realism

تعريف realism في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.: An artistic representation of reality as it is; The viewpoint that an external reality exists independent of observation; A doctrine that universals are real—they exist and are distinct from the particulars that instantiate them; A concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary; the principle and practice of depicting persons and scenes as they are believed really to exist; the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived; A very general style in which the artwork accurately depicts nature The term originated in 19th century France, specifically with the painter Gustave Courbet The style was popular through the 1950’s, when it was almost eliminated from critical consideration It resurfaced in the 1960’s with Pop Art and the "new realism "; a realistic representation of characters and events over sequential time all to achieve the willing suspension of disbelief by the audience; see also Hollywood Realism, Cf idealism and naturalism; The general principle that the stage should portray, in a reasonable facsimile, ordinary people in ordinary circumstances and that actors should behave, as much as possible, as real people do in life Although realism's roots go back to Euripides, it developed as a deliberate contrast to the florid romanticism that swept the European theatre in the mid-nineteenth century See also naturalism, which is an extreme version of realism; The idea that we can and do possess reliable knowledge, both perceptual and conceptual, that we can and usually do perceive the actually existing physical world; A development in mid-19th-century France lead by Gustave Courbet Its aim was to depict the customs, ideas, and appearances of the time using scenes from everyday life; the state of being actual or real; "the reality of his situation slowly dawned on him"; {i} interest in reality, concern for the real; tendency to portray things in a realistic manner; As opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions; used here to mean appearing realistic, representing how things appear to the eye, as opposed to non-representational or abstract art; a theatrical practice valuing direct imitation, concerned with psychological motives, the 'iiner reality," and less committed to achieving a superficial verisimilitude; Fidelity to nature or to real life; representation without idealization, and making no appeal to the imagination; adherence to the actual fact; Belief that universals exist independently of the particulars that instantiate them Realists hold that each general term signifies a real feature or quality, which is numerically the same in all the things to which that term applies Thus, opposed to nominalism Recommended Reading: The Problem of Universals, ed by Andrew B Schoedinger (Humanity, 1991) {at Amazon com}; Richard I Aaron, Our Knowledge of Universals (Haskell House, 1975) {at Amazon com}; Theodore Scaltsas, Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics (Cornell, 1994) {at Amazon com}; Properties, ed by D H Mellor and Alex Oliver (Oxford, 1997) {at Amazon com}; and D M Armstrong, Universals: An Opinionated Introduction (Westview, 1989) {at Amazon com} Also see OCP, OCDL, ColE, BGHT, noesis, and MacE; approval If things and people are presented with realism in paintings, stories, or films, they are presented in a way that is like real life. Greene's stories had an edge of realism that made it easy to forget they were fiction. In the visual arts, an aesthetic that promotes accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of close observation of outward appearances. It was a dominant current in French art between 1850 and 1880. In the early 1830s the painters of the Barbizon school espoused realism in their faithful reproduction of the landscape near their village. Gustave Courbet was the first artist to proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic; his Burial at Ornans and The Stone Breakers (1849) shocked the public and critics with their frank depiction of peasants and labourers. In his satirical caricatures, Honoré Daumier used an energetic linear style and bold detail to criticize the immorality he saw in French society. Realism emerged in the U.S. in the work of Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins. In the 20th century German artists associated with the Neue Sachlichkeit worked in a realist style to express their disillusionment after World War I. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh realism to depict the injustices of U.S. society. See also naturalism. In literature, the theory or practice of fidelity to nature or to real life and to accurate representation without idealization of everyday life. The 18th-century works of Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett are among the earliest examples of realism in English literature. It was consciously adopted as an aesthetic program in France in the mid-19th century, when interest arose in recording previously ignored aspects of contemporary life and society; Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857) established the movement in European literature. The realist emphasis on detachment and objectivity, along with lucid but restrained social criticism, became integral to the novel in the late 19th century. The word has also been used critically to denote excessive minuteness of detail or preoccupation with trivial, sordid, or squalid subjects. See also naturalism. In philosophy, any viewpoint that accords to the objects of human knowledge an existence that is independent of whether they are being perceived or thought about. In the metaphysical debate concerning universals, realism is opposed to nominalism, which denies that universals have any reality at all (except as words), and to conceptualism, which grants universals reality but only as concepts in the mind. Against idealism and phenomenalism, realism asserts the independent existence of material objects and their qualities. Similarly, moral realism holds that the moral qualities of things and actions (such as being good or bad, right or wrong) belong to the things or actions themselves and are not to be explained in terms of the subject's feelings of approval or disapproval. In opposition to conventionalism, realism holds that scientific theories are objectively true (or false) based on their correspondence (or lack of it) to an independently existing reality. magic realism magical realism New Realism Photo Realism Social Realism Socialist Realism; approval When people show realism in their behaviour, they recognize and accept the true nature of a situation and try to deal with it in a practical way. It was time now to show more political realism; a variety of doctrines in different areas of philosophy holding that entities or facts of contested sorts exist There are, of course, different arguments concerning the reality of numbers in mathematics, the reality of moral facts in ethics, and the reality of time in physics or metaphysics The kind of reality ascribed to universals differs from the kind of reality seen as belonging to common-sense material objects or to theoretical entities in science Various realisms are hence opposed by nominalism, idealism, instrumentalism, reductionism, eliminativism, conventionalism, constructivism, relativism and anti-realism Kant argued for both empirical realism and transcendental idealism In recent years, many philosophers have discussed Michael Dummett's argument for anti-realism, in which he rejects the claim that every proposition must be either true or false and argues that realism must be false because it implies this claim; A 19th-century style in the visual arts in which people, objects, and events were depicted in a manner that aimed to be true to life In film, the style of Neorealism developed in the post-World War II period according to similar principles; A subjective assessment of the degree to which the sound from an audio system approaches that of live music This has meaning only when the recording purports to reproduce an acoustical event taking place in a real acoustical space; Briefly, a realist about x holds that x enjoys mind-independent existence, that is, x exists regardless of whether anyone thinks, hopes or fears that x exists <Discussion> < References> Pete Mandik; an artistic movement in 19th century France; artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description; Generally contrasted with idealism, realism holds that the objects of our knowledge are not mind-dependent, but are independently existing entities In other words, a realist holds that a tree falling in the forest makes a noise even if no one is there to hear it; In the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances; (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived; A style or tradition in which artists strive to achieve a life-like representation in their work; a treatment of forms, colours, space, etc in such manner as to emphasize their correspondence to actuality or ordinary visual experience; see also Hollywood Realism, Cf idealism and naturalism; According to realism the Universal exists ante rem (Plato), or in re (Aristotle); (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names; A style in art and literature emphasizing the faithful representation of life and reality; preferred subjects include the normal, the everyday, the common, the practical; assumes an objective perspective and somewhat detached position on the part of the artist or author; the practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail Close Window; In his manifesto Le Realisme (1857), the French novelist Champfleury emphasized sincerity, as opposed to the Romantic emphasis on liberty Reflecting the popular interest in science and positivism, it insisted that novels have accurate documentation, sociological insight, accumulated details of material fact, and avoidance of idealization and poetic diction Subjects were to be taken from every day life, especially from lower-class life Balzac and Stendhal have been named as precursors of Realism, and Flaubert as a practitioner; Writing that represents events and people in a way that resembles the/an external reality and human experience outside the text See Verisimilitude; A viewpoint which explains international politics as the pursuit of national security and self-interest in an anarchic world through gaining and wielding power; the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth; As opposed to idealism, the doctrine that in sense perception there is an immediate cognition of the external object, and our knowledge of it is not mediate and representative; Term measuring the historical fidelity of a rules system (or, for a non- historical game, how "real" the rules seem to be) Some game designers believe they can raise the realism of their games by adding rules of great complexity Some gamers desire historical accuracy in their games, while others would rather have an enjoyable game experience at the possible expense of realism; a way of viewing scientific theories and models that says they truly characterize the way the universe operates; they represent reality (contrast with instrumentalism); refers to the use of qualities that make a selection life-like or believable relevance quality of a selection which relates it to the reader or audience resolution (sometimes called the denouement) part of a story when a conflict is resolved or a mystery is explained rÉsumÉ summary of a person's basic data as well as past employment and education information, skills, hobbies, and references review personal analysis or commentary, usually about a play, movie, or book rhyme occurs when words have the same sound, often at the end of lines of poetry rhythm repetition and arrangement of stresses or beats especially in lines of poetry rising action incidents taking place before the climax; A style of writing, acting and production that aims for psychological truth but not reproducing real life
capitalist realism: A pop art movement, that is an allusion to socialist realism
capitalist realism: A satirical reference to pop
magic realism: a literary style or genre that combines naturalistic details and narrative with surreal or dreamlike elements
magical realism: Alternative form of magic realism
mathematical realism: A doctrine that mathematical entities such as numbers and triangles exist independently of the human mind
photo-realism: A very realistic style in art in which a painting or drawing is virtually indistinguishable from a photograph
realistic: Expressed or represented as being accurate
A realistic appraisal of the situation.
socialist realism: A Stalinist idealization of the dictatorship of the proletariat applied to art that used realistic techniques to show the struggle for socialism in a positive and optimistic manner
tactical realism: The manner in which some gaming clans organize themselves. These clans adopt the rank, name and insignia of an actual combat unit past or present
tactical realism: A style of gaming in first-person shooters (FPS), where realistic ("real-world") settings are simulated by the gaming engine (to the best of its ability) and players use authentic military tactics to accomplish goals in the game
transcendental realism: A branch of philosophy which deals with the ethic of reciprocity and can be juxtaposed with transcendental idealism in that it views things in terms of how they actually are rather than how they appear to the actor
realistic: lifelike
hallucinatory realism: Hallucinatory realism is a vaguely defined term that has been used since at least the 1970s by critics in describing works of art. It may have some connection to the concept of magical realism although hallucinatory realism is usually more specific to a dream-state
American realism: legal movement that claims that the law is determined by legal rulings and not by legislation
New Realism: Early 20th-century movement in metaphysics and epistemology that opposed the idealism dominant in British and U.S. universities. Early leaders included William James, Bertrand Russell, and G. E. Moore, who adopted the term realism to signal their opposition to idealism. In 1910 William Pepperel Montague, Ralph Barton Perry, and others signed an article entitled "The Program and First Platform of Six Realists," and followed it with a cooperative volume, The New Realism (1912). In defending the independence of known things, New Realism affirmed that in cognition "the content of knowledge, that which lies in or before the mind when knowledge takes place, is numerically identical with the thing known" (a form of direct realism). To some realists, this epistemological monism seemed unable to give a satisfactory explanation of the mind's proneness to error
Photo-Realism: Late 20th-century painting style based on photography, in which realistic scenes are rendered in meticulous detail. An offshoot of Pop art, it became a trend in U.S. painting in the 1970s among artists fascinated by camera images. Though photographs had been used by 19th-century painters such as Eugène Delacroix as substitutes for reality, the Photo-Realists relied on the photograph itself, replicating it in large-scale detail as the reality on which to base an acrylic painting. Its subjects often included reflecting surfaces (chrome-plated diners, motorcycles, glass-fronted buildings, etc.). Its awesome technical precision, brilliant colour schemes, and visual complexity earned the style wide popularity. Its most notable practitioners were Chuck Close, Don Eddy, Richard Estes, and Audrey Flack
Scandinavian realism: legal movement that claims that fear of sanctions motivates people to obey the law
Social Realism: Trend in U.S. art, originating 1930, toward treating themes of social protest poverty, political corruption, labour-management conflict in a naturalistic manner. The movement was stimulated in part by the Ash Can school, the Great Depression, and the New Deal's arts patronage programs, including the WPA Federal Art Project. Works in this vein include Ben Shahn's Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1931-32) and William Gropper's The Senate (1935)
ghoulish realism: horrible realism, forbidding realism
magic realism: genre of meticulously realistic painting of imaginary scenes and fantastic images
magic realism: Magic realism is a style of writing or painting which sometimes describes dreams as though they were real, and real events as though they were dreams. a style of imaginative novel writing connected especially with 20th century writers from Latin America, such as Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel García Márquez, and Isabel Allende, in which impossible events are described as if they are real. or magical realism Latin-American literary phenomenon characterized by the matter-of-fact incorporation of fantastic or mythical elements into otherwise realistic fiction. The term was first applied to literature in the 1940s by the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980), who recognized the tendency of his region's contemporary storytellers as well as contemporary novelists to illuminate the mundane by means of the fabulous. Prominent practitioners include Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Jorge Amado, Jorge Luis Borges, Miguel Angel Asturias, Julio Cortazar, and Isabel Allende born 1942 . The term has been applied to literature and art outside of Latin America as well
magical realism: A chiefly literary style or genre originating in Latin America that combines fantastic or dreamlike elements with realism
realist: approval A realist is someone who recognizes and accepts the true nature of a situation and tries to deal with it in a practical way. I see myself not as a cynic but as a realist
realist: One who believes in realism; esp
realist: A naive realist is a person who believes that what you see is what you get Scientific realists believe that the laws of science are external to and independant of mind
realist: See Realism, 2
realist: Generally, someone who claims that various sorts of things that are not realized completely in our (sensory) experience are real The things in question might be, e g : numbers, infinite constructions, material objects, theoretical entities (atoms, the unconscious mind, etc ) and so on During the middle ages "realist" specifically meant someone who maintained that there are universals who maintained that there are universals (e g "horsiness" "humanity") corresponding to words such as "horse" and "human" and not just individual things See nominalist
realist: {i} one who is concerned with the real; one who portrays things as they truly are
realist: a painter who represents the world realistically and not in an idealized or romantic style
realist: A designation for an agent or broker who is a member of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers
realist: a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them a painter who represents the world realistically and not in an idealized or romantic style a person who accepts the world as it literally is and deals with it accordingly
realist: A follower of the realism movement
realist: A realist painter or writer is one who represents things and people in a way that is like real life. perhaps the foremost realist painter of our times
realist: One who seeks to recognize, understand, and acknowledge natural laws and their invincibility to violation
realist: one who is devoted to what is real rather than imaginary
realist: one who maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real existences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists
realist: a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them
realist: a person who accepts the world as it literally is and deals with it accordingly
realist: One who believes in literal truth
realist: An artist or writer who aims at realism in his work
realistic: Relating to the representation of objects, actions or conditions as they actually are or were
realistic: [adj] representing (drawing, painting, or sculpting) an object the way it looks in nature
realistic: representing what is real; not abstract or ideal; "realistic portraiture"; "a realistic novel"; "in naturalistic colors"; "the school of naturalistic writers"
realistic: Artwork that tend toward objective representation and everyday subjects, especially as opposed to idealistic or abstract
realistic: You say that a painting, story, or film is realistic when the people and things in it are like people and things in real life. extraordinarily realistic paintings of Indians + realistically re·al·is·ti·cal·ly The film starts off realistically and then develops into a ridiculous fantasy
realistic: If you are realistic about a situation, you recognize and accept its true nature and try to deal with it in a practical way. Police have to be realistic about violent crime It's only realistic to acknowledge that something, some time, will go wrong. + realistically re·al·is·ti·cal·ly As an adult, you can assess the situation realistically
realistic: something that seems very real or true (but might not be)
realistic: of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of realism; "a realistic system of thought
realistic: of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of realism; "a realistic system of thought"
realistic: Correspondence between algorithm complexity and execution time
realistic: Something such as a goal or target that is realistic is one which you can sensibly expect to achieve. Establish deadlines that are more realistic. = sensible
realistic: This adjective describes things that are represented according to their actual appearance without being idealized
realistic: aware or expressing awareness of things as they really are; "a realistic description"; "a realistic view of the possibilities"; "a realistic appraisal of our chances"; "the actors tried to create a realistic portrayal of the Africans"
realistic: {s} based on reality; practical, pragmatic; pertaining to realism in philosophy or the arts
realistic: (referring to a game system) = How close to reality the result of the game mechanic are Put another way, the more a player can think about the outcome in terms of how it would really happen rather than thinking about the peculiarities of the game mechanic, the better
realistic: based on reality, based on the truth
realistic: Of or pertaining to the realists; in the manner of the realists; characterized by realism rather than by imagination
realistically: In a realistic manner
realistically: emphasis You use realistically when you want to emphasize that what you are saying is true, even though you would prefer it not to be true. Realistically, there is never one right answer. see also realistic = frankly
realistically: practically, pragmatically, sensibly
realistically: in a realistic manner; "the figure was realistically painted" in a realistic manner; "let's look at the situation realistically
realistically: in a realistic manner; "let's look at the situation realistically"
realistically: in a realistic manner; "let's look at the situation realistically
realistically: in a realistic manner; "the figure was realistically painted"
socialist realism: A Marxist aesthetic doctrine that seeks to promote the development of socialism through didactic use of literature, art, and music. Officially sanctioned theory and method of artistic and literary composition in the Soviet Union from 1932 to the mid-1980s. Following the tradition of 19th-century Russian realism, Socialist Realism purported to serve as an objective mirror of life. Instead of critiquing society, however, it took as its primary theme the struggle to build socialism and a classless society and called for the didactic use of art to develop social consciousness. Artists were expected to take a positive view of socialist society and to keep in mind its historical relevance, requisites that seldom coincided with their real experiences and frequently undermined the artistic credibility of their works

التركية - الإنجليزية

تعريف realism في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.
realist: realistic
realist: realist; realistic
realist: (a) realist
realist: realistic, realist
realist: realist

realism

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re·al·i·sm

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rilîzım

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nominalism

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/ˈrēləzəm/ /ˈriːlɪzəm/

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realism

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realism

تعريف realism في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

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تعريف realism في التركية التركية القاموس.

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تعريف realism في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

تعريف realism في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.

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التركية النطق

المتضادة

النطق

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