paul

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف paul في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

(isim) Paulus

{i} Paulus

İsa'nın havarilerinden birinin adı Paulus'tu. - One of Jesus' disciples was named Paul.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

paul erdös

paul Erdos

paul's tube

(Tıp) Barsak, batın yüzeyine ağızlaştırılıdğı zaman kullanılan yüksek kenarlı bir cam tüp

cohen, paul natorp, and others

cohen, paul natorp ve diğerleri

rob Peter to pay Paul

birine olan borcu ödemek için başkasının hakkını yemek

التركية - التركية

تعريف paul في التركية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

paul cezanne

izlenimcilik akımının en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olup Kâğıt Oynayanlar, Pipolu Adam, Yıkanan Kadınlar gibi tablolarıyla çağdaş resmi ve özellikle kübizmin estetik gelişimini derinden etkilemiş ünlü Fransız ressam

paul gauguin

Nereden Geliyoruz? Kimiz? Nereye Gidiyoruz?, Altın Vücutlar gibi yapıtlarıyla ünlü Fransız ressam

nai paul

Gerillalar, Büyülü Tohumlar, Taklitçiler gibi yapıtları dilimize de çevrilen ve 2001 Nobel Edebiyat ödülü'nü kazanan Hint kökenli Trinidadlı yazar

peter paul rubens

Barok resmin duygusal yönünü en iyi işleyen Flaman ressam

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف paul في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

A male given name of biblical origin

A patronymic surname

In the New Testament, Apostle to the Gentiles and author of fourteen epistles

American feminist who founded (1916) the separatist National Woman's Party and wrote (1923) the first equal rights amendment to be considered by the U.S. Congress. orig. Alessandro Farnese born Feb. 29, 1468, Canino, Papal States died Nov. 10, 1549, Rome Pope (1534-49). The son of a noble Tuscan family, he was made a cardinal-deacon in 1493 and served as bishop in Parma and Ostia before being named dean of the College of Cardinals by Pope Leo X. Ordained a priest in 1519, he was unanimously elected pope in 1534. Though loose in morals in earlier years (he had three sons and a daughter), he became an efficient promoter of reform, convening the Council of Trent in 1545 and initiating the Counter-Reformation. He also supported the newly founded Jesuits and was a patron of the arts, the last in the tradition of the Renaissance popes. orig. Giovanni Battista Montini born Sept. 26, 1897, Concesio, near Brescia, Italy died Aug. 6, 1978, Castel Gandolfo Pope (1963-78). Educated at Brescia and ordained in 1920, he continued his studies in Rome, earning degrees in civil and canon law. He was a church diplomat for much of his career, until he was named archbishop of Milan in 1954. He became a cardinal in 1958, and in 1963 he was elected pope. Paul VI presided over the final sessions of the Second Vatican Council and appointed commissions to carry out its reforms, including revisions in the mass. He also relaxed rules on fasting, removed a number of questionable saints from the church's calendar, and enforced conservative positions on birth control and clerical celibacy. He promoted ecumenism and was the first pope to travel widely, visiting Israel, India, Asia, and Latin America. Russian Pavel Petrovich born Oct. 1, 1754, St. Petersburg, Russia died March 23, 1801, St. Petersburg Tsar of Russia (1796-1801). He was the son of Peter III and Catherine II, whom he succeeded as emperor in 1796. He reversed many of Catherine's policies, strengthened the autocracy, and established the law of succession within the male line of the Romanov dynasty. He provoked the hostility of the nobles and the army with his tyrannical rule and capricious foreign policy, which drew Russia into war with France. In a plot by the nobles to depose him and place his son Alexander (later Alexander I) on the throne, Paul was assassinated. Barras Paul François Jean Nicolas viscount de Belmondo Jean Paul Berg Paul Bert Paul Birtwistle Sir Harrison Paul Borduas Paul Émile Bowles Paul Frederick Braudel Paul Achille Fernand Brazza Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de Broca Paul Brook Sir Peter Stephen Paul Paul William Bryant Bunyan Paul Cambon Pierre Paul Celan Paul Paul Antschel Cézanne Paul Claudel Paul Louis Charles Marie Creston Paul de Man Paul Déroulède Paul Joseph Paul DiMaggio Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Doré Gustave Paul Dukas Paul Abraham Dunbar Paul Laurence Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich Paul Ralph Éluard Paul Erdös Paul Foucault Michel Paul Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Getty Museum J. Paul Getty Trust J. Paul Getty Jean Paul Gide André Paul Guillaume Goebbels Paul Joseph Greengard Paul Grévy François Paul Jules Harvey Paul Heyse Paul Johann Ludwig von Hindemith Paul Indy Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d' Jobs Steven Paul John Paul II Jones John Paul John Paul Kagame Paul Kane Paul Klee Paul Kruger Paul Lamerie Paul de Marat Jean Paul Martin Paul McCartney Sir James Paul Newman Paul Nurse Sir Paul M. Paul III Paul VI Paul Les Paul Lewis Paul Saint Poiret Paul Pollock Paul Jackson Prud'hon Pierre Paul Erich Paul Kramer Reuter Paul Julius Baron von Reuter Revere Paul Reynaud Paul Richter Curt Paul Riopelle Jean Paul Robeson Paul Bustill Roussel Albert Charles Paul Marie Rubens Peter Paul Saint Paul Saint Paul River Saint Paul's Cathedral Samuelson Paul Anthony Sartre Jean Paul Scarron Paul Scofield David Paul Scott Paul Mark Signac Paul Simon Paul Frederic Spaak Paul Henri Stevens John Paul Strand Paul Taylor Paul Belville Tillich Paul Johannes Valéry Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Verlaine Paul Marie Vincent de Paul Saint Volcker Paul Adolph Warfield Paul Weingartner Paul Felix lord von Münzberg Whiteman Paul Wigner Eugene Paul Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk Hindenburg Paul von Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg Lafayette Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier marquis de

{i} first name; family name; one of the apostles of Jesus

given name, male

United States feminist (1885-1977)

(Saint) A Jew who was converted to Christianity and who took the gospel to the Gentiles Wrote many of the epistles

An Italian silver coin

Served as King Peter II's regent until the young king assumed full control of the country in 1941 at the age of 17

The founder of Christianity Paul totally misunderstood Jesus

(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles; author of several Epistles in the New Testament; even though Paul was not present at the Last Supper he is considered an apostle; "Paul's name was Saul prior to his conversion to Christianity"

(St ) Patron saint of preachers and tentmakers Originally called Saul The name was changed in honour of Serigus Paulus, whom he converted His symbol are a sword and open book, the former the instrument of his martyrdom, and the latter indicative of the new law propagated by him as the apostle of the Gentiles He is represented of short stature, with bald head and grey, bushy beard Born at Giscalis, a town of Judaea, from which he removed, with his parents, to Tarsus, of Cilicia Tribe, that of Benjamin Taught by Gamaliel Beheaded by a sword in the fourteenth year of Nero On the same day as Peter was crucified Buried in the Ostian Way (See Eusebius: Hicronymus )

(St ) Patron saint of preachers and tentmakers Originally called Saul The name was changed in honour of Sergius Paulus, whom he converted His symbols are a sword and open book, the former the instrument of his martyrdom, and the latter indicative of the new law propagated by him as the apostle of the Gentiles He is represented of short stature, with bald head and grey, bushy beard Born at Giscalis, a town of Judaea, from which he removed, with his parents, to Tarsus, of Cilicia Tribe, that of Benjamin Taught by Gamaliel Beheaded by a sword in the fourteenth year of Nero On the same day as Peter was crucified Buried in the Ostian Way (See Eusebius: Hieronymus )

public relations

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

Paul Allen's flower flies

plural form of Paul Allen's flower fly

Paul Allen's flower fly

A species of flower fly from Costa Rica, scientific name Eristalis alleni

Paul -Abraham Dukas

born Oct. 1, 1865, Paris, France died May 17, 1935, Paris French composer. Born into a musical family, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire. His first success was the overture Polyeucte (1892). Perfectionism led him to destroy much of his work. His fame rests almost entirely on the tone poem The Sorceror's Apprentice (1897); his other surviving works include the opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1906), the ballet La Péri (1912), and a symphony (1896)

Paul -Louis-Charles-Marie Claudel

born Aug. 6, 1868, Villeneuve-sur-Fère, France died Feb. 23, 1955, Paris French poet, playwright, and diplomat. He converted to Catholicism at age

Paul -Louis-Charles-Marie Claudel

His brilliant diplomatic career began in 1892, and he eventually served as ambassador to Japan (1921-27) and the U.S. (1927-33). At the same time he pursued a literary career, expressing in poetry and drama his conception of the grand design of creation. He reached his largest audience through plays such as Break of Noon (1906), The Hostage (1911), Tidings Brought to Mary (1912), and his masterpiece, The Satin Slipper (1929); recurring themes in these works are human and divine love and the search for salvation. He wrote the librettos for Darius Milhaud's opera Christopher Columbus (1930) and Arthur Honegger's oratorio Joan of Arc (1938). His best-known poetic work is the confessional Five Great Odes (1910)

Paul -Marie Verlaine

v. born March 30, 1844, Metz, France died Jan. 8, 1896, Paris French lyric poet. After entering the civil service, he was first associated with the Parnassian poets, contributing to the first volume of the anthology Le Parnasse contemporain (1866). His early collections, Poèmes saturniens (1866), Fêtes galantes (1869), La Bonne chanson (1870), and Romances sans paroles (1874), show the intense lyricism and musicality that would mark all his verse. His marriage was shattered by his infatuation with Arthur Rimbaud, and the two scandalized Paris with their behaviour in 1872-73. While in prison in Belgium (1873-75) for shooting Rimbaud when the latter threatened to leave him, he converted to Catholicism and probably composed the famous "Art poétique," adopted in 1882 by the poets of the Symbolist movement. Sagesse (1880) expresses his religious faith and his emotional odyssey. He later taught French and English; he spent his late years in poverty, but just before his death he was sponsored for a major international lecture tour. His Les Poètes maudits (1884; "The Accursed Poets") consists of short biographical studies of six poets, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Rimbaud. He is regarded as the third great member (with Charles Baudelaire and Mallarmé) of the so-called Decadents

Paul A Volcker

v. born Sept. 5, 1927, Cape May, N.J., U.S. U.S. economist. He worked as an economist for the Chase Manhattan Bank (1957-61; 1965-68). As an undersecretary at the U.S. Treasury Department (1969-74), Volcker was the chief architect of the U.S.'s abandonment of the gold-exchange standard and the devaluations of the U.S. dollar (1971, 1973). After serving as president of the Federal Reserve Bank (1975-79), he was appointed head of the Federal Reserve System in 1979 by Pres. Jimmy Carter and served until 1987. To end a period of very high inflation, he slowed the growth of the money supply and allowed interest rates to rise, causing a recession (1982-83) but dramatically reducing inflation

Paul Achille Fernand Braudel

born Aug. 24, 1902, Luméville, France died Nov. 28, 1985, Haute-Savoie French historian and educator. While a prisoner of the Germans during World War II, Braudel wrote from memory his thesis on the history of the Mediterranean region in the 16th century, later published as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (1949). With Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, he became an influential leader of the Annales school, which emphasized the effects of factors such as climate, geography, and demographics on history. His second major work was Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century (1967, 1979)

Paul Adolph Volcker

v. born Sept. 5, 1927, Cape May, N.J., U.S. U.S. economist. He worked as an economist for the Chase Manhattan Bank (1957-61; 1965-68). As an undersecretary at the U.S. Treasury Department (1969-74), Volcker was the chief architect of the U.S.'s abandonment of the gold-exchange standard and the devaluations of the U.S. dollar (1971, 1973). After serving as president of the Federal Reserve Bank (1975-79), he was appointed head of the Federal Reserve System in 1979 by Pres. Jimmy Carter and served until 1987. To end a period of very high inflation, he slowed the growth of the money supply and allowed interest rates to rise, causing a recession (1982-83) but dramatically reducing inflation

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

born Aug. 8, 1902, Bristol, Gloucestershire, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1984, Tallahassee, Fla., U.S. English mathematician and theoretical physicist. His first major contribution, in 1925-26, was a general and logically simple form of quantum mechanics. About the same time, he developed ideas of Enrico Fermi which led to Fermi-Dirac statistics. He then applied Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity to the quantum mechanics of the electron and showed that the electron must have spin of 1 2 . His theory also revealed new states later identified with the positron. He shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with Erwin Schrödinger. In 1932 Dirac was appointed to the Lucasian mathematics professorship at the University of Cambridge, a chair once occupied by Isaac Newton. He retired from Cambridge in 1968 and became professor emeritus at Florida State University in 1971

Paul Allen

{i} (born 1953) United States entrepreneur, cofounder of Microsoft, one of the richest men in the world

Paul Anthony Samuelson

born May 15, 1915, Gary, Ind., U.S. U.S. economist. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard and taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1940, becoming an emeritus professor in 1986. His Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) outlines a basic theme of his work, the universal nature of consumer behaviour as the key to economic theory. His studies included the dynamics of economic systems, analyses of public goods, welfare economics, and public expenditure. His most influential work was perhaps his mathematical formulation of multiplier and accelerator effects and, in consumption analysis, his development of the theory of revealed preference. His classic Economics (1948) is the best-selling U.S. economics textbook of all time. For his fundamental contributions to nearly all branches of economics, he became in 1970 the third person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences

Paul Belville Taylor

born July 29, 1930, Wilkinsburg, Pa., U.S. U.S. modern dancer, choreographer, and director. In 1953 he joined Martha Graham's company, where he was a leading soloist until 1960. In 1957 he established the Paul Taylor Dance Company. As a choreographer he employed a wide variety of movement styles, some of which he described as "flat" (two-dimensional in appearance), "dance scribbling" (emphasis on action rather than on shape or line), and "lyric" ("long arms"). His works include Duet (1957), Aureole (1962), Orbs (1966), and Nightshade (1979). In 1993 he formed Taylor 2, a small group of dancers who perform in smaller venues and teach the Taylor style

Paul Berg

born June 30, 1926, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. biochemist. He received his Ph.D. from Western Reserve University. While studying the actions of isolated genes, he devised methods for splitting DNA molecules at selected sites and attaching the resulting segments to the DNA of a virus or plasmid, which could then enter bacterial or animal cells. The foreign DNA was incorporated into the host and caused the synthesis of proteins not ordinarily found there. One of the earliest practical results of this research was the development of a strain of bacteria that contained the gene for producing insulin. In 1980 Berg shared a Nobel Prize with Walter Gilbert (b. 1932) and Frederick Sanger

Paul Bert

born Oct. 17, 1833, Auxerre, Yonne, France died Nov. 11, 1886, Hanoi French physiologist, founder of modern aerospace medicine. He taught for many years at the Sorbonne and served as a deputy in the government from 1872-86. His research on the effects of air pressure on the body helped make possible the exploration of space and the ocean depths. Bert found the main cause of altitude sickness to be low atmospheric oxygen content and showed decompression sickness to be due to nitrogen bubbles formed in the blood during rapid drops in external pressure

Paul Bouin

{i} (1870-1962) French histologist

Paul Bowles

born Dec. 30, 1910, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Nov. 18, 1999, Tangier, Mor. U.S.-Moroccan composer, writer, and translator. Bowles studied composition with Aaron Copland and wrote music for more than 30 plays and films. He moved to Morocco in the 1940s. He set his best-known novel, The Sheltering Sky (1948; film, 1990), in Tangier. His protagonists, both in that novel and elsewhere, are often Westerners maimed by their contact with traditional cultures that bewilder them, and violent events and psychological collapse are recounted in a detached and elegant style. His wife, Jane Bowles (1917-73), is known for the novel Two Serious Ladies (1943) and the play In the Summer House (1953)

Paul Broca

{i} (1824-1880) French doctor and anthropologist

Paul Broca

born June 28, 1824, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Fr. died July 9, 1880, Paris French surgeon. His study of brain lesions contributed significantly to understanding of the origins of aphasia. Much of Broca's research concerned the comparative study of the skulls of the races of humankind, work that aided the development of modern physical anthropology. He originated methods to study the brain's form, structure, and surface features and sections of prehistoric skulls. His discovery (1861) of the brain's speech centre (convolution of Broca) was the first anatomical proof of localization of brain function

Paul Bryant

a US college football coach (=teacher) who set a record for winning the most games (1913-83)

Paul Bunyan

A giant lumberjack who performs superhuman acts in American folklore. a giant (=an extremely large man) in old American stories. He was a lumberjack (=someone whose job is to cut down trees) from the forests of Canada and the north US, who travelled with a blue ox called Babe. They changed the shape of the land as they walked along, for example by making mountains and also the Grand Canyon. Legendary giant lumberjack of the U.S. frontier. A symbol of strength and vitality, he is accompanied by a giant blue ox, Babe. He was credited with creating Puget Sound, digging the Grand Canyon, and building the Black Hills, and was known for his prodigious appetite, eating hotcakes off a griddle so large it was greased by men using sides of bacon as skates. Tales of his exploits probably originated in lumber camps, and were first published by James MacGillivray in "The Round River Drive" (1910), which soon led to a national myth

Paul Bustill Robeson

born April 9, 1898, Princeton, N.J., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1976, Philadelphia, Pa. U.S. singer, actor, and activist. Born to a former slave turned preacher and a Quaker mother, Robeson attended Rutgers University, where he was an All-America football player. Graduating at the head of his class, he went on to earn a law degree at Columbia University. Because of a lack of opportunity for African Americans in law, he turned to theatre, joining a group that included Eugene O'Neill and appearing in his All God's Chillun Got Wings (1924) and The Emperor Jones (1924), a huge success in New York City and London. He also starred in the film version of The Emperor Jones (1933). Robeson's superb bass-baritone brought him worldwide renown with his performance of "Ol' Man River" in Show Boat (1928). His lead role in Othello won high praise in London (1930) and on Broadway (1943). He visited the Soviet Union in 1934 and became identified with leftist politics. In 1950 his passport was withdrawn because he refused to disclaim membership in the Communist Party. Viciously harassed and ostracized, Robeson left the U.S. to live in Europe and travel in Soviet-bloc countries, but he returned in 1963 because of ill health

Paul Cadmus

{i} (1904-1999) United States etcher and painter

Paul Cambon

born Jan. 20, 1843, Paris, France died May 29, 1924, Paris French diplomat. He worked in the civil service (1870-82) before entering the diplomatic service, in which he served as ambassador to Spain and Turkey. Appointed ambassador to Britain (1898-1920), he spent his first years in smoothing over Anglo-French relations. His efforts were crowned by the signing of the Entente Cordiale in 1904. During World War I he continued to play a vital role in cooperation between the two allies

Paul Ce'zanne

{i} (1839-1906) French postimpressionist painter who greatly influenced the development of modern art, creator of "Bathers" and "House of the Hanged Man

Paul Celan

orig. Paul Antschel born Nov. 23, 1920, Cernu i, Rom. died May 1, 1970, Paris, France Romanian poet who wrote in German. When Romania came under Nazi control during World War II, Celan, a Jew, was sent to a forced-labour camp; his parents were murdered. He moved to Vienna in 1947 and published his first volume of poetry, The Sand from the Urns, in 1948. His second volume, Poppy and Memory (1952), established his reputation in West Germany. He produced seven more volumes before taking his own life by drowning in the Seine. Celan's dense and complex verse is marked by his experience of World War II; his early poem "Todesfuge" is one of the most famous poetic expressions of the Holocaust

Paul Cezanne

{i} (1839-1906) French postimpressionist painter who greatly influenced the development of modern art, creator of "Bathers" and "House of the Hanged Man

Paul Claudel

born Aug. 6, 1868, Villeneuve-sur-Fère, France died Feb. 23, 1955, Paris French poet, playwright, and diplomat. He converted to Catholicism at age

Paul Claudel

His brilliant diplomatic career began in 1892, and he eventually served as ambassador to Japan (1921-27) and the U.S. (1927-33). At the same time he pursued a literary career, expressing in poetry and drama his conception of the grand design of creation. He reached his largest audience through plays such as Break of Noon (1906), The Hostage (1911), Tidings Brought to Mary (1912), and his masterpiece, The Satin Slipper (1929); recurring themes in these works are human and divine love and the search for salvation. He wrote the librettos for Darius Milhaud's opera Christopher Columbus (1930) and Arthur Honegger's oratorio Joan of Arc (1938). His best-known poetic work is the confessional Five Great Odes (1910)

Paul Creston

orig. Giuseppe Guttoveggio born Oct. 10, 1906, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Aug. 24, 1985, San Diego, Calif. U.S. composer. Born to a poor immigrant family, he was largely self-taught in music. His numerous works, many of which achieved wide performance, are highly rhythmical and tonally accessible. They include six symphonies, a Requiem and three masses, and several concertos. He is noted for the rhythmic vitality and full harmonies of his music, which is marked by modern dissonances and polyrhythms

Paul Dukas

born Oct. 1, 1865, Paris, France died May 17, 1935, Paris French composer. Born into a musical family, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire. His first success was the overture Polyeucte (1892). Perfectionism led him to destroy much of his work. His fame rests almost entirely on the tone poem The Sorceror's Apprentice (1897); his other surviving works include the opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1906), the ballet La Péri (1912), and a symphony (1896)

Paul Ehrlich

born March 14, 1854, Strehlen, Silesia, Prussia died Aug. 20, 1915, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Ger. German medical scientist. After early work on distribution of foreign substances in the body and on cell nutrition, he found uses for staining agents in diagnosis (including that of tuberculosis) and treatment. He also researched typhoid, fever medications, and eye diseases. In one paper, he showed that different tissues' oxygen consumption reflected the intensity of their cell processes. Ehrlich developed a method of stimulating production of antitoxins by injecting increasing amounts of toxin into animals; his work was crucial to the creation of a diphtheria antitoxin. He and Élie Metchnikoff received a 1908 Nobel Prize. With Sahachiro Hata (1837-1938), he developed Salvarsan, the first effective syphilis treatment, in 1910

Paul Erdos

{i} Paul Erdös (1913-1996), Hungarian mathematician

Paul Erdös

{i} (1913-1996) Hungarian mathematician

Paul Erdös

born March 26, 1913, Budapest, Hung. died Sept. 20, 1996, Warsaw, Pol. Hungarian mathematician. He proved a classic theorem of number theory (1933), founded the study of probabilistic number theory with Aurel Wintner and Mark Kac, proved important results in approximation theory with Paul Turan, and with Atle Selberg gave an astounding elementary proof of the prime number theorem (1949). Famously eccentric, he traveled almost constantly for his last 40 years, collaborating with hundreds of mathematicians on numerous problems

Paul Felix lord von Münzberg Weingartner

born June 2, 1863, Zara, Dalmatia, Austrian Empire died May 7, 1942, Winterthur, Switz. Austrian conductor and composer. After studies in Leipzig, he came to the attention of Franz Liszt, who arranged the premiere of Weingartner's first opera at Weimar (1884). He held conducting posts at Danzig, Hamburg, and Mannheim, and he became conductor of the Berlin Opera in 1891. He succeeded Gustav Mahler as conductor of the Vienna Opera (1908-11) and stayed on with the Vienna Philharmonic until 1927. He also directed the Basel Conservatory (1927-33) and was a distinguished writer on music

Paul Frederic Simon

born Oct. 13, 1941, Newark, N.J., U.S. U.S. pop singer and songwriter. Simon began performing with Art Garfunkel (b. 1941) in the 1950s, using the name Tom and Jerry. After a break, the two reunited in 1964 as Simon and Garfunkel. Their first hit single was "Sounds of Silence" (1966); others over the next six years included "Mrs. Robinson" (for the film The Graduate) and "Bridge over Troubled Water." After the two parted company, Simon released several hit albums, including Still Crazy After All These Years (1975). His Graceland (1986) album, recorded with African musicians, became the most successful and influential of the new genre of world music. Both African music and Brazilian music informed his album The Rhythm of the Saints (1990). With the West Indian poet Derek Walcott he wrote the Broadway musical The Capeman (1998)

Paul Frederick Bowles

born Dec. 30, 1910, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Nov. 18, 1999, Tangier, Mor. U.S.-Moroccan composer, writer, and translator. Bowles studied composition with Aaron Copland and wrote music for more than 30 plays and films. He moved to Morocco in the 1940s. He set his best-known novel, The Sheltering Sky (1948; film, 1990), in Tangier. His protagonists, both in that novel and elsewhere, are often Westerners maimed by their contact with traditional cultures that bewilder them, and violent events and psychological collapse are recounted in a detached and elegant style. His wife, Jane Bowles (1917-73), is known for the novel Two Serious Ladies (1943) and the play In the Summer House (1953)

Paul Gaugin

{i} (1848-1903) French postimpressionist painter, student and friend of Camille Pissarro, creator of "The Day of the God" and "The Yellow Christ

Paul Gauguin

{i} Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), French post-impressionist painter known for use of color

Paul Gauguin

a French painter who went to live in Tahiti, where he painted brightly coloured scenes which showed the life of the people there (1848-1903). born June 7, 1848, Paris, France died May 8, 1903, Atuona, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia French painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He spent his childhood in Lima (his mother was a Peruvian Creole). From 1872 to 1883 he was a successful stockbroker in Paris. He met Camille Pissarro about 1875, and he exhibited several times with the Impressionists. Disillusioned with bourgeois materialism, in 1886 he moved to Pont-Aven, Brittany, where he became the central figure of a group of artists known as the Pont-Aven school. Gauguin coined the term "Synthetism" to describe his style during this period, referring to the synthesis of his paintings' formal elements with the idea or emotion they conveyed. Late in October 1888 Gauguin traveled to Arles, in the south of France, to stay with Vincent van Gogh. The style of the two men's work from this period has been classified as Post-Impressionist because it shows an individual, personal development of Impressionism's use of colour, brushstroke, and nontraditional subject matter. Increasingly focused on rejecting the materialism of contemporary culture in favour of a more spiritual, unfettered lifestyle, in 1891 he moved to Tahiti. His works became open protests against materialism. He was an influential innovator; Fauvism owed much to his use of colour, and he inspired Pablo Picasso and the development of Cubism

Paul Greengard

born Dec. 11, 1925, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. molecular and cellular biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. Greengard discovered how dopamine and other neurotransmitters work in the nervous system. He showed that slow synaptic transmission involves protein phosphorylation, a chemical reaction in which a phosphate molecule is linked to a protein, thus changing the protein's function. Along with Eric Kandel and Arvid Carlsson, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2000. The findings of these three men resulted in the development of new drugs for parkinsonism and other disorders

Paul Harvey

born Sept. 4, 1918, Tulsa, Okla., U.S. U.S. radio commentator and news columnist. He worked as an announcer and radio station director in the Midwest in the 1940s. He became a news commentator and analyst for ABC in 1944 and a syndicated columnist in 1954. Noted for his firm, staccato delivery and his conservative but individualistic opinions on current events, he enjoyed an almost unparalleled longevity as a national broadcaster

Paul Heyse

born March 15, 1830, Berlin, Prussia died April 2, 1914, Munich, Ger. German writer. An independent scholar, he led a circle of writers in Munich who sought to preserve traditional artistic values from the encroachment of political radicalism, materialism, and realism. His admired short stories and novellas were collected in numerous volumes; he also published novels, including Children of the World (1873) and Merlin (1892), and many unsuccessful plays. Among his best works are his translations of Giacomo Leopardi and other Italian and Spanish poets; many were set to music by Hugo Wolf. His popularity was already declining when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910

Paul Hindemith

a German composer (=a writer of music) who had great influence on 20th century classical music a German airship, which exploded when coming into land in New Jersey, USA, after crossing the Atlantic in 1937. All passengers and crew were killed, and businesses stopped using airships to carry people or goods (1895-1963). born Nov. 16, 1895, Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, German Empire died Dec. 28, 1963, Frankfurt am Main, W.Ger. German composer. His talent was noticed early, and he received thorough training on viola, violin, clarinet, and piano. He became concertmaster of the Frankfurt Opera at age 20, and his compositions began drawing attention at new-music festivals. Because his wife was Jewish and his music was considered "degenerate" by the Nazis, he left Germany in 1938, settling in the U.S. in 1940. Advocating Gebrauchsmusik ("useful music"), he wrote solo sonatas and concertos for many of the standard orchestral instruments. Mathis der Maler (1935) is the best known of his six operas; the symphony based on it, and the Symphonic Metamorphosis on Themes of Weber (1943), are widely performed

Paul I

Russian czar (1796-1801) who led the first Russian military campaigns against Napoleonic France (1798-1800). His tyrannical reign was ended the following year in a coup d'état. King of Greece (1947-1964). After taking refuge in South Africa during World War II he returned to Greece in 1946 and succeeded to the throne the following year

Paul III

Pope (1534-1549) who initiated the Catholic Reformation and accepted (1545) the Jesuit order into the Church

Paul Jackson Pollock

born Jan. 28, 1912, Cody, Wyo., U.S. died Aug. 11, 1956, East Hampton, N.Y. U.S. painter. He grew up in California and Arizona. In the early 1930s he studied in New York City under Thomas Hart Benton, and later he was employed on the WPA Federal Art Project. In 1945 he married the artist Lee Krasner. Two years later, after several years of semiabstract work stimulated by psychotherapy, Pollock began to lay his canvas on the floor and pour or drip paint onto it in stages. This process permitted him to record the force and scope of his gestures in trajectories of enamel or aluminum paint that "veiled" the figurative elements found in his earlier work. The results were huge areas covered with complex and dynamic linear patterns that fuse image and form and engulf the vision of the spectator in their scale and intricacy. Pollock believed that art derived from the unconscious and judged his work and that of others on its inherent authenticity of personal expression. He became known as a leading practitioner of Abstract Expressionism, particularly the form known as action painting. Championed by critic Clement Greenberg and others, he became a celebrity. When he died in a car crash at 44, he was one of the few American painters to be recognized during his lifetime and afterward as the peer of 20th-century European masters of modern art

Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse

born March 15, 1830, Berlin, Prussia died April 2, 1914, Munich, Ger. German writer. An independent scholar, he led a circle of writers in Munich who sought to preserve traditional artistic values from the encroachment of political radicalism, materialism, and realism. His admired short stories and novellas were collected in numerous volumes; he also published novels, including Children of the World (1873) and Merlin (1892), and many unsuccessful plays. Among his best works are his translations of Giacomo Leopardi and other Italian and Spanish poets; many were set to music by Hugo Wolf. His popularity was already declining when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910

Paul Johannes Tillich

born , Aug. 20, 1886, Starzeddel, Brandenburg, Ger. died Oct. 22, 1965, Chicago, Ill., U.S. German-born U.S. Protestant theologian. He studied at Berlin, Tübingen, and Halle and was a chaplain with the German army during World War I. He taught successively at Marburg, Dresden, and Frankfurt am Main. In 1933 the Nazi takeover prompted him to immigrate to the U.S. With the aid of Reinhold Niebuhr, he joined the faculty of New York's Union Theological Seminary. He became respected for his lucid preaching and his Systematic Theology, 3 vol. (1951-63). He moved to Harvard University in 1955 and to the University of Chicago in 1962. His theological system was an unusual combination of biblical, existentialist, and metaphysical elements, and he attempted to convey an understanding of God that depended neither on revelation nor on science. His other works include The Courage to Be (1952) and Dynamics of Faith (1957)

Paul Joseph Goebbels

a German Nazi politician who controlled German propaganda during the Second World War (1897-1945). born Oct. 29, 1897, Rheydt, Ger. died May 1, 1945, Berlin German Nazi leader. After earning a doctorate from Heidelberg University, he joined the Nazi Party and was appointed district leader in Berlin by Adolf Hitler in 1926. A gifted speaker, Goebbels also edited the party's journal and began to create the Führer myth around Hitler, instituting the party demonstrations that helped convert the masses to Nazism. After Hitler seized power in 1933, Goebbels took control of the national propaganda machinery. During World War II he carried on a personal propaganda blitz to raise hopes on the home front. Named chancellor in Hitler's will, he remained with Hitler to the end. One day after Hitler's suicide, Goebbels and his wife killed themselves and their six children

Paul Joseph Goebbels

{i} (1897-1945) minister of propaganda for the German Nazi party who persecuted Jewish people

Paul Julius Baron von Reuter Reuter

orig. Israel Beer Josaphat born July 21, 1816, Kassel, Electorate of Hesse died Feb. 25, 1899, Nice, France German founder of the news agency Reuters. He was a bank clerk and partner in a small publishing concern before initiating a prototype news service in Paris in 1849, using electric telegraphy and carrier pigeons in his network. He moved to England in 1851 and opened a telegraph office serving banks, brokerage houses, and leading business firms. He steadily extended his commercial news service, acquiring his first subscribing newspaper client in 1858. Undersea cables enabled him to expand the service to other continents

Paul Julius Reuter

{i} Baron von Reuter (1816-1899), German-born English journalist and founder of Reuters news agency

Paul Kagame

born October 1957, Rwanda President of Rwanda from 2000. An ethnic Tutsi, Kagame grew up in exile in Uganda, where in 1986 he helped overthrow Milton Obote in favour of Yoweri Museveni. In 1990 he helped direct an unsuccessful coup in Rwanda, and following the 1994 genocide that left almost one million Rwandans dead (most of them Tutsi), he assumed control of the joint Tutsi-Hutu opposition forces that soon controlled all of Rwanda. In July 1994 he was named vice president and minister of defense under Hutu president Pasteur Bizimungu. After Bizimungu resigned in 2000, Kagame was named president. In 1997 he was instrumental in the overthrow of Mobutu Sese Seko in neighbouring Zaire (Congo) and the installation of Laurent Kabila as president

Paul Kane

born Sept. 3, 1810, Mallow, Ire. died Feb. 20, 1871, Toronto, Ont., Can. Irish-born Canadian painter. His family immigrated to Canada in 1819. He worked mainly in Toronto but traveled as far as the Pacific coast depicting landscapes, Native American subjects, fur traders, and missionaries; he published an account of his adventures in Wanderings of an Artist (1859). Half of his paintings are portraits, works of great historical value in which he recorded the dress and ornaments of his subjects in accurate detail. He excelled at composing large figurative groups in a style similar to contemporary European genre painting

Paul Klee

{i} (1879-1940) Swiss artist and art theorist, member of the Blaue Reiter group, creator of "The Twittering Machine" and "Fish Magic

Paul Klee

a Swiss painter of abstract art (1879-1940). born Dec. 18, 1879, Münchenbuchsee, Switz. died June 29, 1940, Muralto Swiss painter. After studies in Germany and Italy, he settled in Munich, where he became associated with Der Blaue Reiter (1911). He taught at the Bauhaus (1920-31), then at the Düsseldorf Academy. He lost his post when the Nazis came to power in 1933 and returned to Switzerland. One of the foremost artists of the 20th century, he belonged to no movement, yet he assimilated and even anticipated some of the major artistic tendencies of his time. Using both representational and abstract approaches, he produced some 9,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolours in a great variety of styles. His works, which tend to be small in scale, are remarkable for their delicate nuances of line, colour, and tonality. In Klee's highly sophisticated art, irony and a sense of the absurd are joined to an intense evocation of the mystery and beauty of nature. Music figures prominently in his work in his many images of opera and musicians, and to some extent as a model for his compositions. But literature had the greater pull on him; his art is steeped in poetic and mythic allusion, and the titles he gave to his pictures tend to charge them with additional meanings. His late paintings, anticipating his approaching death, are among his most memorable

Paul Kruger

orig. Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger born Oct. 10, 1825, Cradock district, Cape Colony died July 14, 1904, Clarens, Switz. South African soldier and statesman, noted as the builder of the Afrikaner nation. As a boy of 10, Kruger took part in the Great Trek and was impressed by the ability of the Boers to defend themselves against hostile African peoples and to establish an orderly government. When the British annexed the Transvaal in 1877, Kruger became the recognized champion of his people in the struggle to regain independence. After leading a series of armed attacks, he succeeded in obtaining limited independence and was elected president of the restored republic (1883-1902). In 1895 he fended off an attempt by Cecil Rhodes and Leander Starr Jameson to end Boer control of the republic. His age prevented his participation in the South African War and he retreated to the Netherlands; he died in Switzerland and was buried (December 1904) in Pretoria, S.Af

Paul L. Dunbar

{i} (1872-1906), African-American poet and novelist

Paul Langerhans

{i} (1847-1888) German anatomist and medical doctor

Paul Laurence Dunbar

{i} (1872-1906) African-American poet and novelist, author of "Oak and Ivy" and "Folks from Dixie

Paul Laurence Dunbar

born June 27, 1872, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. died Feb. 9, 1906, Dayton U.S. author. The son of former slaves, Dunbar became the first African American writer to try to live by his writings and one of the first to attain national prominence. He wrote for a largely white readership, using black dialect and depicting the pre-Civil War South in pastoral, idyllic tones. His verse collections include Oak and Ivy (1893), Majors and Minors (1895), and Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896). His poems reached a wide readership, and he gave readings in the U.S. and England. He also published four short-story collections and four novels, including The Sport of the Gods (1902)

Paul Mark Scott

born March 25, 1920, Palmers Green, Eng. died March 1, 1978, London British novelist. Scott entered military service in India in the 1940s and later was a director of a London literary agency; he resigned in 1960 to write full-time. He is known for works chronicling the decline of the British occupation of India, notably The Raj Quartet consisting of The Jewel in the Crown (1966), The Day of the Scorpion (1968), The Towers of Silence (1971), and A Division of the Spoils (1975) and Staying On (1977, Booker Prize). All his works, including those set outside India, employ Indian themes or characters

Paul Martin

in full Paul Joseph Martin, Jr. born Aug. 28, 1938, Windsor, Ont., Can. Canadian prime minister (from 2003). The son of Paul Joseph Martin, who served as a minister in four Liberal governments, the younger Martin studied law at the University of Toronto and was called to the bar in 1966. Instead of practicing law, however, he joined Canada Steamship Lines, a freight carrier that he purchased in 1981. From 1993 to 2002 Martin, a member of the Liberal Party, served as the minister of finance in Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's government. Highly successful in the post, Martin eliminated a large budget deficit, achieved five consecutive budget surpluses, and secured the largest tax cut in Canadian history. In 2003 Martin succeeded Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party and as prime minister

Paul McCartney

{i} (born 1942) British composer and singer, member of the rock band "The Beatles

Paul McCartney

a British singer and songwriter, now Sir Paul McCartney, who was a member of The Beatles, and who wrote most of their songs with John Lennon. He led a new band called Wings in the 1970s, and has continued writing and performing music. His wife, Linda McCartney (1941-98), was a photographer who formed a company that sold ready-made vegetarian food (1942- )

Paul Newman

born Jan. 26, 1925, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. U.S. film actor. He studied drama at Yale University and the Actors Studio and first appeared on Broadway in Picnic (1953). In 1954 he made his screen debut in the disastrous biblical epic The Silver Chalice. He won favourable notice in Somebody up There Likes Me (1956) and The Long Hot Summer (1958). In many of his best-remembered roles, he captured the darker, less heroic aspects of a character's nature, as in such successful films as The Hustler (1961), Hud (1963), Cool Hand Luke (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), The Color of Money (1986; Academy Award), and Nobody's Fool (1994). He directed and produced films such as Rachel, Rachel (1968) and The Glass Menagerie (1987), both of which starred his wife, Joanne Woodward. In 1982 he launched the successful "Newman's Own" line of food products, with its profits going to a number of charitable causes

Paul Newman

{i} (born 1925) American actor and film director, winner of several Academy Awards

Paul Poiret

born April 20, 1879, Paris, Fr. died April 30, 1944, Paris French fashion designer. After working in the Parisian fashion house of Charles Frederick Worth, he opened his own shop in 1902. In 1908 he revived the Empire style, popular in France during the reign of Napoleon I. Seeking to restore naturalness to female garb, he was principally responsible for the decline of the corset. He is best known for the hobble skirt, to which he later added draped and belted knee-length tunics. Fringed and tasseled capes, multicoloured feathers, and fox stoles imparted a theatrical look to his designs. His flowing Greek costumes were extremely popular in the prewar era, but his popularity faded in the 1920s and he died in poverty

Paul R Ehrlich

born May 29, 1932, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. U.S. biologist. He studied at the University of Kansas and taught at Stanford University from 1959. Though much of his research was done in entomology, his overriding concern became unchecked population growth. His most influential work was The Population Bomb (1968). In 1990 he shared with Edward O. Wilson Sweden's prestigious Crafoord Prize

Paul Ralph Ehrlich

born May 29, 1932, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. U.S. biologist. He studied at the University of Kansas and taught at Stanford University from 1959. Though much of his research was done in entomology, his overriding concern became unchecked population growth. His most influential work was The Population Bomb (1968). In 1990 he shared with Edward O. Wilson Sweden's prestigious Crafoord Prize

Paul Revere

{i} (1735-1818) American silversmith made famous by his "Midnight Ride" to mobilize soldiers to fight the invading British Forces at the start of the Revolutionary War

Paul Revere

an American folk hero who rode at night on the 18th April 1775 to the town of Concord in Massachusetts, in order to warn the people there that the British soldiers were coming. The next day the American Revolutionary War started. His brave action is described in Longfellow 's poem Paul Revere's Ride (1735-1818). born , Jan. 1, 1735, Boston, Mass. died May 10, 1818, Boston American patriot and silversmith. He entered his father's trade as a silversmith and engraver. An ardent supporter of the colonists' cause, he took part in the Boston Tea Party. As the principal rider for Boston's Committee of Safety, he arranged to signal the British approach by having lanterns placed in Boston's Old North Church steeple: "One if by land and two if by sea." On April 18, 1775, he set off to ride to Lexington to alert colonists that British troops were on the march and to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock to flee. Though he was stopped by a British patrol, he was able to alert the patriot leaders; because of his warning, the minutemen were prepared for the Battle of Lexington and the start of the American Revolution. His ride was celebrated in a famous poem by Henry W. Longfellow (1863). During the war, Revere constructed a powder mill to supply colonial arms. After the war he discovered a process for rolling sheet copper and opened a rolling mill that produced sheathing for ships such as the USS Constitution. He continued to design handsome silver bowls, flatware, and utensils that are museum pieces today

Paul Reynaud

born Oct. 15, 1878, Barcelonnette, France died Sept. 21, 1966, Paris French politician and premier (1940). After serving in World War I, he served in the Chamber of Deputies (1919-24, 1928-40) and in cabinet positions (1930-32). As minister of finance (1938-40) and premier (1940), he called on France to resist Nazi Germany. After the German invasion, Reynaud resigned rather than conclude an armistice; he was arrested and kept in captivity (1940-45). He returned to the Chamber of Deputies (1946-62) and helped draft the constitution of the Fifth Republic

Paul Robeson

a US singer and actor, famous for his beautiful, deep singing voice and for his communist beliefs and his work to achieve civil rights for black people in the US. He sang the song Ol' Man River in the film Showboat (1936) (1898-1976). born April 9, 1898, Princeton, N.J., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1976, Philadelphia, Pa. U.S. singer, actor, and activist. Born to a former slave turned preacher and a Quaker mother, Robeson attended Rutgers University, where he was an All-America football player. Graduating at the head of his class, he went on to earn a law degree at Columbia University. Because of a lack of opportunity for African Americans in law, he turned to theatre, joining a group that included Eugene O'Neill and appearing in his All God's Chillun Got Wings (1924) and The Emperor Jones (1924), a huge success in New York City and London. He also starred in the film version of The Emperor Jones (1933). Robeson's superb bass-baritone brought him worldwide renown with his performance of "Ol' Man River" in Show Boat (1928). His lead role in Othello won high praise in London (1930) and on Broadway (1943). He visited the Soviet Union in 1934 and became identified with leftist politics. In 1950 his passport was withdrawn because he refused to disclaim membership in the Communist Party. Viciously harassed and ostracized, Robeson left the U.S. to live in Europe and travel in Soviet-bloc countries, but he returned in 1963 because of ill health

Paul Samuelson

born May 15, 1915, Gary, Ind., U.S. U.S. economist. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard and taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1940, becoming an emeritus professor in 1986. His Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) outlines a basic theme of his work, the universal nature of consumer behaviour as the key to economic theory. His studies included the dynamics of economic systems, analyses of public goods, welfare economics, and public expenditure. His most influential work was perhaps his mathematical formulation of multiplier and accelerator effects and, in consumption analysis, his development of the theory of revealed preference. His classic Economics (1948) is the best-selling U.S. economics textbook of all time. For his fundamental contributions to nearly all branches of economics, he became in 1970 the third person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences

Paul Scarron

(baptized July 4, 1610, Paris, France died Oct. 7, 1660, Paris) French writer. With his first works, Scarron helped make the burlesque a characteristic literary form of his time. Virgile travesty, 7 vol. (1648-53) was a very successful parody of Virgil's Aeneid. Scarron's plays, often based on Spanish originals, were important in the theatrical life of Paris. He is now remembered for a single novel, Le Roman comique, 3 vol. (1651-57; "The Comic Novel"), which recounts the comical adventures of a company of strolling players; its realism makes it an invaluable source of information about conditions in the French provinces in the 17th century. His widow, Madame de Maintenon, was later married to Louis XIV

Paul Scofield

born Jan. 21, 1922, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Eng. British actor. After entertaining the troops in World War II, he joined the theatre company at Stratford-upon-Avon (later the Royal Shakespeare Company) in 1946, winning acclaim as Henry V and Hamlet. He had his greatest success in A Man for All Seasons in London (1960) and New York City (1961-62) and reprised the role on film (1966, Academy Award). He continued to excel in stage productions, notably Uncle Vanya (1970) and Amadeus (1979). He appeared in the film versions of King Lear (1971), A Delicate Balance (1973), and Henry V (1989), and he later acted in the films Quiz Show (1994) and The Crucible (1996)

Paul Scott

born March 25, 1920, Palmers Green, Eng. died March 1, 1978, London British novelist. Scott entered military service in India in the 1940s and later was a director of a London literary agency; he resigned in 1960 to write full-time. He is known for works chronicling the decline of the British occupation of India, notably The Raj Quartet consisting of The Jewel in the Crown (1966), The Day of the Scorpion (1968), The Towers of Silence (1971), and A Division of the Spoils (1975) and Staying On (1977, Booker Prize). All his works, including those set outside India, employ Indian themes or characters

Paul Signac

born Nov. 11, 1863, Paris, Fr. died Aug. 15, 1935, Paris French painter. At 18 he gave up architecture to pursue painting in the Impressionist manner. In 1884 he became a founder of the Salon des Indépendants. With Georges Seurat he developed an exact mathematical system of applying dots of colour, which they called Pointillism (see Neo-Impressionism). He traveled extensively along the European coast painting landscapes and seascapes; in his later years he painted street scenes of Paris and other cities. He was a master of watercolour, in which he achieved great brilliance of colour and a free, spontaneous style. His work had a great influence on Henri Matisse

Paul Signac

{i} (1863-1935) French neoimpressionist painter, co-developer of the technique of pointillism, creator of "Port of St. Tropez

Paul Simon

Simon and Garfunkel. born Oct. 13, 1941, Newark, N.J., U.S. U.S. pop singer and songwriter. Simon began performing with Art Garfunkel (b. 1941) in the 1950s, using the name Tom and Jerry. After a break, the two reunited in 1964 as Simon and Garfunkel. Their first hit single was "Sounds of Silence" (1966); others over the next six years included "Mrs. Robinson" (for the film The Graduate) and "Bridge over Troubled Water." After the two parted company, Simon released several hit albums, including Still Crazy After All These Years (1975). His Graceland (1986) album, recorded with African musicians, became the most successful and influential of the new genre of world music. Both African music and Brazilian music informed his album The Rhythm of the Saints (1990). With the West Indian poet Derek Walcott he wrote the Broadway musical The Capeman (1998)

Paul Strand

born Oct. 16, 1890, New York, N.Y., U.S. died March 31, 1976, Oregeval, France U.S. photographer. He studied photography with Lewis Hine. At Hine's urging, he frequented Alfred Stieglitz's "291" gallery; the avant-garde paintings by Pablo Picasso, Paul Cézanne, and Georges Braque that he saw there led him to emphasize abstract form and pattern in his photographs, such as Wall Street (1915). He rejected soft-focus Pictorialism in favour of the minute detail and rich tonal range afforded by the use of large-format cameras. Much of his later work was devoted to North American and European scenes and landscapes. He collaborated on documentary films with Charles Sheeler and Pare Lorentz

Paul Taylor

born July 29, 1930, Wilkinsburg, Pa., U.S. U.S. modern dancer, choreographer, and director. In 1953 he joined Martha Graham's company, where he was a leading soloist until 1960. In 1957 he established the Paul Taylor Dance Company. As a choreographer he employed a wide variety of movement styles, some of which he described as "flat" (two-dimensional in appearance), "dance scribbling" (emphasis on action rather than on shape or line), and "lyric" ("long arms"). His works include Duet (1957), Aureole (1962), Orbs (1966), and Nightshade (1979). In 1993 he formed Taylor 2, a small group of dancers who perform in smaller venues and teach the Taylor style

Paul Tillich

born , Aug. 20, 1886, Starzeddel, Brandenburg, Ger. died Oct. 22, 1965, Chicago, Ill., U.S. German-born U.S. Protestant theologian. He studied at Berlin, Tübingen, and Halle and was a chaplain with the German army during World War I. He taught successively at Marburg, Dresden, and Frankfurt am Main. In 1933 the Nazi takeover prompted him to immigrate to the U.S. With the aid of Reinhold Niebuhr, he joined the faculty of New York's Union Theological Seminary. He became respected for his lucid preaching and his Systematic Theology, 3 vol. (1951-63). He moved to Harvard University in 1955 and to the University of Chicago in 1962. His theological system was an unusual combination of biblical, existentialist, and metaphysical elements, and he attempted to convey an understanding of God that depended neither on revelation nor on science. His other works include The Courage to Be (1952) and Dynamics of Faith (1957)

Paul VI

Pope (1963-1978) noted for easing regulations on fasting and interfaith marriages

Paul Verlaine

a French poet whose works include Romances sans paroles (1844-96). v. born March 30, 1844, Metz, France died Jan. 8, 1896, Paris French lyric poet. After entering the civil service, he was first associated with the Parnassian poets, contributing to the first volume of the anthology Le Parnasse contemporain (1866). His early collections, Poèmes saturniens (1866), Fêtes galantes (1869), La Bonne chanson (1870), and Romances sans paroles (1874), show the intense lyricism and musicality that would mark all his verse. His marriage was shattered by his infatuation with Arthur Rimbaud, and the two scandalized Paris with their behaviour in 1872-73. While in prison in Belgium (1873-75) for shooting Rimbaud when the latter threatened to leave him, he converted to Catholicism and probably composed the famous "Art poétique," adopted in 1882 by the poets of the Symbolist movement. Sagesse (1880) expresses his religious faith and his emotional odyssey. He later taught French and English; he spent his late years in poverty, but just before his death he was sponsored for a major international lecture tour. His Les Poètes maudits (1884; "The Accursed Poets") consists of short biographical studies of six poets, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Rimbaud. He is regarded as the third great member (with Charles Baudelaire and Mallarmé) of the so-called Decadents

Paul Warfield

born Nov. 28, 1942, Warren, Ohio, U.S. U.S. football player. He compiled an outstanding record at Ohio State University. As a wide receiver for the Cleveland Browns (1964-69, 1976-77), he helped lead them to four league championship games. With the Miami Dolphins (1970-74) he played in three Super Bowl games (1972-74). In his 13-year career he caught 427 passes for 8,565 yd, averaging a near-record 20.1 yd per catch

Paul Whiteman

born March 28, 1890, Denver, Colo., U.S. died Dec. 29, 1967, Doylestown, Pa. U.S. musician and bandleader. Whiteman made his first records in 1920. His instrumental concept, known as "symphonic jazz," featured lush harmonies and simplified jazz rhythms but little improvisation; he nevertheless became known as "The King of Jazz." Whiteman commissioned George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue and conducted its premiere in 1924. The Whiteman band featured, among others, Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jack Teagarden. His popularity waned in the late 1940s, but he was a television-series host in the 1950s and occasionally led bands up to the time of his death

Paul de Lamerie

born April 9, 1688, 's Hertogenbosch, Neth. died Aug. 1, 1751, London, Eng. Dutch-born British silversmith. His Huguenot parents had left France in the early 1680s and settled in England by 1691. After an apprenticeship with a London goldsmith, he registered his mark and opened a shop in 1713. Early in his career he made simple vessels such as tankards and teapots in an unadorned Queen Anne style; later he used more ornamentation. By the 1730s he had established his own version of the Rococo style, seen in a 1737 cup with handles in the form of snakes

Paul de Man

born Dec. 6, 1919, Antwerp, Belg. died Dec. 21, 1983, New Haven, Conn., U.S. Belgian-born U.S. literary critic. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1947, attended Harvard University, and in 1970 joined the faculty at Yale University, where he remained the rest of his life. His groundbreaking Blindness and Insight (1971) made Yale the American centre for deconstructive literary criticism (see deconstruction). His other works include Allegories of Reading (1979), The Rhetoric of Romanticism (1984), and Aesthetic Ideology (1988). His reputation was undermined with the posthumous revelation of his wartime anti-Semitic writings for the pro-Nazi Belgian newspaper Le Soir

Paul of Tarsus

{i} (New Testament) Saul of Tarsus, the original name of Paul (one of the apostles of Jesus)

Paul pry

{i} nosy prying and meddlesome person

Paul von Hindenburg

in full Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg born Oct. 2, 1847, Posen, Prussia died Aug. 2, 1934, Neudeck, Ger. German field marshal and second president (1925-34) of the Weimar Republic. Born to an aristocratic family, he retired from the Prussian army as a general in 1911. Recalled to duty in World War I, he commanded German forces in East Prussia and became a national hero after the Battle of Tannenberg (1914). With Erich Ludendorff as his chief aide, he nominally commanded all German forces until the end of the war, then retired again in 1919. Supported by conservative groups, he was elected president of Germany in 1925. When the Great Depression led to a political crisis, he was pressured to make the government more independent of parliamentary controls. In 1930 he allowed Chancellor Heinrich Brüning to dissolve the Reichstag, and in the new elections the Nazi Party emerged as the second largest party. In 1932 Hindenburg was reelected president by opponents of the Nazis; however, his advisers considered the Nazis useful, and in 1933 he was persuaded to appoint Adolf Hitler chancellor

Paul von Hindenburg

{i} (1847-1934) German field marshal and second president of Germany from 1925 to 1934

Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas viscount de Barras

born June 30, 1755, Fox-Amphoux, France died Jan. 29, 1829, Chaillot French revolutionary. A Provençal nobleman, Barras became disenchanted with the royal regime and welcomed the French Revolution. Elected to the National Convention (1792), he played a key role in the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and emerged as the commander of the army of the interior and the police. In 1795 he and Napoleon defended the regime against a royalist insurrection and established the Directory, with Barras as chief among the five directors. The Coup of 18 Fructidor brought him greater power, but he was overthrown in 1799 and exiled from Paris on suspicion of conspiracy to restore the monarchy

Paul-Henri Spaak

born Jan. 25, 1899, Schaerbeek, near Brussels, Belg. died July 31, 1972, Brussels Belgian statesman. After practicing law (1921-31), he became a socialist member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1932. For most of the period from 1936 to 1966 he served as Belgium's foreign minister, and he twice served as its premier (1938-39, 1947-50). An advocate of European cooperation, he helped form the Benelux Economic Union (1944) and helped draft the UN charter, and in 1946 he served as the UN General Assembly's first president. He signed the Brussels Treaty, helped form NATO, and served as NATO's secretary-general (1957-61). He also helped create the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community

Paul-Marie-Theodore- Vincent d' Indy

v. born March 27, 1851, Paris, France died Dec. 1, 1931, Paris French composer and teacher. Trained in organ and composition, he rejected the prevailing French style as frivolous by comparison with the German musical tradition. He wrote several important stage works, including Fervaal (1895) and The Legend of Saint Christopher (1915), but orchestral works such as Symphony on a French Mountain Air (1886), Summer Day in the Mountains (1905), and Istar (1896) remain better known. In 1894 he cofounded the music academy called the Schola Cantorum in Paris, where many of France's foremost composers and musicians would be trained

Saint Paul

The capital city of Minnesota

St. Paul

Saint Paul

St. Paul's

St. Paul's Cathedral

We could go up to St. Paul's after that.

rob Peter to pay Paul

To use resources that legitimately belong to or are needed by one party in order to satisfy a legitimate need of another party, especially within the same organization or group; to solve a problem in a way that makes another problem worse, producing no net gain

OMB decided that a large part of the money would come from other health programs for poor women and children. That penny-pinching tactic sparked an outcry. . . . Senator Christopher Bond of Missouri denounced the plan as pitting one city's babies against another city's babies. Florida Governor Lawton Chiles, who chairs the National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality, said it amounted to robbing Peter to pay Paul..

robbing Peter to pay Paul

Present participle of rob Peter to pay Paul

Albert -Charles-Paul-Marie Roussel

born April 5, 1869, Tourcoing, France died Aug. 23, 1937, Royan French composer. He served as a midshipman for seven years before making music his career, and he studied for 10 years at Paris's Schola Cantorum. His early music was much influenced by his teacher Vincent d'Indy. His opera-ballet Padmavati (1918), with its Indian scales, won enthusiasm from younger composers; his other important works include the ballets The Spider's Feast (1913) and Bacchus et Ariane (1930) and the Third Symphony (1930). His music is notable for its lyrical fervour, austerity of technique, and harmonic audacity

Curt Paul Richter

born Feb. 20, 1894, Denver, Colo., U.S. died Dec. 21, 1988, Baltimore, Md. U.S. biologist. He received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He introduced the concept of the biological clock in a 1927 paper on animals' internal cycles (see biological rhythm). He theorized that ancient peoples' discovery of fire changed their habits, resulting in brain-structure changes that increased their ability to learn and communicate. He helped discover relationships between behaviour and biochemistry governing sleep, stress, and disease onset

David Paul Scofield

born Jan. 21, 1922, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Eng. British actor. After entertaining the troops in World War II, he joined the theatre company at Stratford-upon-Avon (later the Royal Shakespeare Company) in 1946, winning acclaim as Henry V and Hamlet. He had his greatest success in A Man for All Seasons in London (1960) and New York City (1961-62) and reprised the role on film (1966, Academy Award). He continued to excel in stage productions, notably Uncle Vanya (1970) and Amadeus (1979). He appeared in the film versions of King Lear (1971), A Delicate Balance (1973), and Henry V (1989), and he later acted in the films Quiz Show (1994) and The Crucible (1996)

Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin

{i} Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), French post-impressionist painter known for use of color

Eugene Paul Wigner

orig. Jenó Pál Wigner born Nov. 17, 1902, Budapest, Hung. died Jan. 1, 1995, Princeton, N.J., U.S. Hungarian-born U.S. physicist. After studies at the University of Berlin, he immigrated to the U.S. in 1930 and joined the faculty of Princeton University. He was instrumental in getting the Manhattan Project started and was present when Enrico Fermi initiated the first chain reaction. He determined that the nuclear force is short-range and does not involve an electric charge, using group theory to investigate atomic structure. His name was given to several formulations, including the Breit-Wigner formula, which describes resonant nuclear reactions. He won a 1963 Nobel Prize (shared with Maria Mayer and Hans Jensen [1907-73], who won for unrelated work) for his insights into quantum mechanics, especially principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and his formulation of the law of conservation of parity (see conservation law). In addition to his many scientific awards, he received numerous awards for his work for peace

Eugène-Henri- Paul Gauguin

born June 7, 1848, Paris, France died May 8, 1903, Atuona, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia French painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He spent his childhood in Lima (his mother was a Peruvian Creole). From 1872 to 1883 he was a successful stockbroker in Paris. He met Camille Pissarro about 1875, and he exhibited several times with the Impressionists. Disillusioned with bourgeois materialism, in 1886 he moved to Pont-Aven, Brittany, where he became the central figure of a group of artists known as the Pont-Aven school. Gauguin coined the term "Synthetism" to describe his style during this period, referring to the synthesis of his paintings' formal elements with the idea or emotion they conveyed. Late in October 1888 Gauguin traveled to Arles, in the south of France, to stay with Vincent van Gogh. The style of the two men's work from this period has been classified as Post-Impressionist because it shows an individual, personal development of Impressionism's use of colour, brushstroke, and nontraditional subject matter. Increasingly focused on rejecting the materialism of contemporary culture in favour of a more spiritual, unfettered lifestyle, in 1891 he moved to Tahiti. His works became open protests against materialism. He was an influential innovator; Fauvism owed much to his use of colour, and he inspired Pablo Picasso and the development of Cubism

J Paul Getty

born Dec. 15, 1892, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S. died June 6, 1976, Sutton Place, Surrey, Eng. U.S. oil billionaire, reputed to be the richest man in the world at his death. The son of an oil millionaire, he began buying and selling oil leases in Oklahoma in 1913. He acquired Pacific Western Oil Corp. in 1932 and soon gained control of several independent oil companies. He renamed his oil concern Getty Oil Co. in 1956. His most lucrative venture was a 60-year oil concession in Saudi Arabia. His financial empire eventually encompassed some 200 enterprises. A zealous art collector, he founded the J. Paul Getty Museum near Malibu, Calif., in 1953

J. Paul Getty

a US businessman who owned an oil company and became one of the richest men in the world. He built the Getty Museumin Malibu, California, which has a large collection of valuable paintings and other types of art, and a second Getty Museum has also been built in Los Angeles (1892-1976)

J. Paul Getty Museum

Museum established by Jean Paul Getty to house his large collection of artworks, to which he continued to add. The original museum occupied a wing added to his ranch house in Malibu, Calif., U.S. His collections soon outgrew that location, and in 1974 they were moved to a new building in Malibu, a lavish re-creation of a Roman villa uncovered at Herculaneum. On Getty's death the museum became the most richly endowed in the world. It now is housed in the Getty Center, a striking six-building complex in Los Angeles designed by Richard Meier, which opened with great publicity in 1997. Its collections include European paintings, sculpture, drawings, and decorative arts to 1900, illuminated manuscripts, and photographs. Greek and Roman antiquities remain in the Malibu villa. The collections reflect Getty's preference for paintings of the Renaissance and the Baroque period and for French furniture

J. Paul Getty Trust

Private operating foundation founded in 1953 by Jean Paul Getty to establish the J. Paul Getty Museum. Originally located in Malibu, Cal., it now occupies five buildings in the Getty Center in Los Angeles, each building housing one of the institutes it established when it diversified its activities in 1983. One institute develops computerized databases on art-historical information; the others support art restoration and conservation, interdisciplinary research in art history and the related humanities, art education, and training in museum management. The Getty Grants Program supports projects around the world involving the history and understanding of art and its conservation

Jean Paul Getty

born Dec. 15, 1892, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S. died June 6, 1976, Sutton Place, Surrey, Eng. U.S. oil billionaire, reputed to be the richest man in the world at his death. The son of an oil millionaire, he began buying and selling oil leases in Oklahoma in 1913. He acquired Pacific Western Oil Corp. in 1932 and soon gained control of several independent oil companies. He renamed his oil concern Getty Oil Co. in 1956. His most lucrative venture was a 60-year oil concession in Saudi Arabia. His financial empire eventually encompassed some 200 enterprises. A zealous art collector, he founded the J. Paul Getty Museum near Malibu, Calif., in 1953

Jean Paul Sartre

(1905-1980) French existential writer and philosopher, author of the novel "Nausea" (refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize in literature)

Jean-Paul Belmondo

born April 9, 1933, Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France French film actor. After studying in Paris and performing with provincial stage companies, he appeared in minor film roles before achieving international fame in Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960). Though not conventionally handsome, he became the leading antihero of New Wave cinema, acting in 25 films by 1963, then went on to appear in such acclaimed films as Pierrot le Fou (1965), Mississippi Mermaid (1969), and Les Misérables (1995)

Jean-Paul Marat

born , May 24, 1743, Boudry, near Neuchâtel, Switz. died July 13, 1793, Paris, France French politician and a leader of the radical Montagnard faction in the French Revolution. He was a well-known doctor in London in the 1770s. Returning to France in 1777, he was appointed physician at the court of Louis XVI's brother, the count d'Artois (later Charles X). Marat wrote scientific publications as well as political pamphlets. From 1789, as editor of the newspaper L'Ami du Peuple, he became an influential voice for radical measures against the aristocrats. He criticized moderate revolutionary leaders and warned against the émigré nobility, then advocated the execution of counterrevolutionaries. One of the most influential members of the National Convention (1792), he was actively supported by Parisians in street demonstrations. In April 1793 the Girondins brought him before a Revolutionary tribunal, but he was acquitted. In July a young Girondin supporter, Charlotte Corday, gained admittance to his room and stabbed him to death in his bath, making him a martyr to the people's cause

Jean-Paul Riopelle

born Oct. 7, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. died March 12, 2002, Ile-aux-Grues, near Quebec City Canadian painter and sculptor. He moved to Paris in 1947 and, with Paul-Émile Borduas, became associated with the group of Canadian painters known as Les Automatistes, who practiced automatism. His early lyrical, abstract paintings evolved into a denser, more powerful impasto style. He is renowned for his use of various media (including watercolour, ink, oils, crayon, and chalk), and he also produced large collage murals. He achieved international acclaim with the huge triptych Pavane (1954) and is the leading Canadian abstract painter of his generation

Jean-Paul Sartre

{i} (1905-1980) French existential writer and philosopher, author of the novel "Nausea" (refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize in literature)

Jean-Paul Sartre

a French philosopher who also wrote novels, plays, and short stories. He was a leading influence in the development of existentialism, and is one of the best-known philosophers of the 20th century. His novels include the trilogy (=a series of three books) Les chemins de la liberté (translated as Roads to Freedom). He is also famous for his long relationship with the feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir, and for his left wing political views and his support for student protests in France in 1968 (1905-80). born June 21, 1905, Paris, France died April 15, 1980, Paris French philosopher, novelist, and playwright, the foremost exponent of existentialism. He studied at the Sorbonne, where he met Simone de Beauvoir, who became his lifelong companion and intellectual collaborator. His first novel, Nausea (1938), narrates the feeling of revulsion that a young man experiences when confronted with the contingency of existence. Sartre used the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl (see phenomenology) with great skill in three successive publications: Imagination: A Psychological Critique (1936), Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (1939), and The Psychology of Imagination (1940). In Being and Nothingness (1943), he places human consciousness, or nothingness (néant), in opposition to being, or thingness (être); consciousness is nonmatter and thus escapes all determinism. In his postwar treatise Existentialism and Humanism (1946) he depicts this radical freedom as carrying with it a responsibility for the welfare of others. In the 1940s and '50s he wrote many critically acclaimed plays including The Flies (1943), No Exit (1946), and The Condemned of Altona (1959) the study Jean Genet (1952), and numerous articles for Les Temps Modernes, the monthly review that he and de Beauvoir founded and edited. A central figure of the French left after the war, he was an outspoken admirer of the Soviet Union though not a member of the French Communist Party until the crushing of the Hungarian uprising by Soviet tanks in 1956, which he condemned. His Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960) faults Marxism for failing to adapt itself to the concrete circumstances of particular societies and for not respecting individual freedom. His final works include an autobiography, The Words (1963), and Flaubert (4 vol., 1971-72), a lengthy study of the author. He declined the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature

John Paul

orig. Karol Wojtya born May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Pol. died April 2, 2005, Vatican City Pope (1978-2005), the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic church, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first ever from a Slavic country. He studied for the priesthood at an underground seminary in Kraków during World War II and was ordained in 1946. He earned a doctorate in philosophy in Rome (1948) and returned home to serve in a parish, earning a second doctorate (also 1948), in sacred theology, from the Jagiellonian University. He became archbishop of Kraków in 1964 and cardinal in 1967. Elected pope after the 33-day pontificate of John Paul I (b. 1912 d. 1978), he became known for his energy, charisma, and intellect as well as for his conservative theological views and fervent anticommunism. In 1981 John Paul was shot in St. Peter's Square by a Turkish gunman, but he recovered, resumed his work, and forgave his would-be assassin. His trips abroad attracted some of the largest crowds ever assembled. His nonviolent activism spurred movements that contributed to the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. He championed economic and political justice in developing nations. In naming 44 cardinals from five continents (February 2001), John Paul reached out to cultures around the world. He also canonized more saints, from more parts of the world, than had any other pope. His ecumenical efforts included meetings with Jewish, Muslim, and Eastern Orthodox religious leaders. Although afflicted with Parkinson disease since the early 1990s, John Paul remained active and made a historic trip to Jerusalem in March 2000, during which he sought to improve relations between the Roman Catholic church and Jews

John Paul I

Pope (1978). The first pope to assume a double name, he reigned for only 34 days. an Italian priest who was Pope (=the leader of the Roman Catholic religion) for only 34 days before his death (1912-78)

John Paul II

{i} (1920-2005, born as: Karol Jozef Wojtyla) Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, first Pope born in Poland (known for his religious conservatism, his patience, and his desire to live in brotherhood with people of all races and faiths)

John Paul II

Pope (since 1978). The first Polish-born pope and the first non-Italian pope in 450 years, he has traveled extensively in support of human rights and conservative dogma

John Paul Jones

He joined his brother in Virginia in 1775. When the American Revolution began, he joined the new Continental Navy under Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he sailed the Providence along the Atlantic coast, capturing eight British ships and sinking eight more. Appointed by Congress to the newly built Ranger, he made a spectacular cruise through St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea (1777-78), where he took a number of prizes. In 1779 he commanded the Bonhomme Richard and intercepted a merchant fleet. Though outgunned by an escort ship, the Serapis, he forced its surrender after a fierce battle, answering its challenge to surrender with "I have not yet begun to fight!" His ship sank soon after, and he sailed two British prizes to the Netherlands. In 1790 he retired, in ill health, to France

John Paul Jones

{i} (1747-1792) United States Naval commander in the Revolutionary War; stage name of John Baldwin (born 1946), bassist and keyboard player for Led Zeppelin

John Paul Jones

orig. John Paul born July 6, 1747, Kirkbean, Kirkcudbright, Scot. died July 18, 1792, Paris, France American naval hero. He went to sea at age 12 and became a ship's master at age

John Paul Stevens

born April 20, 1920, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. jurist. He studied law at Northwestern University and clerked at the Supreme Court of the United States before joining a Chicago law firm, where he specialized in antitrust law while also teaching and serving on various public commissions. He was appointed to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (1970) by Pres. Richard Nixon and to the Supreme Court by Pres. Gerald Ford (1975). Though initially perceived as a conservative, he proved to be a moderate liberal; indeed, as the court became more conservative in the 1980s and early '90s, after appointments by Pres. Ronald Reagan and Pres. George Bush, Stevens became perhaps the court's most liberal member

Jr. Paul Joseph Martin

in full Paul Joseph Martin, Jr. born Aug. 28, 1938, Windsor, Ont., Can. Canadian prime minister (from 2003). The son of Paul Joseph Martin, who served as a minister in four Liberal governments, the younger Martin studied law at the University of Toronto and was called to the bar in 1966. Instead of practicing law, however, he joined Canada Steamship Lines, a freight carrier that he purchased in 1981. From 1993 to 2002 Martin, a member of the Liberal Party, served as the minister of finance in Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's government. Highly successful in the post, Martin eliminated a large budget deficit, achieved five consecutive budget surpluses, and secured the largest tax cut in Canadian history. In 2003 Martin succeeded Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party and as prime minister

Les Paul

orig. Lester Polfus born June 9, 1915, Waukesha, Wis., U.S. U.S. guitarist and inventor. He played many styles of popular music, initially country but later jazz, and in the 1940s he was a sideman for Nat King Cole and Bing Crosby. He invented the first solid-body electric guitar and was instrumental in developing modern multitrack recording. His overdubbed, sped-up recordings from the late 1940s and early 1950s including "Brazil" (1948), "Nola" (1950), and "How High the Moon" (1951), often with his wife, Mary Ford (1924-77) singing multiple harmony parts demonstrated the potential of tape. He continued to perform occasionally into his 80s

Lewis Paul

died April 1759, Kensington, Middlesex, Eng. British inventor. Working with John Wyatt from about 1730, he developed the first power spinning machine (see drawing frame), which they patented in 1738. It operated by drawing cotton or wool through pairs of successively faster rollers. It was eventually replaced by Richard Arkwright's water frame. Paul also patented a carding machine in 1748

Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier marquis de Lafayette

born Sept. 6, 1757, Chavaniac, France died May 20, 1834, Paris French military leader. Born to an ancient noble family of great wealth, he was a courtier at the court of Louis XVI but sought glory as a soldier. In 1777 he went to America, was appointed a major general, became a close friend of George Washington, and fought with distinction at the Battle of the Brandywine. He returned to France in 1779, persuaded Louis to send a 6,000-man force to aid the colonists, and returned to America in 1780 to command an army in Virginia and help win the Siege of Yorktown. Hailed as "the Hero of Two Worlds," he returned to France in 1782, became a leader of liberal aristocrats, and was elected to the Estates General in 1789. He presented the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to the National Assembly. Elected commander of the national guard of Paris, he sought to protect the king, favouring a constitutional monarchy. When his guards fired on a crowd of petitioners in the Champ de Mars (1791), he lost popularity and resigned his position. He commanded the army against Austria (1792), then defected to the Austrians, who held him captive until 1797. Returning to France, Lafayette became a gentleman farmer. In the Bourbon Restoration, he served in the Chamber of Deputies (1814-24) and commanded the national guard in the July Revolution (1830)

Michel Paul Foucault

born Oct. 15, 1926, Poitiers, France died June 25, 1984, Paris French structuralist philosopher and historian. A professor at the Collège de France from 1970, he examined the codes and concepts by which societies operate, especially the "principles of exclusion" (such as the distinctions between the sane and the insane) by which a society defines itself. He theorized that, by surveying social attitudes in relation to institutions such as asylums, hospitals, and prisons, one can examine the development and omnipresence of power. His books including Madness and Civilization (1961), The Order of Things (1966), The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969), Discipline and Punish (1975), and History of Sexuality, 3 vol. (1976-84) made him one of the most influential intellectuals of his time. He was an outspoken homosexual, and he died of AIDS. See also structuralism

Peter Paul Rubens

a Flemish artist, one of the greatest European painters, who produced several thousand paintings, especially based on religious subjects and scenes from ancient Greek and Roman stories. The women in his paintings usually have attractively large, rather fat bodies, and a woman who looks like this is sometimes called Rubenesque or is compared to a Rubens painting (1577-1640). born June 28, 1577, Siegen, Westphalia died May 30, 1640, Antwerp, Spanish Neth. Flemish painter and diplomat. After apprenticeships in Antwerp, he was admitted to its painters' guild in 1598. He went to Italy in 1600 and until 1608 worked for the duke of Mantua, who in 1603 sent him to Spain to present paintings and other gifts to Philip III, the first of many diplomatic missions he would perform for various courts over three decades. The enormous fame he would achieve made him welcome at royal courts, and sovereigns often discussed affairs of state while they sat for portraits. Returning to the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) in 1608, he was appointed court painter to the Spanish Habsburg regents, and over the next decade produced numerous altarpieces. A devout Catholic, he became the Counter-Reformation's chief artistic proponent in northern Europe. In 1620 he contracted to design 39 ceiling paintings for the Jesuit church, to be completed by assistants, including the young Anthony Van Dyck. In France he did 21 large canvases for Marie de Médicis and a tapestry cycle for Louis XIII; for Britain his Allegory of Peace and War (1629-30) commemorated the success of his own diplomatic efforts to end hostilities between Britain and Spain, and he decorated the royal Banqueting House for Charles I; in Spain he did more than 60 oil sketches for Philip IV's hunting lodge. Both Charles and Philip knighted him. His output was prodigious. He was the greatest exponent of Baroque painting's dynamism, vitality, and sensual exhuberance. His profound stylistic influence extended over three centuries

Pierre -Paul-François-Camille Savorgnan de Brazza

born Jan. 26, 1852, near Rome [Italy] died Sept. 14, 1905, Dakar, Seneg., French West Africa French explorer and colonial administrator. Born to Italian nobility in Brazil, he joined the French navy. In 1875-78 he explored the Ogooué River (in present-day Gabon). Racing his British-U.S. counterpart, Henry Morton Stanley, Brazza was sent to explore the Congo River region. There he founded the French (Middle) Congo, explored Gabon, and founded the city of Brazzaville (1883), adding some 200,000 sq mi (500,000 sq km) to the French colonial empire. From 1886 to 1897 he governed a colony there

Pierre- Paul Cambon

born Jan. 20, 1843, Paris, France died May 29, 1924, Paris French diplomat. He worked in the civil service (1870-82) before entering the diplomatic service, in which he served as ambassador to Spain and Turkey. Appointed ambassador to Britain (1898-1920), he spent his first years in smoothing over Anglo-French relations. His efforts were crowned by the signing of the Entente Cordiale in 1904. During World War I he continued to play a vital role in cooperation between the two allies

Pierre-Paul Prud'hon

born April 4, 1758, Cluny, France died Feb. 16, 1823, Paris French painter. During his years in Rome (1784-88), the works of Correggio inspired him to introduce a softer effect into French painting, then dominated by the austere style of Jacques-Louis David. He made drawings for engravers before he came to the attention of Napoleon. His portrait of the empress Joséphine (1805) exhibits the seductive and mysterious quality with which he invested his portraits of women. He achieved fame and received the Legion of Honor for his allegorical Crime Pursued by Divine Vengeance and Justice (1808). His elegant style served as a bridge from late 18th-century Neoclassicism to 19th-century Romanticism

Pope John Paul II

a Polish priest, who became the first Polish pope (=the leader of the Roman Catholic religion) in 1978. He has travelled more than any Pope before, visiting countries all over the world. He has often spoken about his opposition to birth control and to the idea of women becoming priests (1920-)

Pope John Paul II

{i} John Paul II (1920-2005, born as: Karol Jozef Wojtyla), Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, first Pope born in Poland (known for his religious conservatism, his patience, and his desire to live in brotherhood with people of all races and faiths)

Pope John Paul the Second

{i} John Paul II (1920-2005, born as: Karol Jozef Wojtyla), Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, first Pope born in Poland (known for his religious conservatism, his patience, and his desire to live in brotherhood with people of all races and faiths)

Saint Paul

{i} capital city of Minnesota (USA); Paul of Tarsus (New Testament)

Saint Paul

The capital of Minnesota, in the southeast part of the state on the Mississippi River adjacent to Minneapolis. Founded on the site of an early fur-trading post, it became territorial capital in 1849 and state capital in 1858. Population: 272,235. a Christian apostle (=someone chosen by Jesus to teach and spread the Christian religion) whose original name was Saul of Tarsus. As a young man he refused to accept Christian beliefs and treated Christians very cruelly. He was sent to Damascus to punish the Christians who lived there, but on his way there a very bright light suddenly appeared and he heard Jesus ask "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" He then became a Christian, changed his name to Paul, and spent the rest of his life teaching people about Jesus. He wrote many of the Epistles in the New Testament of the Bible (?3AD-?68AD). orig. Saul born AD 10?, Tarsus in Cilicia died 67?, Rome Early Christian missionary and theologian, known as the Apostle to the Gentiles. Born a Jew in Tarsus, Asia Minor, he was trained as a rabbi but earned his living as a tentmaker. A zealous Pharisee, he persecuted the first Christians until a vision of Jesus, experienced while on the road to Damascus, converted him to Christianity. Three years later he met St. Peter and Jesus' brother James and was henceforth recognized as the 13th Apostle. From his base in Antioch, he traveled widely, preaching to the Gentiles. By asserting that non-Jewish disciples of Christ did not have to observe Jewish law, he helped to establish Christianity as a separate religion rather than a Jewish sect. On a journey to Jerusalem, he aroused such hostility among the Jews that a mob gathered, and he was arrested and imprisoned for two years. The circumstances of his death are unknown. Paul's ministry and religious views are known largely from his letters, or epistles, collected in the New Testament, which are the first Christian theological writing and the source of much Christian doctrine. It was due to Paul more than anyone else that Christianity became a world religion. City (pop., 2000: 287,151), capital of Minnesota, U.S. It is in the eastern part of the state, on the Mississippi River just east of Minneapolis, with which it forms the Twin Cities. In 1805 Zebulon Pike made an unofficial treaty there with the Dakota (Sioux) for possession of the region. First settled in 1838, it was known as Pig's Eye until 1841, when a log chapel dedicated to St. Paul was built there. It became the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 and of the state in 1858. It was important in the development of the upper Midwest because of its location on the Mississippi and its rail links, which promoted its livestock market. It is a major transportation, commercial, and industrial centre with diversified manufactures, including automobiles, electronic equipment, and food products. Educational institutions include Macalester and Concordia colleges

Saint Paul River

River, western Africa. Rising in southeastern Guinea, its upper reach forms part of the border between Guinea and Liberia. It enters Liberia north of Gbarnga and discharges into the Atlantic Ocean after a southwesterly course of about 280 mi (450 km). Navigable for 18 mi (29 km) upstream, the river and its major tributaries drain much of Liberia and Guinea. Two arms of the river enclose Bushrod Island, site of the port of Monrovia

Saint Paul's Cathedral

a cathedral in central London, which is the largest Protestant church in the UK and one of the best-known buildings in London. It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and built between 1676 and 1710. A previous cathedral in the same place was destroyed in the Great Fire of London (1666). Cathedral of the Church of England in London. The present building is a domed church of great openness designed in a restrained style that combines elements of Neoclassical, Gothic, and Baroque architecture. It was designed by Christopher Wren and constructed (1675-1710) of Portland stone. The building replaced Old St. Paul's, destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The interior is characterized by ironwork and woodcarving by master craftsworkers. The majestic dome, set on a colonnaded drum, rises 365 ft (111 m). The superbly detailed cathedral that Wren built bears only a slight resemblance to the Classical-Gothic design that had been accepted; why this is so remains a mystery

Saint Vincent de Paul

v. born April 24, 1581, Pouy, France died Sept. 27, 1660, Paris; canonized 1737; feast day September 27 French religious leader. Educated by the Franciscans at Dax, he was ordained in 1600 and graduated from the University of Toulouse in 1604. It is said that he was captured at sea by Barbary pirates but escaped. In 1625 he founded the Congregation of the Mission (also called Lazarists or Vincentians) in Paris as a preaching and teaching order. He also established the Confraternities of Charity, associations of laywomen who nursed the sick. With St. Louise de Marillac he cofounded the Daughters of Charity (Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul)

Sir Harrison Paul Birtwistle

born July 15, 1934, Accrington, Lancashire, Eng. British composer. He began as a clarinetist, shifting to composition in his 20s. He cofounded the Pierrot Players with Peter Maxwell Davies (1967) but felt limited by the group's size. He concentrated on exploring large-scale time structures; his music's form is controlled by complex cyclical principles that he declined to discuss. His works include the theatre pieces Punch and Judy (1966-67), The Mask of Orpheus (1973-86), and Gawain (1991), and the orchestral works The Triumph of Time (1972), Silbury Air (1977), and Secret Theatre (1984)

Sir James Paul McCartney

born June 18, 1942, Liverpool, Eng. British singer and songwriter. Born to a working-class family, he learned piano but switched to guitar after hearing American rock-and-roll recordings. In the mid-1950s he met John Lennon, with whom he formed the Quarrymen, which evolved into the Beatles. He and Lennon cowrote scores of songs, including some of the most popular songs of the 20th century. He released his first solo album in 1970. With his wife, the photographer Linda Eastman (1941-98), he formed the group Wings; their hit albums include Band on the Run (1973) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976). After the band dissolved, McCartney had a string of hits in the 1980s. In Rio de Janeiro in 1990, he set a world record by performing before a paying audience of more than 184,000. He was knighted in 1997

Sir Paul M. Nurse

born Jan. 25, 1949, Norwich, Norfolk, Eng. British scientist. He earned a Ph.D. from the University of East Anglia in 1973 and was a professor at the University of Oxford from 1987 to 1993. In 1996 he was named director general of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK). In the mid-1970s he conducted research on yeast and discovered the gene that regulates different phases of the cell cycle. He later found the corresponding gene in humans. His work aided in the understanding of cancer cell development. Nurse shared a Nobel Prize with R. Timothy Hunt and Leland H. Hartwell in 2001

Sir Paul McCartney

born June 18, 1942, Liverpool, Eng. British singer and songwriter. Born to a working-class family, he learned piano but switched to guitar after hearing American rock-and-roll recordings. In the mid-1950s he met John Lennon, with whom he formed the Quarrymen, which evolved into the Beatles. He and Lennon cowrote scores of songs, including some of the most popular songs of the 20th century. He released his first solo album in 1970. With his wife, the photographer Linda Eastman (1941-98), he formed the group Wings; their hit albums include Band on the Run (1973) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976). After the band dissolved, McCartney had a string of hits in the 1980s. In Rio de Janeiro in 1990, he set a world record by performing before a paying audience of more than 184,000. He was knighted in 1997

Sir Peter Stephen Paul Brook

born March 21, 1925, London, Eng. British director and producer. After directing plays in Stratford-upon-Avon, he became director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1947-50). He directed several innovative Shakespearean productions that aroused controversy. Appointed codirector of the Royal Shakespeare Co. in 1962, he directed critically acclaimed productions of King Lear (1962) and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1970). He won international fame with his avant-garde direction of Peter Weiss's play Marat/Sade (1964). His films include Lord of the Flies (1962), King Lear (1969), and the six-hour Mahabharata (1989). In 1970 he cofounded, with Jean-Louis Barrault, the International Centre for Theatre Research

St Paul

the capital city of the US state of Minnesota and an important industrial and business centre. It is a port on one side of the Mississippi River, with Minneapolis on the other side. Together, they are known as the Twin Cities

St. Paul

{i} Saint Paul, capital of Minnesota (USA); St. Paul the Apostle (New Testament)

St. Paul the Apostle

{i} (New Testament) one of the apostles of Jesus

St. Vincent de Paul

{i} Vincent de Paul (1581-1660), French priest who dedicated his life to help the poor, founder of the Roman Catholic "Congregation of the Mission" in Paris (France)

Steven Paul Jobs

born Feb. 24, 1955, San Francisco, Cal., U.S. U.S. businessman. Adopted in infancy, he grew up in Los Altos. He dropped out of Reed College and went to work for Atari Corp. designing video games. In 1976 he cofounded (with Stephen Wozniak) Apple Computer, Inc. The first Apple computer, created when Jobs was only 21, changed the public's idea of a computer from a huge machine for scientific use to a home appliance that could be used by anyone. Apple's Macintosh computer, which appeared in 1984, introduced a graphical user interface and mouse technology that became the standard for all applications interfaces. In 1980 Apple became a public corporation, and Jobs became the company's chairman. Management conflicts led him to leave Apple in 1985 to form NeXT Computer Inc., but he returned to Apple in 1996 and became CEO in 1997. The striking new iMac computer (1998) revived the company's flagging fortunes

Vincent de Paul

{i} St. Vincent de Paul (1581-1660), French priest who dedicated his life to help the poor, founder of the Roman Catholic "Congregation of the Mission" in Paris (France)

epistle of paul the apostle to philemon

a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping

epistle of paul the apostle to the colossians

a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia

epistle of paul the apostle to the ephesians

a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ

epistle of paul the apostle to the galatians

a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians

epistle of paul the apostle to the philippians

a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church a Philippi in Macedonia

epistle of paul the apostle to the romans

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

epistle of paul the apostle to titus

a new Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters

first epistle of paul the apostle to the corinthians

a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth

first epistle of paul the apostle to the thessalonians

a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians

first epistle of paul the apostle to timothy

a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters

john paul i

the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978)

john paul ii

the first Pope born in Poland (born in 1920)

saint paul

(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles; author of several Epistles in the New Testament; even though Paul was not present at the Last Supper he is considered an apostle; "Paul's name was Saul prior to his conversion to Christianity"

saint paul

capital of the state of Minnesota; located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi river adjacent to Minneapolis; one of the Twin Cities

saints peter and paul

first celebrated in the 3rd century

second epistle of paul the apostle to the corinthians

a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth

second epistle of paul the apostle to the thessalonians

a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's seceond epistle to the Thessalonians

second epistle of paul the apostle to timothy

a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters

التركية - الإنجليزية

تعريف paul في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

korint kilisesine aziz paul'ün yazdığı mektuplar

Corinthian

roma kilisesine st. paul'ün yolladığı mektup

Roman

الواصلة

Paul

التركية النطق

pôl

النطق

/ˈpôl/ /ˈpɔːl/

علم أصول الكلمات

[ 'pol ] (noun.) From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”).

فيديوهات

... paul the donner kebab swing into action ...

... [ Applause ] >>Paul Joyce: Perhaps you heard a rumor or ...