Sense"; the first, beginning "These are the times that try men's souls," was read to the troops at Valley Forge on George Washington's order. In 1787 Paine traveled to England and became involved in debate over the French Revolution; his The Rights of Man (1791-92) defended the revolution and espoused republicanism. Viewed as an attack on the monarchy, it was banned, and Paine was declared an outlaw in England. He then went to France, where he was elected to the National Convention (1792-93). After he criticized the Reign of Terror, he was imprisoned by Maximilien Robespierre (1793-94). His The Age of Reason (1794, 1796), the first part of which was published while he was still in prison, earned him a reputation as an atheist, though it in fact espouses Deism. He returned to the U.S. in 1802; criticized for his Deist writings and little remembered for his service to the Revolution, he died in poverty
Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st duke of Newcastle: born July 21, 1693 died Nov. 17, 1768, London, Eng. British politician. He inherited lands from his father and uncle that by 1714 made him one of the wealthiest Whig landowners in England. He helped bring about the succession of George I, for which he received the title of duke (1715). Chosen by Robert Walpole as secretary of state, he served from 1724 to 1754, then succeeded his brother Henry Pelham as prime minister (1754-56, 1757-62). Noted for his skill in distributing patronage to secure parliamentary support for a particular ministry, Newcastle wielded great political influence in the reigns of George I and George II
Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st duke of Newcastle -under-Lyme: born July 21, 1693 died Nov. 17, 1768, London, Eng. British politician. He inherited lands from his father and uncle that by 1714 made him one of the wealthiest Whig landowners in England. He helped bring about the succession of George I, for which he received the title of duke (1715). Chosen by Robert Walpole as secretary of state, he served from 1724 to 1754, then succeeded his brother Henry Pelham as prime minister (1754-56, 1757-62). Noted for his skill in distributing patronage to secure parliamentary support for a particular ministry, Newcastle wielded great political influence in the reigns of George I and George II
Thomas Penfield Jackson: federal judge in the US court trial against Microsoft
Thomas Pinckney: born Oct. 23, 1750, Charleston, S.C. died Nov. 2, 1828, Charleston, S.C., U.S. U.S. soldier, politician, and diplomat. The brother of Charles C. Pinckney and a cousin of Charles Pinckney, he served as governor of South Carolina (1787-89) and as minister to Britain (1792-96). As special envoy to Spain (1795), he negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also called Pinckney's Treaty, which fixed the southern border of the U.S. and granted the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River and the right of deposit (storage of goods) at New Orleans. He was a major general in the War of 1812
Thomas Pynchon: born May 8, 1937, Glen Cove, Long Island, N.Y., U.S. U.S. writer. He studied physics at Cornell University and worked briefly as a technical writer before devoting himself to fiction. Beginning with his first novel, V (1963), a complex, cynically absurd tale that juxtaposes scenes of 1950s hipster life with symbolic images of the entire century, his works have combined black humour and fantasy to depict human alienation in the chaos of modern society. The idea of conspiracy is central to The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) and to his masterpiece, Gravity's Rainbow (1973), an extraordinary novel about the end of World War II, full of paranoid fantasy, grotesque imagery, and esoteric scientific and anthropological material. Later works include the novels Vineland (1990) and Mason & Dixon (1997) and the story collection Slow Learner (1984). He has lived in hiding or incognito for decades, refusing to grant interviews or be photographed
Thomas R Marshall: born March 14, 1854, North Manchester, Ind., U.S. died June 1, 1925, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician. As governor of Indiana (1909-13) he sponsored a broad program of social legislation. In 1912 he was elected vice president on a ticket with Woodrow Wilson. He became the first vice president in nearly 100 years to serve two terms (1913-21). When Wilson suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed him in 1919, Marshall refused to assume the powers of the presidency without a congressional resolution and written requests from first lady Edith Wilson and the president's doctor. A popular public official, he was heard to remark during a tedious debate, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar
Thomas Reid: born April 26, 1710, Kincardineshire, Scot. died Oct. 7, 1796, Glasgow Scottish philosopher. He served as a Presbyterian pastor from 1737 to 1751. His lengthy studies of David Hume convinced him that Hume's skepticism was false, because it was incompatible with common sense. According to Reid, both human behaviour and ordinary language provide overwhelming evidence to support the reality of a material world and the existence of an enduring self as the subject of continuously changing mental experience. His works include An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), and Essays on the Active Power of Man (1788)
Thomas Riley Marshall: born March 14, 1854, North Manchester, Ind., U.S. died June 1, 1925, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician. As governor of Indiana (1909-13) he sponsored a broad program of social legislation. In 1912 he was elected vice president on a ticket with Woodrow Wilson. He became the first vice president in nearly 100 years to serve two terms (1913-21). When Wilson suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed him in 1919, Marshall refused to assume the powers of the presidency without a congressional resolution and written requests from first lady Edith Wilson and the president's doctor. A popular public official, he was heard to remark during a tedious debate, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar
Thomas Robert Cech: born Dec. 8, 1947, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. biochemist, molecular biologist, and Nobel laureate. He received his Ph.D. from UC-Berkeley in 1975. In 1982 he became the first to show that an RNA molecule could catalyze a chemical reaction. He and Sidney Altman were awarded a 1989 Nobel Prize for their independent discoveries that RNA, previously thought to be only a messenger of genetic information, can also catalyze cellular chemical reactions essential to life
Thomas Robert Malthus: born Feb. 14/17, 1766, Rookery, near Dorking, Surrey, Eng. died Dec. 23, 1834, St. Catherine, near Bath, Somerset British economist and demographer. Born into a prosperous family, he studied at the University of Cambridge and was elected a fellow of Jesus College in 1793. In 1798 he published An Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he argued that population will always tend to outrun the food supply that the increase of population will take place, if unchecked, in a geometrical progression, while the means of subsistence will increase only in an arithmetical progression. He believed population would expand to the limit of subsistence and would be held there by famine, war, and ill health. He enlarged on his ideas in later editions of his work (to 1826). He argued that relief measures for the poor should be strictly limited since they tended to encourage the growth of excess population. His theories, though largely disproven, had great influence on contemporary social policy and on such economists as David Ricardo
Thomas Rowlandson: born July 1756, London, Eng. died April 22, 1827, London British caricaturist. The son of a merchant, he studied at the Royal Academy and in Paris. After establishing a portrait studio, he began to draw caricatures to supplement his income, and found such success with them that caricature became his major occupation. The comic images he created lampooned familiar social types of his day the antiquarian, the blowsy barmaid, the hack writer. He also illustrated editions of the novels of Tobias Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith, and Laurence Sterne
Thomas Rymer: born 1643?, near Northallerton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1713, London English critic. Though called to the bar in 1673, Rymer almost immediately turned to literary criticism. He is known for introducing into England the principles of French formalist Neoclassical criticism. Among his works are The Tragedies of the Last Age (1678) and A Short View of Tragedy (1693), both highly critical of modern drama and favouring classical tragedy. His views were very influential until the 19th century. Appointed historiographer royal in 1692, he compiled most of the Foedera, a collection of treaties entered into by England that is of considerable value to the medievalist
Thomas Samuel Kuhn: born July 18, 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. died June 17, 1996, Cambridge, Mass. U.S. historian and philosopher of science. He taught at Berkeley (1956-64), Princeton (1964-79), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979-91). In his highly influential work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), he questioned the previously accepted view of scientific progress as a gradual accumulation of knowledge based on universally valid experimental methods and results, claiming that progress was often achieved by far-reaching "paradigm shifts." His other works include The Copernican Revolution (1957), The Essential Tension (1977), and Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity (1978)
Thomas Shadwell: born 1642?, Norfolk, Eng. died Nov. 19, 1692, London English dramatist. One of the court wits after the Restoration (1660), he wrote 18 plays, of which his broad comedies of manners are the best remembered. Epsom-Wells (1672), his greatest success, played for nearly half a century. After his friendship with John Dryden ended over differences in politics and dramatic techniques, both men produced satires attacking the other, Dryden's (including the devastating MacFlecknoe), being the more memorable. In 1688 Shadwell succeeded Dryden as poet laureate and historiographer royal
Thomas Sheraton: born 1751, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham, Eng. died Oct. 22, 1806, London British cabinetmaker. A leading exponent of Neoclassicism, he gave his name to a style of furniture characterized by a firm, feminine refinement of late Georgian and became probably the most powerful source of inspiration behind the furniture of the late 18th century. His four-part Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterers' Drawing Book (1791) greatly influenced British and U.S. design. At his best, Sheraton had a natural approach to contemporary design: he used wood for its own sake, rather than covering it with such disguises as gilt or modulating it excessively with ormolu mounts
Thomas Stearns Eliot: born Sept. 26, 1888, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. died Jan. 4, 1965, London, Eng. U.S.-British poet, playwright, and critic. Eliot studied at Harvard University before moving to England in 1914, where he would work as an editor from the early 1920s until his death. His first important poem, and the first modernist masterpiece in English, was the radically experimental "Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915). The Waste Land (1922), which expresses with startling power the disillusionment of the postwar years, made his international reputation. His first critical volume, The Sacred Wood (1920), introduced concepts much discussed in later critical theory. He married in 1915; his wife was mentally unstable, and they separated in 1933. (He married again, happily, in 1957.) His conversion to Anglicanism in 1927 shaped all his subsequent works. His last great work was Four Quartets (1936-42), four poems on spiritual renewal and the connections of the personal and historical past and present. Influential later essays include "The Idea of a Christian Society" (1939) and "Notes Towards the Definition of Culture" (1948). His play Murder in the Cathedral (1935) is a verse treatment of St. Thomas Becket's martyrdom; his other plays, including The Cocktail Party (1950), are lesser works. From the 1920s on he was the most influential English-language modernist poet. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948; from then until his death he achieved public admiration unequaled by any other 20th-century poet
Thomas Sumter: born Aug. 14, 1734, Hanover county, Va. died June 1, 1832, South Mount, S.C., U.S. American Revolutionary officer. He served in the French and Indian War and later moved to South Carolina. In the American Revolution he was commissioned a brigadier general and escaped to North Carolina after the fall of Charleston (1780). He led the state militia to victories over the British in several engagements. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1789-93, 1797-1801) and the Senate (1801-10). Fort Sumter was named for him (see Fort Sumter National Monument)
Thomas Sydenham: born 1624, Wynford Eagle, Dorset, Eng. died Dec. 29, 1689, London British physician. His Observationes medicae (1676) was a standard textbook for two centuries, noted for its detailed observations and the accuracy of its records. His treatise on gout (1683) is considered his masterpiece. He was among the first to explain the nature of hysteria and St. Vitus dance (Sydenham chorea) and to use iron to treat iron-deficiency anemia. Sydenham also named scarlet fever and differentiated it from measles, first used laudanum (a solution of opium in alcohol) as a medication, and helped popularize the use of quinine for malaria
Thomas Tallis: born 1505 died Nov. 23, 1585, Greenwich, London, Eng. British composer. An organist at abbeys and churches from 1532, by 1543 he was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal, as both organist and composer. Though a Catholic, he was one of the first to write hymns in English for the Anglican church. During Mary I's Catholic reign, he wrote Latin masses, but he remained in favour after Elizabeth I's accession. His powerful Lamentations of Jeremiah are regarded as his greatest body of work; his 40-part motet Spem in alium is his most famous piece. He also wrote three masses and about 40 other motets. In 1575 Tallis and his pupil William Byrd were given the first exclusive license to print music in England
Thomas Telford: a Scottish architect and engineer who built many bridges, roads, and canals. Some of his bridges are still used today, including the road bridge across the Menai Straits in North Wales. A new town called Telford, named after him, was built in central England in the 1960s (1757-1834). born Aug. 9, 1757, near Westerkirk, Dumfries, Scot. died Sept. 2, 1834, London, Eng. Scottish civil engineer. He built the Ellesmere, Caledonian, and Göta canals and the St. Katherine's Docks in London. His crowning achievement was the design and construction (1819-26) of the great Menai Bridge, a suspension bridge in Wales. In all he built some 1,200 bridges, over 1,000 miles of road, and many buildings. He was the first president of the British Institution of Civil Engineers (founded 1818)
Thomas Tompion: (baptized July 25, 1639, Northill, Bedfordshire, Eng. died Nov. 20, 1713, London) British clockmaker. Working closely with Robert Hooke and Edward Barlow, he made one of the first English watches with a balance spring and patented the cylinder escapement. The most famous clockmaker of his time, he is remembered as the father of British clockmaking
Thomas Traherne: born 1637, Hereford, Eng. died 1674, Teddington English mystical poet and religious writer. He was ordained in the Anglican church in 1660. Most of his works were unknown for centuries. The discovery in 1896 in a London street bookstall of the manuscripts of Poetical Works (1903) and the prose Centuries of Meditations (1908) created a literary sensation. Later the manuscript of Poems of Felicity (1910) was discovered in the British Museum. His poetry, though sometimes original and intense, is overshadowed by his vivid prose
Thomas Watson: chairman of IBM (introduced the company to the computer age and expanded the business worldwide)
Thomas Weelkes: (baptized Oct. 25, 1576, Elsted, Sussex?, Eng. died Nov. 30, 1623, London) British composer and organist. He published his first book of madrigals in 1597 and was appointed organist at Winchester College the following year. His next two books of madrigals, his greatest, were soon published (1598, 1600), and a final volume was published in 1608. Weelkes is noted for his word painting, lively rhythms, and highly developed sense of form and structure
Thomas Wentworth 1st earl of Strafford: born April 13, 1593, London, Eng. died May 12, 1641, London English politician and leading adviser to Charles I. Although an outspoken member of the opposition, he switched his support to the crown when offered a barony in 1628. As lord president of the north (1628-33), he quelled defiance to the crown. As lord deputy of Ireland (1633-39), he consolidated the royal authority, extended English settlement, reformed the administration, and increased revenues for the crown. He was recalled to command Charles's army against a Scottish revolt, but the costly war was opposed by the Long Parliament; as a target representing the king's authority, he was impeached by the Parliament in 1640. Strafford was accused of subverting the laws (he had offered to bring over the Irish army to subdue the king's opponents in England); when it looked as though he might be acquitted, John Pym, the leader of the House of Commons, had a bill of attainder passed that condemned Strafford to death. Strafford released the king from his promise of protection, and Charles gave his consent to the bill. Strafford was subsequently beheaded in the presence of an immense and jubilant crowd
Thomas West 12th Baron De La Warr: or Baron Delaware born July 9, 1577 died June 7, 1618, at sea off the coast of Virginia or New England English founder of Virginia. After serving under the earl of Essex in the Netherlands and Ireland, he became a member of the Virginia Company and was appointed governor of the colony in 1610. He and 150 settlers arrived at Jamestown as another group was abandoning it. He established two forts at the mouth of the James River and rebuilt Jamestown. Delaware Bay, the Delaware River, and the state of Delaware were named for him
Thomas Wilson Dorr: born Nov. 5, 1805, Providence, R.I., U.S. died Dec. 27, 1854, Providence U.S. politician. From 1834 he served in the Rhode Island legislature, where he tried to introduce constitutional reform to expand white manhood suffrage. In 1841 he organized the People's Party, which held elections and installed Dorr as governor in 1842. The existing government refused to recognize his authority, labeling the action "Dorr's Rebellion." The state had two governments until 1844, when Dorr was tried for treason; though given a life sentence, he was released in 1845
Thomas Wilson Dorr: {i} (1805-1854) USA lawyer and leader of Dorr's Rebellion
Thomas Wolfe: born Oct. 3, 1900, Asheville, N.C., U.S. died Sept. 15, 1938, Baltimore, Md. U.S. writer. Wolfe studied at the University of North Carolina and in 1923 moved to New York City, where he taught at New York University while writing plays. Look Homeward, Angel (1929), his first and best-known novel, and Of Time and the River (1935) are thinly veiled autobiographies. In The Story of a Novel (1936) he describes his close working relationship with the editor Maxwell Perkins, who helped him shape the chaotic manuscripts for his first two books into publishable form. His short stories were collected in From Death to Morning (1935). After his death at age 37 from tuberculosis, the novels The Web and the Rock (1939) and You Can't Go Home Again (1940) were among the works extracted from the manuscripts he left
Thomas Woodrow Wilson: born Dec. 28, 1856, Staunton, Va., U.S. died Feb. 3, 1924, Washington, D.C. 28th president of the U.S. (1913-21). He earned a law degree and later received his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University. He taught political science at Princeton University (1890-1902). As its president (1902-10), he introduced various reforms. With the support of progressives, he was elected governor of New Jersey. His reform measures attracted national attention, and he became the Democratic Party presidential nominee in 1912. His campaign emphasized his progressive New Freedom policy, and he defeated Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft to win the presidency. As president, he approved legislation that lowered tariffs, created the Federal Reserve System, established the Federal Trade Commission, and strengthened labour unions. In foreign affairs he promoted self-government for the Philippines and sought to contain the Mexican civil war. From 1914 he maintained U.S. neutrality in World War I, offering to mediate a settlement and initiate peace negotiations. After the sinking of the Lusitania (1915) and other unarmed ships, he obtained a pledge from Germany to stop its submarine campaign. Campaigning on the theme that he had "kept us out of war," he was narrowly reelected in 1916, defeating Charles Evans Hughes. Germany's renewed submarine attacks on unarmed passenger ships caused Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in April 1917. In a continuing effort to negotiate a peace agreement, he presented the Fourteen Points (1918). He led the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles faced opposition in the Senate from the Republican majority led by Henry Cabot Lodge. In search of popular support for the treaty and its provision creating the League of Nations, Wilson began a cross-country speaking tour, during which he collapsed. He returned to Washington, D.C. (September 1919), where he suffered a massive stroke that left him partially paralyzed. In the months that followed, his wife Edith controlled access to him, made some decisions by default, and engineered a cover-up of his condition. He rejected any attempts to compromise his version of the League of Nations and urged his Senate followers to vote against ratification of the treaty, which was defeated in 1920. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize for Peace
Thomas Woolner: {i} (1822-1892) English sculptor and poet
Thomas Wriothesley 1st earl of Southampton: born Dec. 21, 1505, London, Eng. died July 30, 1550, London English politician. He followed his father, a herald, into royal service and became personal secretary to Thomas Cromwell (1533), whom he succeeded as a secretary of state to Henry VIII (1540). Wriothesley became one of Henry's leading councillors and was appointed lord chancellor of England (1544-47). After Henry's death, he was created earl of Southampton (1547) by the duke of Somerset, but he was deprived of the chancellorship. He supported Somerset's overthrow in 1549 but was excluded from the privy council in 1550
Thomas Wyat: or Thomas Wyatt later Sir Thomas born 1503, Allington, near Maidstone, Kent, Eng. died Oct. 6, 1542, Sherborne, Dorset English poet. A member of the court circle of Henry VIII, he was apparently admired for his skill in music, languages, and arms. He served a number of diplomatic missions, but his reputation rests on his poetic achievements, especially his introduction into English literature of the Italian sonnet and terza rima verse form and the French rondeau. His works, unusual for their time in carrying a strong sense of individuality, include Certayne Psalmes ...drawen into Englyshe meter (1549), three satires, and songs
Thomas Young: born June 13, 1773, Milverton, Somerset, Eng. died May 10, 1829, London English physicist. Trained as a physician, he practiced medicine at St. George's Hospital (from 1811 until his death) but spent much of his time on scientific research. He was the first to describe and measure astigmatism (1800-01) and the first to explain colour sensation in terms of retinal structures corresponding to red, green, and violet (1801). He established the principle of interference of light, thus resurrecting the century-old wave theory of light (1801). He explained capillarity independently of Pierre-Simon Laplace. Investigating elasticity, he proposed Young's modulus, a numerical constant that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression. His other work included measuring the size of molecules and surface tension in liquids. With J.-F. Champollion, he helped decipher the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone (1813-14)
Thomas earl of Essex Cromwell: born 1485, Putney, near London, Eng. died July 28, 1540, probably London English politician and principal adviser (1532-40) to Henry VIII. He was a confidential adviser to Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey, before entering Parliament (1529), where his abilities attracted the king's notice. Entering Henry's service in 1530, he was chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration. He eventually came into complete control of the government, though he pretended to be acting on the king's authority. In 1539 he made the mistake of inducing Henry to marry Anne of Cleves, which led to his fall. At his enemies' instigation he was arrested for heresy and treason, condemned without a hearing, and executed
Thomas the Tank Engine: a little blue steam railway engine with a smiling face, which is the main character in a series of books, television programmes, and films for young children, which first became popular with British children in the 1950s
Thomas à Kempis: orig. Thomas Hemerken born 1379/80, Kempen, near Düsseldorf, Rhineland died Aug. 8, 1471, Agnietenberg, near Zwolle, Bishopric of Utrecht Christian theologian and probable author of The Imitation of Christ. He went to Deventer, Neth., 1392 and joined the Brethren of the Common Life, a community devoted to the care and education of the poor. In 1387 he entered the Augustinian monastery of canons regular at Agnietenberg. He was ordained a priest in 1413 and devoted himself to copying manuscripts and directing novices. He is credited with writing The Imitation of Christ, the most influential devotional work in Christian literature after the Bible. Noted for its simple language and style, it emphasizes spiritual over materialistic life and affirms the rewards of a life centred on Christ. The Imitation and his other treatises and sermons are the best representation of the devotio moderna, a new form of religious devotion that arose at the end of the 14th century
Thomas à Kempis: {i} (c.1379-1471) German writer and ecclesiastic
thomas edward lawrence: Welsh soldier who from 1916 to 1918 organized the Arab revolt against the Turks; he later wrote an account of his adventures (1888-1935)
thomas phosphate: Same as Basic slag, above
thomas process: Same as Basic process, above
John Thomas: The penis
doubting Thomas: One who requires proof before believing
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey: an English cardinal (=a high-ranking Catholic priest) and politician who was very rich and powerful, but who lost power after failing to persuade the Pope to allow King Henry VIII to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (?1475-1530)
Charles Thomas Jackson: born June 21, 1805, Plymouth, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 28, 1880, Somerville, Mass. U.S. physician, chemist, geologist, and mineralogist. He graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1829. Known for his contentiousness and litigiousness, he took credit for the first demonstration of surgical anesthesia with ether by a dental surgeon he had advised on it, and he claimed to have told Samuel F.B. Morse the basic principles of the telegraph. He worked many years as a geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar: born 1785, Colmar, Fr. died 1870, Paris French mathematician. In 1820, while serving in the French army, he built his first arithmometer, which could perform basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The first mechanical calculator to gain widespread use, it became a commercial success and was still being used up to World War I
Clarence Thomas: born June 23, 1948, Pinpoint, near Savannah, Ga., U.S. U.S. jurist. He graduated from Yale Law School and served as assistant attorney general in Missouri (1974-77), lawyer for Monsanto Co. (1977-79), legislative assistant to Sen. John Danforth (1979-81), assistant secretary in the U.S. Department of Education (1981-82), and chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (1982-90). Pres. George Bush appointed him to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1990 and then to the Supreme Court of the United States; he thereby became the second African American justice on the court, after Thurgood Marshall. His 1991 confirmation hearings attracted enormous public interest and media attention, largely because of accusations of sexual harassment by Anita Hill, a law professor and former colleague of Thomas at the EEOC. Thomas denied the charges, and the Senate narrowly voted to confirm him. A quiet presence on the court, he generally follows a predictable pattern in his opinions conservative, restrained, and suspicious of the reach of the federal government into the realm of state and local politics
Dylan Marlais Thomas: born Oct. 27, 1914, Swansea, Wales died Nov. 9, 1953, New York, N.Y., U.S. Welsh poet and prose writer. He left school at age 16 to work as a reporter. His early verse, as in The Map of Love (1939), with rich metaphoric language and emotional intensity, made him famous. In the more accessible Deaths and Entrances (1946), with "Fern Hill," he often adopts a bardic, oracular voice. In Country Sleep (1952), containing "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night," and Collected Poems (1952) followed. Thomas's prose includes the comic Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (1940); a play for voices, Under Milk Wood (1954); and the reminiscence A Child's Christmas in Wales (1955). His sonorous recitations contributed greatly to his fame. Debt and heavy drinking began taking their toll in the late 1930s, and he died of an alcohol overdose while on tour
Dylan Thomas: a Welsh poet and writer famous especially for his radio play Under Milk Wood (1914-53). born Oct. 27, 1914, Swansea, Wales died Nov. 9, 1953, New York, N.Y., U.S. Welsh poet and prose writer. He left school at age 16 to work as a reporter. His early verse, as in The Map of Love (1939), with rich metaphoric language and emotional intensity, made him famous. In the more accessible Deaths and Entrances (1946), with "Fern Hill," he often adopts a bardic, oracular voice. In Country Sleep (1952), containing "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night," and Collected Poems (1952) followed. Thomas's prose includes the comic Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (1940); a play for voices, Under Milk Wood (1954); and the reminiscence A Child's Christmas in Wales (1955). His sonorous recitations contributed greatly to his fame. Debt and heavy drinking began taking their toll in the late 1930s, and he died of an alcohol overdose while on tour
Edwin Thomas Booth: born Nov. 13, 1833, near Belair, Md., U.S. died June 7, 1893, New York, N.Y. U.S. actor. Born into a noted theatrical family, he played his first starring roles in Boston and New York City in 1857. He became famous as Hamlet, appearing in the role for 100 consecutive nights in 1864-65. When his brother John Wilkes Booth assassinated Pres. Abraham Lincoln, Edwin withdrew from the stage until 1866. In 1869 he opened his own theatre, but mismanagement forced him to sell it in 1873. His interpretations of Hamlet, Iago, and King Lear won great acclaim in England and Germany. He founded the Players' Club in New York in 1888
George H Thomas: born July 31, 1816, Southampton county, Va., U.S. died March 28, 1870, San Francisco, Calif. U.S. general. He was a graduate of West Point. When the American Civil War broke out, he remained loyal to the Union despite his Southern birth. He commanded an independent force in eastern Kentucky, where he won the first important Union victory in the west in 1862. At the Battle of Chickamauga he organized an unyielding defense, earning promotion to brigadier general and the nickname "the Rock of Chickamauga." In 1864 he defeated the Confederate forces of Gen. John B. Hood (1831-79) in the Battle of Nashville, earning another promotion and the gratitude of Congress
George Henry Thomas: born July 31, 1816, Southampton county, Va., U.S. died March 28, 1870, San Francisco, Calif. U.S. general. He was a graduate of West Point. When the American Civil War broke out, he remained loyal to the Union despite his Southern birth. He commanded an independent force in eastern Kentucky, where he won the first important Union victory in the west in 1862. At the Battle of Chickamauga he organized an unyielding defense, earning promotion to brigadier general and the nickname "the Rock of Chickamauga." In 1864 he defeated the Confederate forces of Gen. John B. Hood (1831-79) in the Battle of Nashville, earning another promotion and the gratitude of Congress
Gerrit Thomas Rietveld: born June 24, 1888, Utrecht, Neth. died June 25, 1964, Utrecht Dutch architect and furniture designer. He was an apprentice in his father's cabinetmaking business (1899-1906) and later studied architecture in Utrecht. In 1918 he created his famous red-and-blue armchair, which, with its emphasis on geometry and use of primary colours, became a symbol of De Stijl. His masterpiece is the Schroeder House in Utrecht (1924), remarkable for its interplay of right-angle forms, planes, and lines, and for its use of primary colours
Helen Thomas: born Aug. 4, 1920, Winchester, Ky., U.S. U.S. journalist. Born to Lebanese immigrant parents, she grew up in Detroit and joined the UPI news agency in Washington, D.C., in 1943. A pioneer in overcoming the limitations on women in the news media, she became known for her bold and tireless pursuit of information. Assigned to the White House in 1961, she became UPI bureau chief there in 1974. She is best known as the reporter traditionally first recognized at presidential press conferences
James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of Cardigan: born Oct. 16, 1797, Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, Eng. died March 27/28, 1868, Deene Park, Northamptonshire British general. After entering the army (1824), he purchased promotions to become a lieutenant colonel (1832) and gained a reputation as a martinet. He spent his inherited wealth to make his regiment the best-dressed in the service (introducing the later-named cardigan jacket). At the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853), he was appointed commander of the Light Brigade of British cavalry, which he led in the ill-fated charge at the Battle of Balaklava. Despite the disaster, Cardigan was lionized on his return to England and appointed inspector general of cavalry
James Thomas Farrell: born Feb. 27, 1904, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Aug. 22, 1979, New York, N.Y. U.S. novelist and short-story writer. A native of Chicago and a graduate of the University of Chicago, he is known for his realistic portraits of the city's lower-middle-class Irish population, drawn from his own experiences. His well-known Studs Lonigan trilogy Young Lonigan (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgment Day (1935) traces the self-destruction of a spiritually crippled young man. He later planned a cycle of 25 novels, of which he completed
James Thomas Farrell: Of the 25 novels he published, The Face of Time (1953) is among the best. He also produced 17 short-story collections
James Thomas Rapier: born Nov. 13, 1837, Florence, Ala., U.S. died May 31, 1883, Montgomery, Ala. U.S. politician. The son of a slave and a wealthy planter, he was educated in Canada and Scotland. After the American Civil War he returned to Alabama, where he became a successful cotton planter and a delegate to the state's first Republican convention. Serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1873-75) during Reconstruction, he worked for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. He was later collector of internal revenue in Alabama's second district, and he remained active as a labour organizer and publisher of the Montgomery Sentinel
John Thomas: {i} (1805-1871) English founder of the Christadelphians
John Thomas: {i} (British vulgar slang) penis
Jr. Thomas Kennerly Wolfe: orig. Thomas Kennerly Wolfe, Jr. born March 2, 1930, Richmond, Va., U.S. U.S. journalist and novelist. He earned a doctorate from Yale University and then wrote for newspapers and worked as a magazine editor, becoming known as a proponent of New Journalism, the application of fiction-writing techniques to journalism. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968) chronicles the life of a traveling group of hippies. The Right Stuff (1979; film, 1983) examines the first U.S. astronaut program. Other controversial nonfiction books attacked fashionable 1960s leftism, modern abstract art, and international architectural styles. His novel The Bonfire of the Vanities (1987; film, 1990), a novel of urban greed and corruption, was a best-seller. Wolfe's second novel, A Man in Full, was published in 1998
Lewis Thomas: born Nov. 25, 1913, Flushing, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 3, 1993, New York City U.S. physician and author. He attended medical school at Harvard and later taught at various universities. He was president of New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (1973-83). He translated his passionate interest in and wonder at the intricate mysteries of biology into lucid meditations and reflections on biology in award-winning essays. The best-known of his widely read books is The Lives of a Cell (1974, National Book Award)
Lowell Jackson Thomas: born April 6, 1892, Woodington, Ohio, U.S. died Aug. 29, 1981, Pawling, N.Y. U.S. radio commentator, journalist, and author. A war correspondent in Europe and the Middle East while in his 20s, Thomas helped make T.E. Lawrence famous with his exclusive coverage and later with the book With Lawrence in Arabia (1924). He was a preeminent broadcaster with CBS from 1930; his radio nightly news was an American institution for nearly two generations, and he appeared on television from its earliest days. Out of his lifelong globetrotting came lectures, travelogues, and more than 50 books of adventure and comment, including Kabluk of the Eskimo (1932) and The Seven Wonders of the World (1956)
Lowell Thomas: born April 6, 1892, Woodington, Ohio, U.S. died Aug. 29, 1981, Pawling, N.Y. U.S. radio commentator, journalist, and author. A war correspondent in Europe and the Middle East while in his 20s, Thomas helped make T.E. Lawrence famous with his exclusive coverage and later with the book With Lawrence in Arabia (1924). He was a preeminent broadcaster with CBS from 1930; his radio nightly news was an American institution for nearly two generations, and he appeared on television from its earliest days. Out of his lifelong globetrotting came lectures, travelogues, and more than 50 books of adventure and comment, including Kabluk of the Eskimo (1932) and The Seven Wonders of the World (1956)
Malcolm Thomas Muggeridge: born March 24, 1903, Croydon, Surrey, Eng. died Nov. 24, 1990, Hastings, East Sussex British journalist and social critic. A lecturer in Cairo in the late 1920s, he worked for newspapers in the 1930s before serving in British intelligence during World War II. He then resumed his journalistic career, including a stint as editor of Punch (1953-57). An outspoken and controversial iconoclast, he targeted liberalism and other aspects of contemporary life with his stinging wit and elegant prose. He was early an avowed atheist but moved gradually to embrace Roman Catholicism at age
Malcolm Thomas Muggeridge: He wrote some 30 books, including satiric novels and religious accounts, and from the 1950s was a popular interviewer, panelist, and documentarian on British television
Norman Mattoon Thomas: born Nov. 20, 1884, Marion, Ohio, U.S. died Dec. 19, 1968, Huntington, N.Y. U.S. social reformer and politician. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister and became pastor of New York's East Harlem Church. He joined the Socialist Party in 1918 and left his parish post to become secretary of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation. He helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and served as codirector of the League for Industrial Democracy (1922-37). He was the Socialist Party's candidate for governor (1924), for mayor of New York (1925, 1929), and for U.S. president (1928-48), and he headed the party from 1926. After World War II, as chairman of the Postwar World Council, he campaigned for nuclear disarmament
Norman Thomas: born Nov. 20, 1884, Marion, Ohio, U.S. died Dec. 19, 1968, Huntington, N.Y. U.S. social reformer and politician. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister and became pastor of New York's East Harlem Church. He joined the Socialist Party in 1918 and left his parish post to become secretary of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation. He helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and served as codirector of the League for Industrial Democracy (1922-37). He was the Socialist Party's candidate for governor (1924), for mayor of New York (1925, 1929), and for U.S. president (1928-48), and he headed the party from 1926. After World War II, as chairman of the Postwar World Council, he campaigned for nuclear disarmament
R S Thomas: a Welsh poet who wrote about Welsh people and their culture in poems such as Song at the Year's Turning (1913-2000 )
Roger Thomas Staubach: born Feb. 5, 1942, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. U.S. football player. He compiled a notable record at the U.S. Naval Academy (1962-65), where he made All-American and won the Heisman Trophy (1963). His professional career was spent as quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys (1969-79), which he helped make into a dominant team, leading them to the play-offs in every year but one (1974) and to four Super Bowls (won 1972, 1978; lost 1976, 1979)
Saint Thomas: {i} island of the U.S. Virgin Islands in the West Indies; city in Ontario (Canada); town in Missouri (USA); city in North Dakota (USA); one of the twelves disciples of Jesus
Saint Thomas: An island of the U.S. Virgin Islands in the West Indies east of Puerto Rico. Discovered and named by Columbus in 1493, it was settled by the Dutch in 1657 and later passed to the Danes, who sold it to the United States in 1917. Chief island (pop., 1990: 48,000), U.S. Virgin Islands. Located east of Puerto Rico, it covers an area of 32 sq mi (83 sq km). The capital, Charlotte Amalie, has a well-sheltered harbour. Sighted in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, St. Thomas was colonized first by the Dutch (1657) and then by the Danish (1666). After 1673, when slavery was introduced, the island became one of the chief Caribbean sugar producers and a major slaving centre. Falling sugar prices after 1820 and the abolition of slavery in 1848 led to a decrease in profits. The U.S. bought St. Thomas for use as a naval base in 1917. The chief industry is tourism. born , probably Galilee died AD 53, Madras, India; Western feast day December 21, feast day in Roman and Syrian Catholic churches July 3, in the Greek church October 6 One of the Twelve Apostles of Christ. He is best known for requiring physical proof of Jesus' Resurrection before he could believe it, hence the phrase "doubting Thomas." When Jesus reappeared and had Thomas touch his wounds, Thomas became the first person to explicitly acknowledge Jesus' divinity, saying "My Lord and my God." His subsequent history is uncertain; he is said to have evangelized Parthia (modern Khorsn) and even India
Saint Thomas Aquinas: born 1224/25, Roccasecca, near Aquino, Terra di Lavoro, Kingdom of Sicily died March 7, 1274, Fossanova, near Terracina, Latium, Papal States; canonized July 18, 1323; feast day January 28, formerly March 7 Foremost philosopher and theologian of the Roman Catholic church. Born of noble parents, he studied at the University of Naples, joined the Dominicans, and taught at a Dominican school at the University of Paris. His time in Paris coincided with the arrival of Aristotelian science, newly discovered in Arabic translation; his great achievement was to integrate into Christian thought the rigours of Aristotle's philosophy, just as the early Church Fathers had integrated Plato's thought in the early Christian era. He held that reason is capable of operating within faith; while the philosopher relies solely on reason, the theologian accepts faith as his starting point and then proceeds to conclusion through the use of reason. This point of view was controversial, as was his belief in the religious value of nature, for which he argued that to detract from the perfection of creation was to detract from the creator. He was opposed by St. Bonaventure. In 1277, after his death, the masters of Paris condemned 219 propositions, 12 of them Thomas's. He was nevertheless named a Doctor of the Church in 1567 and declared the champion of orthodoxy during the modernist crisis at the end of the 19th century. A prolific writer, he produced more than 80 works, including Summa contra Gentiles (1261-64) and Summa theologica (1265-73). See also Thomism
Saint Thomas Aquinas: {i} Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Italian philosopher, famous theologian of the Roman Catholic Church
Saint Thomas Becket: or Thomas à Becket born 1118, Cheapside, London, Eng. died Dec. 29, 1170, Canterbury, Kent; canonized 1173; feast day December 29 Archbishop of Canterbury (1162-70). The son of a Norman merchant, he served as chancellor of England (1155-62) under Henry II, whose entire trust he won. A brilliant administrator, diplomat, and military strategist, he aided the king in increasing the royal power. Resistant to the Gregorian reform movement that asserted the autonomy of the church, Henry hoped to reinforce royal control of the church by appointing Becket archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. Becket, however, embraced his new duties devoutly and opposed royal power in the church, especially proclaiming the right of offending clerics to be tried in ecclesiastical courts. The king issued the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) listing royal rights over the church, and he summoned the archbishop to trial. Becket fled to France and remained in exile until 1170, when he returned to Canterbury and was murdered in the cathedral by four of Henry's knights, traditionally said to be acting in response to the king's angry words. Becket's tomb, which was visited by Henry in an act of penance, became a site of pilgrimage
Saint Thomas More: born Feb. 7, 1477, London, Eng. died July 6, 1535, London; canonized May 19, 1935; feast day June 22 English statesman and humanist. He studied at Oxford and was successful as a lawyer from 1501. He served as an undersheriff of London (1510-18) and endeared himself to Londoners as a fair judge and consultant. He wrote the notable History of King Richard III (1513-18) and the renowned Utopia (1516), which was an immediate success with humanists, including Desiderius Erasmus. In 1517 More was named to the king's council, and he became Henry VIII's secretary and confidant. In 1523 he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. He wrote A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1529) to refute heretical writings. After the fall of Cardinal Wolsey (1529), More succeeded him as lord chancellor, but he resigned in 1532 when he could not affirm Henry's divorce from Catherine. He also refused to accept the Act of Supremacy. In 1534 More was charged with high treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he wrote his Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation. In 1535 he was tried and sentenced to death by hanging, which the king commuted to beheading
Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch: born Nov. 21, 1863, Bodmin, Cornwall, Eng. died May 12, 1944, Fowey, Cornwall English poet, novelist, and anthologist. Educated at Oxford, he worked as a journalist and editor in London before settling in his native Cornwall. He taught at Cambridge from 1912. He is noted for compiling The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900 (1900; revised 1939) and The Oxford Book of Ballads (1910). His works, written in a clear and apparently effortless style, include many novels and short stories, verse, and criticism, including On the Art of Writing (1916) and On the Art of Reading (1920)
Sir Hugh Thomas Munro: {i} (1856-1919) avid English mountaineer who was brought up in Scotland and after whom the Munro hills were named
Sir Thomas Beecham: an English conductor who established the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1932 and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1946 (1879-1961). born April 29, 1879, St. Helens, Lancashire, Eng. died March 8, 1961, London British conductor. He was born to an aristocratic family and was self-taught as a conductor. Devoted to broadening British musical tastes, he created the Beecham Symphony Orchestra in 1909. In 1932 he founded the London Philharmonic Orchestra and in 1947 the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; he also founded opera companies. Though he had significant gaps in his technique, he was an incomparable interpreter of the music he loved, especially that of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; of his contemporaries, he particularly championed Richard Strauss and Frederick Delius
Sir Thomas Browne: born Oct. 19, 1605, London, Eng. died Oct. 19, 1682, Norwich, Norfolk British physician and author. While practicing medicine, he began a parallel career as a writer. His best-known work, Religio Medici (1642), is a journal of reflections on the mysteries of God, nature, and man. A larger work commonly known as Browne's Vulgar Errors (1646) attempted to correct popular beliefs and superstitions. He also wrote treatises on antiquarian subjects and the beautiful and subtle A Letter to a Friend (1690)
Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt: born July 20, 1836, Dewsbury, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 22, 1925, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire English physician. He introduced the modern clinical thermometer (the thermometer had previously been a foot-long instrument that required 20 minutes to register temperature) and outlined the use of the ophthalmoscope to inspect the interior of the eye. He demonstrated the aortic origin of angina pectoris. His investigations improved treatment of arterial diseases and resulted in, among other works, Diseases of the Arteries (1915). His chief publication was Systems of Medicine (8 vol., 1896-99)
Sir Thomas J Lipton: born May 10, 1850, Glasgow, Scot. died Oct. 2, 1931, London, Eng. British merchant who built the Lipton tea empire. He opened a small grocery in Glasgow that grew into a chain of retail shops throughout Britain. To supply his shops cheaply, Lipton bought tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations in Ceylon as well as English fruit farms, jam factories, and bakeries. In 1898 his business was organized into Lipton, Ltd.; he was knighted the same year and made a baronet in 1902. A keen yachtsman, he raced his Shamrock yachts five times unsuccessfully for the America's Cup
Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton: born May 10, 1850, Glasgow, Scot. died Oct. 2, 1931, London, Eng. British merchant who built the Lipton tea empire. He opened a small grocery in Glasgow that grew into a chain of retail shops throughout Britain. To supply his shops cheaply, Lipton bought tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations in Ceylon as well as English fruit farms, jam factories, and bakeries. In 1898 his business was organized into Lipton, Ltd.; he was knighted the same year and made a baronet in 1902. A keen yachtsman, he raced his Shamrock yachts five times unsuccessfully for the America's Cup
Sir Thomas Littleton: born 1422, probably at Frankley, Worcestershire, Eng. died Aug. 23, 1481, Frankley British jurist. In a turbulent period he held several high offices, including judge of the Court of Common Pleas (from 1466). His Littleton on Tenures (1481 or 1482) was the earliest treatise on English law ever printed. It long remained the principal authority on English real property law
Sir Thomas Malory: an English writer who wrote Le Morte d'Arthur which tells the story of King Arthur (c.1410-71). flourished 1470 English author of Le Morte Darthur ("The Death of Arthur"). Even in the 16th century Malory's identity was unknown, but he is tentatively identified as a Welshman and knight who was imprisoned at various times. Le Morte Darthur (completed 1470) was the first account of Arthurian legend in English prose. Though based on French romances, it differs from its models in its emphasis on the brotherhood of the knights rather than on courtly love and on the conflicts of loyalty that destroy the fellowship. Only one extant manuscript predates its printing by William Caxton in 1485
Sir Thomas More: an English politician and writer. His most famous work is Utopia, which describes his idea of a perfect society. He was a powerful adviser to King Henry VIII, but he opposed the king's divorce (=the official ending of a marriage) and refused to accept him as the head of the Church of England. For this the king put him in prison and ordered his head to be cut off. The Roman Catholic Church later made him a saint (1478-1535)
Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith: born Jan. 18, 1888, London, Eng. died Jan. 27, 1989, Compton Manor, near Winchester, Hampshire British aircraft designer. He taught himself to fly in 1910 and won a prize for the longest flight to the European continent. In 1912 he founded Sopwith Aviation Company, Ltd., which in World War I built such planes as the Camel, the Pup, and the Triplane. His Hawker Aircraft Company produced the Hurricane fighter of World War II and later the Harrier, a vertical-takeoff jet fighter. He was chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, successor to his earlier company, until 1963
Sir Thomas Pride: born , Somerset?, Eng. died Oct. 23, 1658, Worcester House, Surrey English soldier. Joining the Parliamentary army in the English Civil Wars, he commanded a regiment in the Battle of Naseby (1645), then served with Oliver Cromwell and helped rout the invading Scots at Preston (1648). When the army, dominated by the Independents, occupied London later that year, Pride arrested or expelled about 140 Presbyterian members from the House of Commons ("Pride's Purge"). He was a member of the commission that tried King Charles I
Sir Thomas Sopwith: born Jan. 18, 1888, London, Eng. died Jan. 27, 1989, Compton Manor, near Winchester, Hampshire British aircraft designer. He taught himself to fly in 1910 and won a prize for the longest flight to the European continent. In 1912 he founded Sopwith Aviation Company, Ltd., which in World War I built such planes as the Camel, the Pup, and the Triplane. His Hawker Aircraft Company produced the Hurricane fighter of World War II and later the Harrier, a vertical-takeoff jet fighter. He was chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, successor to his earlier company, until 1963
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: born July 6, 1781, at sea off Port Morant, Jam. died July 5, 1826, London, Eng. Administrator in the British East India Company and founder of Singapore. He joined the British East India Company at age 14, and his hard work won him an appointment as assistant secretary to the government of Penang (in present-day Malaysia). There he undertook an intensive study of the Malayan peoples, and his knowledge allowed him to play a key role in 1811, when the British defeated Dutch-French forces in Java. He subsequently became lieutenant governor there and inaugurated a mass of reforms aimed at transforming the Dutch colonial system and improving the condition of the native population. He was recalled by the company, which deemed his reforms too costly; though he was popular in London (he was knighted in 1816), his authority when he resumed his service in Southeast Asia was severely restricted. Undeterred, he founded the port city of Singapore in 1819 in order to to ensure British access to the China seas; in 1824 the Dutch relinquished all claims to Singapore. Raffles is credited with creating Britain's Far Eastern empire

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thomas fontu: basic iron
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thomas

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Thom·as

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tämıs

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/ˈtäməs/ /ˈtɑːməs/

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[ 'tä-m&s ] (noun.) From Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς, from Aramaic ܬܐܘܡܐ or תאומא (“Thomas”), from ܬܐܡܐ or תאמא (“twin”).

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... ln 1 71 2, Thomas Newcomen produces a pump powered by burning coal ...

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thomas

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