james

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف james في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

james byron dean

james Byron dekan

james michael curley

james curley michael

john james osborne

John Osborne james

king james version

king james yorum

التركية - التركية

تعريف james في التركية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

james clavell

şogun, Tai Pan, Kasırga gibi bestseller olmuş romanlarıyla tanınan ingiliz yazar

james dean

Asi Gençlik, Cennet Yolu, Devlerin Aşkı gibi filmleriyle tanınmış ABD'li aktör

james joyce

özellikle "Ulysses" adlı romanıyla tanınan irlandalı yazar

james joyce

özellikle Ulysses adlı romanıyla tanınan irlandalı yazar

james mellaart

Anadolu'da gerçekleştirdiği çatalhöyük ve Hacılar gibi önemli tarihöncesi kazılarıyla tanınan arkeolog

james watt

Buhar makinesini geliştiren, anısına elektrik birimine adı verilen, iskoçyalı mühendis

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف james في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

An English patronymic surname

A male given name popular since the Middle Ages. Also a common middle name

Heaven only knows why a man with a strong biblical name like James wants to be a president named Jimmy.

One of two Apostles, James the Greater and James the Less, often identified with James, brother of Jesus

Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.

A book of the New Testament of the Bible, the general epistle of James

One of the 12 Apostles. The son of Zebedee and brother of John, he preached in Spain and was martyred on his return to Judea. Traditionally regarded as the brother of Jesus, the author of the Epistle of James in the New Testament, and the first bishop of Jerusalem. One of the 12 Apostles. See table at Bible. Trinidadian author and historian noted for his Marxist writings and his novel Minty Alley (1936). American writer and critic whose works generally concern the confrontation of American and European culture. A pioneer in psychologically realistic fiction, he wrote numerous novels, such as The Bostonians (1886) and The Golden Bowl (1904). American out(Hukuk) After fighting in the Civil War as a Confederate guerrilla, he led a group of armed brigands that for 15 years robbed banks and trains in the West. He was murdered by a member of his own gang. American psychologist and philosopher. A founder of pragmatism and functionalism, he developed an approach to intellectual issues that greatly influenced American thought. His works include The Principles of Psychology (1890) and The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902). born May 1452 died June 11, 1488, near Stirling, Stirling, Scot. King of Scotland (1460-88). He succeeded his father, James II. Unlike the latter, he was unable to restore strong central government after his long minority. A weak monarch, he was confronted with two major rebellions. He evidently offended his nobles by his interest in the arts and by taking artists for his favourites. In 1488 two powerful border families raised a rebellion and won to their cause his son, the future James IV; James III was captured and killed at age

given name, male

Spanish Jaime known as James the Just born 1264 died Nov. 3, 1327, Barcelona, Aragon King of Aragon (1295-1327) and king of Sicily (as James I, 1285-95). He inherited the Sicilian crown on the death of his father (1285); when his brother died (1291) he inherited Aragon. He resigned Sicily (1295) and married the daughter of the king of Naples in order to make peace with the Angevins. Sardinia and Corsica were given to him in compensation for Sicily, but he was able to occupy only Sardinia (1324). born Oct. 14, 1633, London, Eng. died Sept. 16/17, 1701, Saint-Germain, France King of Great Britain (1685-88). He was brother and successor to Charles II. In the English Civil Wars he escaped to the Netherlands (1648). After the Restoration (1660) he returned to England and became lord high admiral in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. He converted to Catholicism 1668, and he resigned in 1673 rather than take the Test Act oath. By 1678 his Catholicism had created a climate of hysteria about a Popish Plot to assassinate Charles and put James on the throne, and successive Parliaments sought to exclude him from succession. By the time Charles died (1685), James came to the throne with little opposition and strong support from the Anglicans. Rebellions caused him to fill the army and high offices with Roman Catholics and suspend a hostile Parliament. The birth of his son, a possible Catholic heir, brought about the Glorious Revolution in 1688, and he fled to France. In 1689 he landed in Ireland to regain his throne, but his army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne, and he returned to exile in France. born Oct. 16, 1430, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 3, 1460, Roxburgh Castle, Roxburgh King of Scotland (1437-60). He succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father, James I of Scotland. Because he was so young, the strong central authority his father had established quickly collapsed, and his first adult task was the restoration of monarchical authority. He strove to dominate the powerful Douglas family, and in 1452 he stabbed to death William, earl of Douglas, at Stirling Castle. He established a strong central government and improved the administration of justice. Turning his attention to the English, who had renewed their claims to rule Scotland, he attacked English outposts in Scotland and was killed during a siege of Roxburgh Castle. born March 17, 1473 died Sept. 9, 1513, near Branxton, Northumberland, Eng. King of Scotland (1488-1513). He unified his country, gaining control over all northern and western Scotland by 1493. He fought border skirmishes with England (1495-97) in support of a pretender to the English throne. His marriage (1503) to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, helped stabilize relations between the two countries, but in 1512 he allied with France against England. He invaded England in support of the French in 1513; his army was defeated at the Battle of Flodden, and James was killed. Spanish Jaime known as James the Conqueror born Feb. 2, 1208, Montpellier, County of Toulouse died July 27, 1276 King of Aragon and Catalonia (1214-76). The most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon, he was educated by the Knights Templar, and his great-uncle ruled as regent until 1218. James helped to subdue rebellious nobles and took over the government of his kingdoms in 1227. He reconquered the Balearic Islands (1229-35) and Valencia (1233-38) but renounced his claims to lands in southern France. He also helped Alfonso X to suppress a Moorish rebellion in Murcia (1266), and he undertook an unsuccessful Crusade to the Holy Land (1269). born June 19, 1566, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scot. died March 27, 1625, Theobalds, Hertfordshire, Eng. King of Scotland, as James VI (1567-1625), and first Stuart king of England (1603-25). He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley, and at age one James succeeded his mother to the Scottish throne. Controlled by a succession of regents, he became the puppet of contending intriguers Roman Catholics, who sought to bring his mother back to the throne, and Protestants. In 1583 he began to pursue his own policies as king, allying himself with England. On the death of Elizabeth I, he succeeded to the English throne as great-great-grandson of Henry VII. He quickly achieved peace and prosperity by ending England's war with Spain (1604). He presided over the Hampton Court Conference (1604), rejecting most of the Puritans' demands for reform of the Church of England but permitting preparation of a new translation of the Bible, the King James Version. His policies toward Catholics led to the Gunpowder Plot, and his growing belief in royal absolutism and his conflicts with an increasingly self-assertive Parliament led to his dissolution of Parliament from 1611 to 1621. With the death of Robert Cecil, he came under the influence of incompetent favourites. born 1394 died Feb. 20/21, 1437, Perth, Perth, Scot. King of the Scots (1406-37). The son and heir of Robert III, he was captured by the English in 1406 and held prisoner in London until 1424. During the 13 years in which he truly ruled Scotland (1424-37), he established the first strong monarchy the Scots had known in nearly a century. He weakened the nobility but did not entirely subdue the Highland lords, and he greatly improved the administration of justice for the common people. His murder in a Dominican friary by a group of rival nobles led to a popular uprising in favour of his widow and six-year-old son, who succeeded him as James II. Agee James Anderson James Maxwell Baldwin James Arthur Balfour of Whittingehame Arthur James 1st Earl Ballard James Graham Barrie Sir James Matthew Beard James James Pierson Beckwith James Thomas Bell Bennett James Gordon Biddle James Birney James Gillespie Black Sir James Whyte Blaine James Gillespie James Hubert Blake James Blanton Boswell James James Bowie James Earl Breslin James Bridger Brooks James L. Brown James James Nathaniel Brown Buchanan James Cabell James Branch Cagney James Callaghan of Cardiff Leonard James Callaghan Baron Cardigan James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of James Earl Carter Cattell James McKeen James Beauchamp Clark Clark James H. Cockburn Sir Alexander James Edmund 10th Baronet Conant James Bryant James Scott Connors Cook James Frank James Cooper Cooper James Fenimore Cox James Middleton Craig Sir James Henry Crichton James Curley James Michael Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives Dalhousie James Andrew Broun Ramsay marquess of Dana James Dwight Dean James Byron DeLancey James Dewar Sir James Dickey James Lafayette William James Dixon James Harold Doolittle Douglas Sir James Duke James Buchanan Durant William James and Ariel James Francis Durante Duryea Charles Edgar and James Frank Elgin James Bruce 8th earl of Ensor James Sidney Baron Farley James Aloysius Farrell James Thomas Robert James Fischer Fisk James Forrestal James Vincent Fox Charles James James Emory Foxx Francis James Bicheno Frazer Sir James George Froude James Anthony Fulbright James William Gadsden James Galway Sir James Garfield James Abram Geertz Clifford James Gibson James Jerome Glackens William James Graves Robert James Hall James Hall Sir James Hardie James Keir Hargreaves James Heckman James J. Henderson James Fletcher James Marshall Hendrix James Maury Henson Herne James A. James Ahearn Herrick James Bryan Herriot James James Alfred Wight Hertzog James Barry Munnik James Butler Hickok Hill James Jerome Hilton James Glen Trevor James Riddle Hoffa Hogg James Howe James Wong Hughes James Mercer Langston Edward James Hughes Hutton James Iredell James Ivory James Francis James Bay James Edward the Old Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart James III James II James the Just James IV James I James the Conqueror James River James Cyril Lionel Robert James Harry Haag James Henry James Saint James the Great James William Jeans Sir James Hopwood Johnson James Price Johnson James Weldon Jones James Earl James Warren Jones Joule James Prescott Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Kempton James Murray Kent James Laughlin James Lawrence James Levine James Lawrence Lind James Logan James Longstreet James Lowell James Russell James Melvin Lunceford MacDonald James Ramsay Mackenzie Sir James Macleod John James Rickard Madison James Maine Sir Henry James Sumner Mason James Mason James Murray Maxwell James Clerk McCartney Sir James Paul James Francis McHugh Meredith James Howard Merrill James Ingram Michener James Albert Mill James Monmouth James Scott duke of James Crofts James Fitzroy Monroe James Montrose James Graham 5th earl and 1st marquess of James Douglas Morrison Morton James Douglas 4th earl of Murray Sir James Augustus Henry Edward James Muggeridge Naismith James A. Nasmyth James Neilson James Beaumont James Thiong'o Ngugi Oglethorpe James Edward Ormonde James Butler 12th earl and 1st duke of Osborne John James Otis James James Cleveland Owens Pacino Alfredo James Paget Sir James Penney James Cash Polk James Knox Quayle James Danforth Raglan of Raglan FitzRoy James Henry Somerset 1st Baron Rapier James Thomas Ray James Earl Reston James Barrett Riley James Whitcomb Robinson James Harvey James Charles Rodgers Rosenquist James James Andrew Rushing Simpson Orenthal James Simpson Sir James Young Stanhope James Stanhope 1st Earl Stephen Sir James Fitzjames 1st Baronet Stewart James Maitland Stillman James Stirling Sir James Frazer James Ewell Brown Stuart Sumner James Batcheller James Francis Thorpe Thurber James Grover Thurmond James Strom James Joseph Tunney Van Der Zee James Augustus Joseph Walker James John Wallack James William Watson James Dewey Watt James Weaver James Baird Webb Sidney James and Beatrice Whistler James Abbott McNeill White James Springer and Ellen Gould Wilkinson James James Robert Wills Wilson James Harold Baron Wilson of Rievaulx Wilson James Wolfe James Audubon John James James Jesse and James Frank Jesse Woodson James and Alexander Franklin James

{i} one of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Henry James (1811-1892) American novelist; William James (1842-1910) American psychologist; name of several Scottish kings

An English surname derived from the given name

Two Apostles, and other characters in the New Testament

a river that rises in North Dakota and flows southward across South Dakota to the Missouri a river in Virginia that flows east into Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of John; author of the Epistle of James in the New Testament writer who was born in the United States but lived in England (1843-1916) United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) United States outlaw who fought as a Confederate soldier and later led a band of outlaws that robbed trains and banks in the West until he was murdered by a member of his own gang (1847-1882)

United States outlaw who fought as a Confederate soldier and later led a band of outlaws that robbed trains and banks in the West until he was murdered by a member of his own gang (1847-1882)

James is a wonderfully customizable mail server that can receive and store your mail, manage lists, utilize MySQL for storage, and generate Eyebrowse-compatible mail archives on any Java-enabled platform

The owner of JamesWare Computing and the author of much of this website

A sovereign; a jacobus A gold coin circulated in the reign of James I Worth about 25s

a river in Virginia that flows east into Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads

a river that rises in North Dakota and flows southward across South Dakota to the Missouri

Another friend originally met online, on a different MU* We've met twice, the second time on an trip to Toronto (to meet more online people, of course!) You can get to know someone pretty well on a twelve hour drive He's currently in college in Indiana Also on Emerald, he plays the infamous Count Laren Go read the story, you'll understand

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of John; author of the Epistle of James in the New Testament

writer who was born in the United States but lived in England (1843-1916)

N T

A friend I am getting reacquainted with since his return to Tucson after living in Santa Fe for several months

United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910)

a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle

Js

Jas

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

James Bond

A fictional British spy in the novels of Ian Fleming and the motion pictures based on these novels, famous for his suavity, ingenuity, ruthlessness and supply of gadgets

James Bond villain

Alternative form of Bond villain

James Baron Ensor

born April 13, 1860, Ostend, Belg. died Nov. 19, 1949, Ostend Belgian painter and printmaker. Trained in Brussels, he spent most of his life in his native Ostend. In 1883 he joined a group known as Les Vingt ("The Twenty") and began depicting skeletons, phantoms, masks, and other images of grotesque fantasy as social commentary. His work from this period has often been described as Symbolist. His Entry of Christ into Brussels (1888), painted in smeared, garish colours, provoked outrage. Continuing negative criticism plunged him ever deeper into cynicism until he finally became a recluse. The exhibition of Entry of Christ in 1929 led to his being ennobled by King Albert of Belgium. He was one of the formative influences on Expressionism

James A Farley

born May 30, 1888, Grassy Point, N.Y., U.S. died June 9, 1976, New York, N.Y. U.S. politician. He entered New York Democratic Party politics in 1912. As secretary of the state Democratic committee in 1928, he organized the successful gubernatorial campaigns of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1928 and 1930. As national Democratic Party chairman (1932-40), he directed Roosevelt's 1932 and 1936 presidential campaigns. He served as postmaster general (1933-40) but resigned that post and the party chairmanship in opposition to Roosevelt's bid for a third term as president

James A Garfield

born Nov. 19, 1831, near Orange, Ohio, U.S. died Sept. 19, 1881, Elberon, N.J. 20th president of the U.S. (1881). He was the last president born in a log cabin. He attended Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) at Hiram, Ohio, and graduated (1856) from Williams College. He returned to the Eclectic Institute as a professor of ancient languages and in 1857, at age 25, became the school's president. In the American Civil War he led the 42nd Ohio Volunteers and fought at Shiloh and Chickamauga. He resigned as a major general to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-80). As a Radical Republican, he sought a firm policy of Reconstruction in the South. In 1876 he served on the Electoral Commission that decided the presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. He was House Republican leader from 1876 to 1880, when he was elected to the Senate by the Ohio legislature. At the 1880 Republican nominating convention, the delegates supporting Ulysses S. Grant and James Blaine became deadlocked. On the 36th ballot, Garfield was nominated as a compromise presidential candidate, with Chester Arthur as vice president; they won the election by a narrow margin. His brief term, lasting less than 150 days, was marked by a dispute with Sen. Roscoe Conkling over patronage. On July 2 he was shot at Washington's railroad station by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. He died on Sept. 19 after 11 weeks of public debate over the ambiguous constitutional conditions for presidential succession (later clarified by the 20th and 25th Amendments)

James A Michener

born Feb. 3, 1907?, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 16, 1997, Austin, Texas U.S. novelist and short-story writer. Michener was a foundling discovered in Doylestown, Pa., and he was raised as a Quaker. From 1944 to 1946 he was a naval historian in the South Pacific, the setting of his early fiction; his Tales of the South Pacific (1947, Pulitzer Prize) was adapted as the Broadway musical South Pacific (1949; film, 1958). He is best known for epic and detailed novels drawing on extensive research, including Hawaii (1959; film, 1966), Iberia (1968), Centennial (1974), Chesapeake (1978), Space (1982), and Mexico (1992)

James A. Herne

orig. James Ahearn born Feb. 1, 1839, Troy, N.Y., U.S. died June 2, 1901, New York, N.Y. U.S. playwright. He worked as a traveling actor before achieving success with his first play, Hearts of Oak (1879; written with David Belasco). Margaret Fleming (1890) is considered his major achievement, though Shore Acres (1892) was his most popular play. He helped bridge the gap between 19th-century melodrama and the 20th-century drama of ideas

James A. Naismith

born Nov. 6, 1861, Almonte, Ont., Can. died Nov. 28, 1939, Lawrence, Kan., U.S. Canadian-born U.S. physical education instructor, inventor of basketball. He studied theology but excelled in sports. At the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Mass. (1890-95), he was asked to devise a new indoor winter sport. His version of basketball called for nine players (later reduced to five) per team and the use of peach baskets (later netted hoops) as goals. He was coach of the basketball team at the University of Kansas (1898-1937). He is also credited with inventing the protective helmet for gridiron football players. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame was incorporated in Springfield in 1959

James Abbott McNeill Whistler

born July 14, 1834, Lowell, Mass., U.S. died July 17, 1903, London, Eng. U.S.-born British painter, etcher, and lithographer. He attended West Point but soon abandoned the army for art. In 1855 he arrived in Paris to study painting and adopted a bohemian lifestyle. In 1863 he moved to London, where he had considerable success, becoming widely famous for his wit and large public presence. During the 1860s and '70s he began to use musical terms in the titles of his paintings, such as Symphony and Harmony, reflecting his belief in the "correspondences" between the arts. During this period he started to paint his "nocturnes" scenes of London, especially of Chelsea, that have poetic intensity. For them he evolved a special technique by which paint, in a very liquid state he called a sauce, was stroked onto the canvas in fast sweeps of the brush, somewhat in the manner of Japanese calligraphy (he was an outspoken advocate of Japanese arts). From the 1870s onward he was preoccupied by the problems of portrait painting, creating a number of masterpieces, including Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother (1871-72), known as Whistler's Mother. These paintings underline his aestheticism, his liking for simple forms and muted tones, and his dependence on the 17th-century Spanish painter Diego Velázquez. In 1877 he brought a libel suit against John Ruskin for attacking his Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (1875); he won his case but received damages of only a farthing, and the costs of the suit temporarily bankrupted him. Considered one of the leading painters of his day, after his death his reputation declined. Only in the later 20th century did Whistler begin to receive serious acclaim once again

James Abbott McNeill Whistler

{i} (1834-1903) United States writer and artist, creator of the etchings "The Bridge" and "The Doorway", author of "The Gentle Art of Making Enemies

James Abram Garfield

born Nov. 19, 1831, near Orange, Ohio, U.S. died Sept. 19, 1881, Elberon, N.J. 20th president of the U.S. (1881). He was the last president born in a log cabin. He attended Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) at Hiram, Ohio, and graduated (1856) from Williams College. He returned to the Eclectic Institute as a professor of ancient languages and in 1857, at age 25, became the school's president. In the American Civil War he led the 42nd Ohio Volunteers and fought at Shiloh and Chickamauga. He resigned as a major general to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-80). As a Radical Republican, he sought a firm policy of Reconstruction in the South. In 1876 he served on the Electoral Commission that decided the presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. He was House Republican leader from 1876 to 1880, when he was elected to the Senate by the Ohio legislature. At the 1880 Republican nominating convention, the delegates supporting Ulysses S. Grant and James Blaine became deadlocked. On the 36th ballot, Garfield was nominated as a compromise presidential candidate, with Chester Arthur as vice president; they won the election by a narrow margin. His brief term, lasting less than 150 days, was marked by a dispute with Sen. Roscoe Conkling over patronage. On July 2 he was shot at Washington's railroad station by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. He died on Sept. 19 after 11 weeks of public debate over the ambiguous constitutional conditions for presidential succession (later clarified by the 20th and 25th Amendments)

James Abram Garfield

(1831-1881) 20th president of the United States (1881)

James Agee

(1909-1955) American author who wrote the novel "A Death in the Family

James Agee

born Nov. 27, 1909, Knoxville, Tenn., U.S. died May 16, 1955, New York, N.Y. U.S. poet and novelist. Agee attended Harvard University. In the 1930s and '40s, film reviews for Time and The Nation made him a pioneer in serious film criticism. His lyrical Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941), with photographs by Walker Evans, documents the daily lives of poverty-stricken Alabama sharecroppers. After 1948 Agee worked mainly as a screenwriter, notably on The African Queen (1951) and The Night of the Hunter (1955). He is best known for his autobiographical novel A Death in the Family (1957, Pulitzer Prize)

James Albert Michener

born Feb. 3, 1907?, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 16, 1997, Austin, Texas U.S. novelist and short-story writer. Michener was a foundling discovered in Doylestown, Pa., and he was raised as a Quaker. From 1944 to 1946 he was a naval historian in the South Pacific, the setting of his early fiction; his Tales of the South Pacific (1947, Pulitzer Prize) was adapted as the Broadway musical South Pacific (1949; film, 1958). He is best known for epic and detailed novels drawing on extensive research, including Hawaii (1959; film, 1966), Iberia (1968), Centennial (1974), Chesapeake (1978), Space (1982), and Mexico (1992)

James Aloysius Farley

born May 30, 1888, Grassy Point, N.Y., U.S. died June 9, 1976, New York, N.Y. U.S. politician. He entered New York Democratic Party politics in 1912. As secretary of the state Democratic committee in 1928, he organized the successful gubernatorial campaigns of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1928 and 1930. As national Democratic Party chairman (1932-40), he directed Roosevelt's 1932 and 1936 presidential campaigns. He served as postmaster general (1933-40) but resigned that post and the party chairmanship in opposition to Roosevelt's bid for a third term as president

James Andrew Broun Ramsay marquess of Dalhousie

born April 22, 1812, Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Scot. died Dec. 19, 1860, Dalhousie Castle British governor-general of India (1847-56). He entered Parliament in 1837 and later served as president of the Board of Trade, gaining a reputation for administrative efficiency. As governor-general of India he acquired territory by both peaceful and military means. Though he created the map of modern India through his annexations of independent provinces, his greatest achievement was the molding of these provinces into a modern centralized state. He developed a modern communication and transportation system and instituted social reforms. He left India in 1856, but his controversial policy of annexation was considered a contributing factor to the Indian Mutiny (1857)

James Anthony Froude

born April 23, 1818, Dartington, Devon, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1894, Kingsbridge, Devon English historian and biographer. He was influenced by the Oxford Movement, which sought a renewal of Roman Catholic practices within the Church of England, but later broke with it. Among his historical works, which display both carelessness and his anti-Catholic bias, the best known is History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1856-70), which fundamentally altered the direction of Tudor studies. Immensely prolific, he was attacked by reviewers but was popular with the reading public. He later produced a biography (1882-84) of his friend Thomas Carlyle

James Arthur Baldwin

born Aug. 2, 1924, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 1, 1987, Saint-Paul, France U.S. essayist, novelist, and playwright. He grew up in poverty in the New York City district of Harlem and became a preacher while in his teens. After 1948 he lived alternately in France and the U.S. His semiautobiographical first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), regarded as his finest, was followed by the essay collections Notes of a Native Son (1955) and Nobody Knows My Name (1961); the novels Giovanni's Room (1956), a story of homosexual life, and Another Country (1962); the long polemical essay The Fire Next Time (1963), prophesying widespread racial violence; and the play Blues for Mister Charlie (produced 1964). His eloquence and passion on the subject of race made him for years perhaps the country's most prominent black writer

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce

born Feb. 2, 1882, Dublin, Ire. died Jan. 13, 1941, Zürich, Switz. Irish novelist. Educated at a Jesuit school (though he soon rejected Catholicism) and at University College, Dublin, he decided early to become a writer. In 1902 he moved to Paris, which would become his principal home after years spent in Trieste and Zürich. His life was difficult, marked by financial troubles, chronic eye diseases that occasionally left him totally blind, censorship problems, and his daughter Lucia's mental illness. The remarkable story collection The Dubliners (1914) and the autobiographical novel Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), his early prose volumes, were powerful examples of his gift for storytelling and his great intelligence. With financial help from friends and supporters, including Ezra Pound, Sylvia Beach (1887-1962), and Harriet Shaw Weaver (1876-1961), he spent seven years writing Ulysses (1922), the controversial masterpiece (initially banned in the U.S. and Britain) now widely regarded by many as the greatest English-language novel of the 20th century. It embodies a highly experimental use of language and exploration of such new literary methods as interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness narrative. He spent 17 years on his final work, the extraordinary Finnegans Wake (1939), famous for its complex and demanding linguistic virtuosity

James Augustus Joseph Van Der Zee

v. born June 29, 1886, Lenox, Mass., U.S. died May 15, 1983, Washington, D.C. U.S. photographer. In 1906 he moved with his family to Harlem in New York City. After a brief stint at a portrait studio in Newark, N.J., he returned to Harlem to set up his own studio. The portraits he took from 1918 to 1945 chronicled the Harlem Renaissance; among his many renowned subjects were Countee Cullen, Bill Robinson, and Marcus Garvey. After World War II his fortunes declined until the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibited his photographs in 1969

James B Conant

born March 26, 1893, Dorchester, Mass., U.S. died Feb. 11, 1978, Hanover, N.H. U.S. educator and scientist, president of Harvard University (1933-53). Conant received a Ph.D. (1916) from Harvard and taught chemistry there until he was elected its president in 1933. He led the university to broaden the social and geographic makeup of its student body. During World War II he was a central figure in organizing American science, including the development of the atomic bomb. In 1953 he was appointed U.S. high commissioner for West Germany, and in 1955 he was appointed ambassador. His publications include chemistry textbooks, works on science for the lay reader, and books on educational policy

James B Duke

born Dec. 23, 1856, Durham, N.C., U.S. died Oct. 10, 1925, New York, N.Y. U.S. tobacco magnate and philanthropist. He and his brother Benjamin (1855-1929) entered the family tobacco business. In 1890 James became president of the American Tobacco Co., which controlled the entire U.S. tobacco industry until antitrust laws caused it, in 1911, to be broken into several companies that would become the principal U.S. cigarette makers. He oversaw the family's contributions to Trinity College in Durham, which was renamed Duke University

James B Weaver

born June 12, 1833, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. died Feb. 6, 1912, Des Moines, Iowa U.S. politician. An advocate of the Greenback movement, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa (1879-81, 1885-89). He helped form the People's Party (see Populist movement) and was its candidate for president in 1892, receiving more than 1 million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. After helping effect the party's merger with the Democratic Party, he retired to Iowa

James Baird Weaver

born June 12, 1833, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. died Feb. 6, 1912, Des Moines, Iowa U.S. politician. An advocate of the Greenback movement, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa (1879-81, 1885-89). He helped form the People's Party (see Populist movement) and was its candidate for president in 1892, receiving more than 1 million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. After helping effect the party's merger with the Democratic Party, he retired to Iowa

James Baker

(born 1930) American Secretary of State (1989-1992)

James Baldwin

a black US writer who wrote novels such as Go Tell It on the Mountain and Another Country (1924-87). born Aug. 2, 1924, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 1, 1987, Saint-Paul, France U.S. essayist, novelist, and playwright. He grew up in poverty in the New York City district of Harlem and became a preacher while in his teens. After 1948 he lived alternately in France and the U.S. His semiautobiographical first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), regarded as his finest, was followed by the essay collections Notes of a Native Son (1955) and Nobody Knows My Name (1961); the novels Giovanni's Room (1956), a story of homosexual life, and Another Country (1962); the long polemical essay The Fire Next Time (1963), prophesying widespread racial violence; and the play Blues for Mister Charlie (produced 1964). His eloquence and passion on the subject of race made him for years perhaps the country's most prominent black writer

James Baldwin

(1924-1987) African-American writer and civil rights activist, author of "The Fire Next Time" and "Another Country

James Barrett Reston

born Nov. 3, 1909, Clydebank, Dumbartonshire, Scot. died Dec. 6, 1995, Washington, D.C., U.S. Scottish-born U.S. columnist and editor. His family moved to the U.S. when he was 10 years old. He was a sportswriter before joining The New York Times in 1939, where he worked as a reporter, a nationally syndicated columnist, Washington bureau chief (1953-64), executive editor (1968-69), and vice president (1969-74) before retiring in 1989. One of the most influential U.S. journalists, he had unrivaled personal access to U.S. presidents and world leaders and was often the first to break major stories. He won two Pulitzer Prizes (1945, 1957), helped create the first Op-Ed page (1970; a forum for columnists' opinion pieces), and recruited and trained many talented young journalists

James Barry Munnik Hertzog

born April 3, 1866, near Wellington, Cape Colony died Nov. 21, 1942, Pretoria, S.Af. Prime minister of the Union of South Africa (1924-39). His political principles were "South Africa First" (i.e., ahead of the British Empire) and the "Two Streams Policy," under which British and Afrikaner would be free from domination by each other. He served in the cabinet of Louis Botha (1910-12), but he broke with Botha because of his nationalist sympathies and formed the National Party. As prime minister, Hertzog gave South Africa its flag, made Afrikaans an official language, promoted apartheid, and affirmed the equality of British and Afrikaner rights. In 1933 he was forced to accept a coalition with Jan Smuts, and in 1939 he resigned over the issue of neutrality in World War II

James Batcheller Sumner

born Nov. 19, 1887, Canton, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 12, 1955, Buffalo, N.Y. U.S. biochemist. He taught at Cornell University (1929-55). In 1926 he became the first researcher to crystallize an enzyme (urease); he later crystallized catalase and worked on purification of various other enzymes, which led to recognition that most enzymes are proteins. This work earned him (with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley) a 1946 Nobel Prize. In 1947 he became director of Cornell's laboratory of enzyme chemistry, established in recognition of his work

James Bay

The southern arm of Hudson Bay, in east-central Canada between northeast Ontario and western Quebec. It was sighted by Henry Hudson in 1610 but named for the English captain Thomas James (1593?-1635?), who explored much of the bay in 1631. Extension of Hudson Bay, located between northern Ontario and Quebec, Can. Generally less than 200 ft (60 m) deep, it is 275 mi (443 km) long and 135 mi (217 km) wide. It contains numerous islands, of which the largest is Akimiski Island. The many rivers that empty into the bay, including the Moose, are the cause of its low salinity. Visited by Henry Hudson in 1610, it is named for Capt. Thomas James, who explored it in 1631

James Beard

born May 5, 1903, Portland, Ore., U.S. died Jan. 23, 1985, New York, N.Y. U.S. culinary expert and cookbook author. In 1945 he became the first chef to demonstrate cooking on network television. Through his Greenwich Village cooking school he influenced such future chefs as Julia Child and Craig Claiborne (b. 1920 d. 2000). He championed simple American and English dishes and wrote one of the first serious books on outdoor cooking. His more than 20 cookbooks include James Beard's American Cookery (1972) and Beard on Bread (1973)

James Beaumont Neilson

born June 22, 1792, Shettleston, Lanark, Scot. died Jan. 18, 1865, Queenshill, Kirkcudbright Scottish inventor. Working at the Glasgow Gasworks (1817-47), he introduced the use of a hot-air blast for the smelting of iron ore. It had been believed that a blast of cold air was the most efficient smelting method (see William Fairbairn); Neilson demonstrated that the opposite was true, patenting his idea in 1828. Use of the hot blast tripled iron output per ton of coal, permitted iron to be recovered from lower-grade ores, and made possible the efficient use of raw coal and lower grades of coal instead of coke and the construction of larger smelting furnaces

James Bicheno Francis

born May 18, 1815, Southleigh, Devon, Eng. died Sept. 18, 1892, Lowell, Mass., U.S. British-U.S. hydraulic engineer. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1833 and at 22 became chief engineer of the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on the Merrimack River. In 40 years of managing the company's waterpower interests and advising manufacturers on waterpower, he contributed greatly to the rise of Lowell as an industrial centre. He invented the mixed-flow, or Francis, turbine used for low-pressure installations. He is also known for his formulas for the flow of water over weirs and many other studies in hydraulics. He was considered one of the foremost civil engineers of his time

James Biddle

born Feb. 18, 1783, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died Oct. 1, 1848, Philadelphia U.S. naval officer. He entered the navy in 1800. During the War of 1812, he served on the USS Wasp when it captured the British ship Frolic, and he commanded the USS Hornet in its victory over the Penguin. In 1817 he was sent to the Columbia River to claim the Oregon Territory for the U.S. As commodore of U.S. ships in East Asia, he negotiated the first treaty, a trade agreement, between the U.S. and China

James Bond

a character in the books by Ian Fleming, and in the films that have been based on these stories. James Bond is a secret agent who works for the British government and is sometimes called "007

James Bond

fictional British spy, character of a secret agent based on the books of Ian Fleming

James Bond briefcase

hard rectangular briefcase, attache case

James Boswell

a Scottish lawyer and writer, famous for his book about the life of Samuel Johnson (1740-95). born Oct. 29, 1740, Edinburgh, Scot. died May 19, 1795, London, Eng. Scottish friend and biographer of Samuel Johnson. Boswell, a lawyer, met Johnson in 1763 and visited him often (1772-84), making a superlatively detailed record in his journals of Johnson's conversations. His two-volume Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791) is regarded as one of the greatest English biographies. His Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1785) is mainly an account of Johnson's responses to their 1773 trip to Scotland. The 20th-century publication of Boswell's journals showed him to have been also one of the world's greatest diarists

James Boswell

{i} (1740-1795) Scottish author and biographer of Samuel Johnson

James Bowie

a US man born in Kentucky who invented the Bowie knife, a large knife with a curved blade. Bowie supported the cause of Texan independence from Mexico, and shared command of the Alamo, where he was killed (1790-1836)

James Branch Cabell

born April 14, 1879, Richmond, Va., U.S. died May 5, 1958, Richmond U.S. writer. Cabell attacked American orthodoxies and institutions in his best-known novel, Jurgen (1919), a story replete with sexual symbolism. His other works, many of them allegories set in an imaginary medieval province, include The Cream of the Jest (1917) and The High Place (1923). Though much praised in the 1920s, his mannered style and skeptical view of human experience soon lost favour

James Brown

a US popular musician, singer, and songwriter. Many people consider him one of the greatest soul singers ever. He is sometimes called 'the Godfather of Soul' (1928- ). born May 3, 1933, Barnwell, S.C., U.S. U.S. singer and songwriter. Growing up in Georgia during the Depression, Brown first sang and danced on street corners for money. He later formed a trio, appearing at small clubs throughout the South. He gradually evolved a highly personal style, combining blues and gospel music elements with his own emotionally charged and highly rhythmic delivery, accented by a strong sense of showmanship. His first hit, "Please, Please, Please" (1956), was followed by other million-selling singles, including "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"; his style, marked by strong dance-oriented rhythms and heavy syncopation, became known as funk. His checkered personal life was highlighted in 1988 when he received a three-year jail sentence on a variety of charges

James Brown

{i} (1933-2006) famous Motown singer, "the Godfather of Soul

James Bruce 8th earl of Elgin

born July 20, 1811, London, Eng. died Nov. 20, 1863, Dharmshala, India British governor-general of Canada. He was appointed governor of Jamaica in 1842. As governor of British North America (1847-54), he implemented the policy of responsible, or cabinet, government recommended by Lord Durham. Elgin supported the Rebellion Losses Act (1849), which compensated Canadians for losses during the 1837 rebellion in Lower Canada, a stand criticized by Tory opponents in England and French-Canadian rioters in Montreal. He negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty (1854) between the Canadian colonies and the U.S. In 1857 he left Canada to serve in diplomatic posts in China, Japan, and India

James Bryan Herrick

born Aug. 11, 1861, Oak Park, Ill., U.S. died March 7, 1954, Chicago U.S. physician and clinical cardiologist. He received his M.D. from Rush Medical College. His case report on a black patient with anemia included the first description of the crescent-shaped erythrocytes characteristic of sickle-cell anemia, later shown to be the precipitating factor of the disease. Herrick was also the first to identify and describe coronary thrombosis

James Bryant Conant

born March 26, 1893, Dorchester, Mass., U.S. died Feb. 11, 1978, Hanover, N.H. U.S. educator and scientist, president of Harvard University (1933-53). Conant received a Ph.D. (1916) from Harvard and taught chemistry there until he was elected its president in 1933. He led the university to broaden the social and geographic makeup of its student body. During World War II he was a central figure in organizing American science, including the development of the atomic bomb. In 1953 he was appointed U.S. high commissioner for West Germany, and in 1955 he was appointed ambassador. His publications include chemistry textbooks, works on science for the lay reader, and books on educational policy

James Buchanan

the 15th President of the US (1857-61) (1791-1868). born April 23, 1791, near Mercersburg, Pa., U.S. died June 1, 1868, near Lancaster 15th president of the U.S. (1857-61). He was admitted to the bar in 1812 and soon established a successful law practice. He was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature in 1814 and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1821-31), as minister to Russia (1832-34), and in the U.S. Senate (1834-45). He was secretary of state in the cabinet of Pres. James K. Polk (1845-49). As minister to Britain (1853-56), he helped draft the Ostend Manifesto. In 1856 he was elected president as a Democrat, defeating John C. Frémont. Although experienced in government and law, he lacked the courage to deal effectively with the slavery crisis, and he equivocated on the question of Kansas's status as a slaveholding state. The ensuing split within his party allowed Abraham Lincoln to win the election of 1860. He denounced the secession of South Carolina following the election and sent reinforcements to Fort Sumter but failed to respond further to the mounting crisis. He was the only president never to have married

James Buchanan

(1791-1868) 15th president of the United States, member of the U.S. Congress

James Buchanan Brady

{i} Diamond Jim Brady, James "Diamond Jim" Brady (1856-1917), American businessman and entrepreneur and philanthropist

James Buchanan Duke

born Dec. 23, 1856, Durham, N.C., U.S. died Oct. 10, 1925, New York, N.Y. U.S. tobacco magnate and philanthropist. He and his brother Benjamin (1855-1929) entered the family tobacco business. In 1890 James became president of the American Tobacco Co., which controlled the entire U.S. tobacco industry until antitrust laws caused it, in 1911, to be broken into several companies that would become the principal U.S. cigarette makers. He oversaw the family's contributions to Trinity College in Durham, which was renamed Duke University

James Butler 12th earl and 1st duke of Ormonde

born Oct. 19, 1610, London, Eng. died July 21, 1688, Kingston Lacy, Dorset Anglo-Irish statesman. Born into the prominent Butler family of Ireland, he succeeded to the earldom of Ormonde in 1632. In service to the English crown in Ireland from 1633, he fought against the Catholic rebellion from 1641. He concluded a peace with the Catholic confederacy in 1649, then rallied support for Charles II, but he was forced to flee when Oliver Cromwell landed at Dublin. He was Charles's adviser in exile (1650-60). After the Restoration he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland (1662-69, 1677-84), where he encouraged Irish commerce and industry. He was created a duke in 1682

James Butler Hickok

{i} (1837-1876) United States frontiersman and gunfighter who is considered as a legend in the American Wild West and whose nickname was "Wild Bill" or "Wild Bill Hickok

James Byron Dean

born Feb. 8, 1931, Marion, Ind., U.S. died Sept. 30, 1955, near Paso Robles, Calif. U.S. film actor. He played bit parts in four films before trying the Broadway stage, where his role in The Immoralist (1954) led to a screen test and a brilliant though brief movie career. His starring role in East of Eden (1955) brought him an Academy Award nomination. As a misunderstood teenager in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) he personified the confused and restless youth of the 1950s. He was featured as a nonconformist ranch hand in his last film, Giant (1956). His death at age 24 in an automobile crash caused anguish among his fans and contributed to his idolization as a cult figure

James Cagney

(1899-1986) U.S. movie actor, winner of the 1942 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in "Yankee Doodle Dandy

James Cagney

a US film actor who appeared as a gangster (=a member of a violent group of criminals) in films such as The Public Enemy (1931) and White Heat (1949) (1899-1986). born July 17, 1899, New York, N.Y., U.S. died March 30, 1986, Stanfordville, N.Y. U.S. actor. He toured in vaudeville as a song-and-dance man before starring in the successful Broadway musical Penny Arcade (1929). He played the first in a series of pugnacious criminal roles in the film Public Enemy (1931), followed by Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and White Heat (1949). As George M. Cohan in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942, Academy Award) he showed off his dance skills and streetwise charm. Later films include Mister Roberts (1955) and Ragtime (1981)

James Callaghan Baron Callaghan

born March 27, 1912, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng. British politician. A trade union official, he entered the House of Commons as a Labour Party member in 1945. He served in Labour governments as chancellor of the Exchequer (1964-67), home secretary (1967-70), and foreign secretary (1974-76) before becoming prime minister (1976-79). A moderate within his party, he tried to stem the vociferous demands of the trade unions. After a series of paralyzing labour strikes in 1978-79 (the so-called "Winter of Discontent"), his government was brought down by a parliamentary vote of no confidence. He was created a life peer in the House of Lords in 1987

James Cameron

(born 1954) Canadian born U.S. film director (directed "Titanic" and "Terminator")

James Cash Penney

born Sept. 16, 1875, Hamilton, Mo., U.S. died Feb. 12, 1971, New York, N.Y. U.S. merchant. He became a partner in a dry-goods store in Wyoming in 1902 and five years later bought out his partners' shares to launch what became the J.C. Penney Co. His stores offered a wide variety of inexpensive merchandise, and he offered profit-sharing plans, first to managers and later to all employees. By 1929 the company had 1,392 stores across the U.S., and at the time of Penney's death it was the second largest merchandiser in the country, behind Sears, Roebuck and Co

James Clerk Maxwell

a British scientist who made important discoveries in electromagnetism, which made possible the development of radio and telephones (1831-79). born June 13, 1831, Edinburgh, Scot. died Nov. 5, 1879, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. Scottish physicist. He published his first scientific paper at age 14, entered the University of Edinburgh at 16, and graduated from Cambridge University. He taught at Aberdeen University, King's College London, and Cambridge (from 1871), where he supervised the building of Cavendish Laboratory. His most revolutionary achievement was his demonstration that light is an electromagnetic wave, and he originated the concept of electromagnetic radiation. His field equations (see Maxwell's equations) paved the way for Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. He established the nature of Saturn's rings, did important work on colour perception, and produced the kinetic theory of gases. His ideas formed the basis for quantum mechanics and ultimately for the modern theory of the structure of atoms and molecules

James Cook

known as Captain Cook born Oct. 27, 1728, Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 14, 1779, Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii British sailor and explorer. He joined the Royal Navy (1755) and in 1763-67 surveyed the St. Lawrence River and the coast of Newfoundland. In 1768 he was appointed commander of the first scientific expedition to the Pacific. Sailing on the HMS Endeavour, he found and charted all of New Zealand and explored the eastern coast of Australia. That voyage (1768-71) produced a wealth of scientifically collected material and was also notable for Cook's successful prevention of scurvy among crew members. Promoted to commander, he was sent with two ships to make the first circumnavigation and penetration into the Antarctic. On that expedition (1772-75), which ranks as one of the greatest of all sailing-ship voyages, he successfully completed the first west-east circumnavigation in high latitudes. On a third voyage (1776-79) in search of a Northwest Passage around Canada and Alaska, he was killed by Polynesian natives on Hawaii

James Cook

{i} (1728-1779) British explorer and navigator

James Cooke Brown

{i} (1921-2000) science fiction author and sociologist who created and developed the artificial language Loglan

James Crichton

born August 1560, Eliock House, Dumfries, Scot. died July 1582, Mantua, Mantua Scottish scholar and adventurer. After graduating from the University of St. Andrews, he publicly distinguished himself in Europe in learned activities. He entered the service of the duke of Mantua but was slain in a street fight at age

James Crichton

Reputedly a fine orator, linguist, debater, and man of letters, he was considered the model of the cultured gentleman, though admirers probably exaggerated his accomplishments. Years later he became known as "the Admirable Crichton

James Curtis Hepburn

{i} (1815-1911) U.S. missionary from Philadelphia (USA) who came to Japan in 1859 and composed the first modern Japanese-English dictionary about ten years later

James D Dana

born Feb. 12, 1813, Utica, N.Y., U.S. died April 14, 1895, New Haven, Conn. U.S. geologist, mineralogist, and naturalist. He graduated from Yale University in 1833. He joined a U.S. exploring expedition to the South Seas (1838-42), acting as a geologist and zoologist. His contributions to the American Journal of Science stimulated U.S. geologic inquiry. His research into the formation of the Earth's continents and oceans led him to believe in the progressive evolution of the Earth's physical features over time. By the end of his life he also came to accept the evolution of living things, as articulated by Charles Darwin. During his lifetime, and largely under his leadership, U.S. geology grew from a collection and classification of unrelated facts into a mature science

James D Watson

born April 6, 1928, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. geneticist and biophysicist. He earned his Ph.D. at Indiana University in 1950. Using X-ray diffraction techniques, he began work in Britain with Francis Crick on the problem of DNA structure. In 1952 he determined the structure of the protein coat surrounding the tobacco mosaic virus. In early 1953 he determined that the essential DNA components, four organic bases, must be linked in definite pairs, a discovery that enabled Watson and Crick to formulate a double-helix molecular model for DNA. In 1962 the two scientists and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize. Watson's The Double Helix (1968), a best-selling personal account of the DNA discovery, aroused controversy. He taught at Harvard University (1955-76) and served as director of the Carnegie Institute's laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor (1968-94). See also Rosalind Franklin

James Danforth Quayle

born Feb. 4, 1947, Indianapolis, Ind., U.S. U.S. politician. After earning a law degree, he served as associate publisher of his family's Huntington Herald-Press (1974-76). He served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977-81) and two in the Senate (1981-89). Chosen as the Republican Party candidate for vice president in 1988, he was elected with George H.W. Bush. During his term, Quayle traveled abroad on goodwill missions but was criticized for various verbal gaffes. He and Bush ran for reelection in 1992 but were defeated. He briefly campaigned for the Republican nomination for president in 2000

James DeLancey

born Nov. 27, 1703, New York, N.Y. died July 30, 1760, New York City American administrator and jurist. He was sent to Cambridge and later studied law in London. Returning to New York, he became a member of the governor's council in 1729 and a judge of the colony's supreme court in 1731. As chief justice (1733), he presided at the libel trial of John Peter Zenger. He opposed the royal governor, George Clinton, and used his influence in England to obtain Clinton's recall in 1753. He later served as lieutenant governor (1753-55, 1757-60)

James Dean

Many people think of him as a typical example of a young rebel (=someone who refuses to do follow social rules or behave in the way that other people want them to) . His films include East of Eden (1955) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955) (1931-55). born Feb. 8, 1931, Marion, Ind., U.S. died Sept. 30, 1955, near Paso Robles, Calif. U.S. film actor. He played bit parts in four films before trying the Broadway stage, where his role in The Immoralist (1954) led to a screen test and a brilliant though brief movie career. His starring role in East of Eden (1955) brought him an Academy Award nomination. As a misunderstood teenager in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) he personified the confused and restless youth of the 1950s. He was featured as a nonconformist ranch hand in his last film, Giant (1956). His death at age 24 in an automobile crash caused anguish among his fans and contributed to his idolization as a cult figure

James Dean

(1931-1955) American film actor who was killed in a crash in his racing car (starred in "East of Eden" and "Giant")

James Dean

a US film actor who became extremely famous, and then died in a car crash at the age of

James Dewey Watson

born April 6, 1928, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. geneticist and biophysicist. He earned his Ph.D. at Indiana University in 1950. Using X-ray diffraction techniques, he began work in Britain with Francis Crick on the problem of DNA structure. In 1952 he determined the structure of the protein coat surrounding the tobacco mosaic virus. In early 1953 he determined that the essential DNA components, four organic bases, must be linked in definite pairs, a discovery that enabled Watson and Crick to formulate a double-helix molecular model for DNA. In 1962 the two scientists and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize. Watson's The Double Helix (1968), a best-selling personal account of the DNA discovery, aroused controversy. He taught at Harvard University (1955-76) and served as director of the Carnegie Institute's laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor (1968-94). See also Rosalind Franklin

James Dickey

born Feb. 2, 1923, Atlanta, Ga., U.S. died Jan. 19, 1997, Columbia, S.C. U.S. poet, novelist, and critic. Dickey served as a pilot in World War II. His poetry published in such volumes as Into the Stone (1960), Drowning with Others (1962), Helmets (1964), Buckdancer's Choice (1965), and The Zodiac (1976) combines themes of nature mysticism, religion, and history. He became widely known with his powerful novel Deliverance (1970; film, 1972)

James Douglas 4th earl of Morton

born 1516 died June 2, 1581, Edinburgh, Scot. Scottish nobleman. Appointed chancellor by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563, he conspired with other Protestant nobles to murder Mary's adviser David Riccio and probably was involved in the murder of Lord Darnley. He led the nobles that drove Mary's husband, the earl of Bothwell, from Scotland and forced her to abdicate in favour of her infant son, James (later James I of England). He became regent for James in 1572 and restored the rule of law to Scotland. Resented by the other nobles, he was forced to resign in 1578; he was later charged with complicity in Darnley's murder and executed

James Dwight Dana

born Feb. 12, 1813, Utica, N.Y., U.S. died April 14, 1895, New Haven, Conn. U.S. geologist, mineralogist, and naturalist. He graduated from Yale University in 1833. He joined a U.S. exploring expedition to the South Seas (1838-42), acting as a geologist and zoologist. His contributions to the American Journal of Science stimulated U.S. geologic inquiry. His research into the formation of the Earth's continents and oceans led him to believe in the progressive evolution of the Earth's physical features over time. By the end of his life he also came to accept the evolution of living things, as articulated by Charles Darwin. During his lifetime, and largely under his leadership, U.S. geology grew from a collection and classification of unrelated facts into a mature science

James Earl Carter, Jr.

{i} Jimmy Carter, James "Jimmy" Earl Carter Jr. (born 1924), 39th president of the United States (1977-1981), Nobel Peace laureate of 2002

James Earl Jones

born Jan. 17, 1931, Arkabutla, Miss., U.S. U.S. actor. He studied acting in New York City and made his Broadway debut in 1957. He was praised for his performance in Othello (1964) and in roles with the New York Shakespeare Festival (1961-73). He starred as the black boxer in The Great White Hope (1969, Tony Award; film, 1970). After returning to Broadway in Paul Robeson (1978) and Fences (1985, Tony Award), he starred in the television series Paris (1979-80) and Gabriel's Fire (1990-91, Emmy Award). He has appeared in numerous films; his sonorous voice lent gravity to the character of Darth Vader in Star Wars (1977) and its sequels and to the Mufasa role in The Lion King (1994)

James Earl Jones

(born 1931) African American film and Shakespearean stage actor

James Earl Ray

In Memphis he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Months later, he recanted his confession, without effect. Later in life, his unsuccessful pleas to have his case reopened were supported by some civil rights leaders, notably the King family

James Earl Ray

a US man accused of killing Rev. Martin Luther King in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in prison (1928-98). born March 10, 1928, Alton, Ill., U.S. died April 23, 1998, Nashville, Tenn. Assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ray was a petty criminal who had been sentenced several times to prison; he escaped from the Missouri state prison in 1967. In Memphis, Tenn., on April 4, 1968, he shot King from the window of a rooming house as King emerged from his motel room across the street. Ray fled to Toronto, London, Lisbon, and back to London, where he was arrested on June

James Earl Ray

{i} (1928-1998) person charged and convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr

James Edward Oglethorpe

born Dec. 22, 1696, London, Eng. died June 30/July 1, 1785, Cranham Hall, Essex, Eng. English army officer. After serving in the British army from 1712 to 1722, he entered Parliament, where he became interested in prison reform. In 1732 he secured a charter for a colony in what became Georgia, where debtors could start a new life and persecuted Protestants could practice freely. He accompanied the first settlers to found Savannah (1733) and led the defense of the territory against attacks by Spain (1739, 1742). He returned to England in 1743

James Edward Stuart

the son of the British king James II, sometimes also called the Old Pretender, and the father of Bonnie Prince Charlie (Charles Edward Stuart ). He believed he had the right to be the British king instead of King George I, but his attempt to become king, during the first Jacobite Rising of 1715-16, was a failure (1688-1766)

James Eugene Carrey

{i} Jim Carrey (born 1962), Canadian-born American film actor

James Fenimore Cooper

a US writer who wrote novels about Native Americans and life on the American frontier, including The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans (1789-1851). born Sept. 15, 1789, Burlington, N.J., U.S. died Sept. 14, 1851, Cooperstown, N.Y. The first major U.S. novelist. Cooper grew up in a prosperous family in the settlement of Cooperstown, founded by his father. The Spy (1821), set during the American Revolution, brought him fame. His best-known novels, the series The Leatherstocking Tales, feature the frontier adventures of the wilderness scout Natty Bumppo and include The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Deerslayer (1841). He also wrote popular sea novels, notably The Pilot (1823), and a history of the U.S. Navy (1839). Though internationally celebrated, he was troubled by lawsuits and political conflicts in his later years, and his popularity and income declined

James Fisk

born April 1, 1834, Bennington, Vt., U.S. died Jan. 7, 1872, New York, N.Y. U.S. financier. He worked his way up from circus hand to stockbroker and corporate official. He joined Daniel Drew and Jay Gould against Cornelius Vanderbilt in the "Erie War," in which the three tried to maintain control of the Erie Railroad Co. by issuing fraudulent stock. They also attempted to corner the gold market by inflating the price, a venture that led to the panic of 1869. Known as "the Barnum of Wall Street," Fisk produced theatrical shows and dallied with showgirls; he was fatally shot by an associate at age 37 after quarreling over business matters and a mistress

James Fletcher Henderson

born Dec. 18, 1898, Cuthbert, Ga., U.S. died Dec. 29, 1952, New York, N.Y. U.S. pianist, arranger, and leader of one of the most influential big bands in jazz. Henderson formed a dance band in New York in 1923. The band soon distinguished itself in two ways: the engagement of Louis Armstrong as principal soloist placed greater emphasis on swinging improvisation and the arrangements by Henderson and Don Redman (1900-64) codified the roles of the sections within the ensemble to replace the collective improvisation of early jazz groups. Nearly all big bands subsequently followed their example. A poor businessman, he was forced to dissolve his band several times, but his arrangements played a key role in the success of Benny Goodman in the late 1930s and provided a template for much of the music of the swing era

James Forrestal

v. born Feb. 15, 1892, Beacon, N.Y., U.S. died May 22, 1949, Bethesda, Md. U.S. secretary of defense (1947-49). After serving in naval aviation in World War I, he resumed his connection with a New York City investment firm, of which he became president in 1938. Appointed undersecretary of the navy in 1940, he directed the huge naval expansion and procurement programs of World War II. He became secretary of the navy in 1944. Appointed the first secretary of defense in 1947, he began to reorganize and coordinate the armed services. He resigned in 1949. Suffering from a depression similar to battle fatigue, he entered Bethesda Naval Medical Center; soon after, he plunged to his death from a window

James Francis Durante

{i} Jimmy Durante (1893-1980), United States big-nosed comedian and actor, nicknamed "The Schnoz

James Francis Ivory

born June 7, 1928, Berkeley, Calif., U.S. U.S. film director. While directing a documentary on India in the 1960s, he met a local producer, Ismail N. Merchant (b. 1936), beginning cinema's longest-lasting partnership. They made several films written by Ivory and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala before their first international success, Shakespeare Wallah (1965). It was followed by a series of well-received adaptations of noted literary works, including The Europeans (1979), The Bostonians (1984), A Room with a View (1986, Academy Award), Maurice (1987), Howards End (1992), and The Remains of the Day (1993). Ivory's films were noted for their attention to period detail and excellent acting

James G Birney

born Feb. 4, 1792, Danville, Ky., U.S. died Nov. 25, 1857, Eagleswood, N.J. U.S. politician and antislavery leader. He practiced law in Danville, Ky., before moving to Alabama, where he was elected to the state legislature in 1819. He became active in the abolition movement and in 1837 was elected secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society. After the group split, he helped lead the faction that became the Liberty Party; he was the party's presidential candidate in 1840 and 1844

James G Blaine

born Jan. 31, 1830, West Brownsville, Pa., U.S. died Jan. 27, 1893, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician and diplomat. He moved to Maine in 1854 to become editor of the Kennebec Journal, a crusading Republican newspaper. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-76), becoming speaker in 1868. An advocate of moderation in the Republican Party, he opposed the Radical Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1876, he resigned his seat in 1881 to become secretary of state. In this office he took the first steps toward securing U.S. control of the eventual route of the Panama Canal. As the Republican presidential candidate in 1884 he narrowly lost to Grover Cleveland. As secretary of state for a second time in 1889-92, he chaired the first Pan-American Conference

James Gadsden

born May 15, 1788, Charleston, S.C., U.S. died Dec. 26, 1858, Charleston U.S. soldier and diplomat. He was appointed an officer in the U.S. Army in 1812. He established military posts in Florida in 1820 and supervised the forced removal of Seminole Indians to reservations in southern Florida in 1823. In 1832 he negotiated a treaty for the removal of the Seminoles to the West, and he served in the war that followed the refusal of some Seminoles to leave Florida (see Seminole Wars). From 1840 to 1850 he was president of a South Carolina railroad. In 1853 he was appointed U.S. minister to Mexico and was instructed to buy land from Mexico for a southern railroad route (see Gadsden Purchase)

James Garfield

the twentieth president of the US, in 1881. He was shot by a mentally ill man and died two months later (1831-1881)

James Gillespie Birney

born Feb. 4, 1792, Danville, Ky., U.S. died Nov. 25, 1857, Eagleswood, N.J. U.S. politician and antislavery leader. He practiced law in Danville, Ky., before moving to Alabama, where he was elected to the state legislature in 1819. He became active in the abolition movement and in 1837 was elected secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society. After the group split, he helped lead the faction that became the Liberty Party; he was the party's presidential candidate in 1840 and 1844

James Gillespie Blaine

{i} (1830-1893)United States statesman and politician

James Gillespie Blaine

born Jan. 31, 1830, West Brownsville, Pa., U.S. died Jan. 27, 1893, Washington, D.C. U.S. politician and diplomat. He moved to Maine in 1854 to become editor of the Kennebec Journal, a crusading Republican newspaper. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-76), becoming speaker in 1868. An advocate of moderation in the Republican Party, he opposed the Radical Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1876, he resigned his seat in 1881 to become secretary of state. In this office he took the first steps toward securing U.S. control of the eventual route of the Panama Canal. As the Republican presidential candidate in 1884 he narrowly lost to Grover Cleveland. As secretary of state for a second time in 1889-92, he chaired the first Pan-American Conference

James Glen Trevor Hilton

born Sept. 9, 1900, Leigh, Lancashire, Eng. died Dec. 20, 1954, Long Beach, Calif., U.S. British novelist. Educated at Cambridge University, he later wrote numerous novels but is principally remembered for three best-selling works that led to popular films: Lost Horizon (1933; film, 1937), Good-Bye Mr. Chips (1934; film, 1939), and Random Harvest (1941; film, 1942). He eventually moved to California to work as a screenwriter

James Gordon Bennett

born Sept. 1, 1795, Newmill, Banffshire, Scot. died June 1, 1872, New York, N.Y., U.S. Scottish-born U.S. editor. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1819 and was employed on various newspapers until 1835, when he started The New York Herald. The paper became very successful and introduced many of the methods of modern news reporting. Among other innovations, Bennett published the first Wall Street financial article (1835), established the first correspondents in Europe (1838), maintained a staff of 63 war correspondents during the Civil War, was a leader in using illustrations, introduced a society department, and published the first account in U.S. journalism of a love-nest murder (1836)

James Graham 5th earl and 1st marquess of Montrose

born 1612 died May 21, 1650, Edinburgh, Scot. Scottish general in the English Civil Wars. He served in the Covenanter army that invaded northern England (1640) but remained a royalist. Appointed lieutenant-general by Charles I (1644), he led his royalist army of Highlanders and Irish to victories in major battles in Scotland. After Charles's defeat in 1645, Montrose fled to the European continent. He returned to Scotland in 1650 with 1,200 men, but he was defeated, captured, and hanged

James Graham Ballard

born Nov. 15, 1930, Shanghai, China British writer. Ballard spent four years of his childhood in a Japanese prison camp, an experience he described in Empire of the Sun (1984; film, 1987). His science fiction is often set in ecologically unbalanced landscapes caused by decadent technological excess. His apocalyptic novels, often shockingly violent, include Crash (1973; film, 1996), Concrete Island (1974), and High Rise (1975). His later works include the short-story collection War Fever (1990) and the novels The Kindness of Women (1991) and Cocaine Nights (1998)

James Grover Thurber

born Dec. 8, 1894, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. died Nov. 2, 1961, New York, N.Y. U.S. writer and cartoonist. He attended Ohio State University before moving to New York City in 1926. He was on The New Yorker staff from 1927 to 1933 and thereafter remained a leading contributor. His drawings illustrated his first book, Is Sex Necessary? (1929; with E.B. White), and his cartoons became some of the most popular and recognizable in America. In 1940 his failing eyesight forced him to curtail his drawing; by 1952 he had to give it up altogether as his blindness became nearly total. His writings include My Life and Hard Times (1933), Fables for Our Time (1940), and the children's book The 13 Clocks (1950). He is noted for his vision of the befuddled urban man who, like the hero of his short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (1939; film, 1946), escapes into fantasy

James H. Clark

born 1944, Plainview, Tex., U.S. U.S. businessman. He dropped out of high school to join the navy. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Utah and taught at UC-Santa Cruz (1974-78) and Stanford (1979-82). He founded Silicon Graphics in 1981 and served as its chairman 1982-94, building it into a billion-dollar company that produced workstations for graphics-intensive applications. In 1994 he cofounded Netscape Communications, whose graphical interface Web browser revolutionized the Internet by making it easy to access Internet documents

James Hall

born Sept. 12, 1811, Hingham, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 7, 1898, Bethlehem, N.H. U.S. geologist and paleontologist. He made extensive explorations in the St. Lawrence valley while teaching at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1832-36). In 1836 he was appointed state geologist for the Geological Survey of New York; his studies culminated in the massive Geology of New York (part 4, 1843), a classic in U.S. geology that introduced the geosynclinal theory of mountain building. He was state geologist of Iowa (1855-58) and of Wisconsin (1857-60). He served as director of New York State's Museum of Natural History (1871-98). His major later work was the huge Paleontology of New York (13 vol., 1847-94)

James Hargreaves

a British inventor who invented machines such as the spinning jenny, which was used for making cotton and wool into thread, and which he used in his factory in Nottingham (1720-78). (baptized Jan. 8, 1720, Stanhill, Lancashire, Eng. died April 22, 1778, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire) British inventor of the spinning jenny. A poor, uneducated spinner and weaver, he is said to have conceived the idea for the machine when he observed a spinning wheel accidentally overturned; as the spindle continued to revolve while upright, he reasoned that many spindles could be so turned, and went on to construct the first machine (patented 1770) with which one person could spin several threads at once

James Harold Baron Wilson of Rievaulx Wilson

born March 11, 1916, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 24, 1995, London British politician and prime minister (1964-70, 1974-76). The son of an industrial chemist, he was educated at the University of Oxford, where he collaborated with William H. Beveridge on work that led to the latter's 1942 report. In World War II he was drafted into the civil service and produced a study of the mining industry. His book New Deal for Coal (1945) was the basis for the Labour Party's plan to nationalize the coal mines. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1945 and appointed president of the Board of Trade (1947-51). Elected leader of the Labour Party in 1963, he became prime minister in 1964. He widened the party's voting majority in 1966 but his popularity declined in the late 1960s, partly because of his assumption of direct responsibility for the economy shortly before the pound was devalued in 1967. In his second term, he confirmed Britain's membership in the European Economic Community (1975). He resigned unexpectedly in 1976 and was created a life peer in 1983

James Harvey Robinson

born June 29, 1863, Bloomington, Ill., U.S. died Feb. 16, 1936, New York, N.Y. U.S. historian. Robinson received his doctorate from the University of Freiburg and returned to the U.S. to teach European history, principally at Columbia University (1895-1919). In The New History (1912), he called for the use of the social sciences in historical scholarship and put forth his controversial contention that the study of the past should serve primarily to improve the present. Among his other works are The Mind in the Making (1921) and several influential textbooks, including The Development of Modern Europe (1907-08; with Charles Beard)

James Herriot

the name that a British writer, James Alfred White, used to write stories about his life as a country vet (=animal doctor) (1916-95). orig. James Alfred Wight born Oct. 3, 1916, Glasgow, Scot. died Feb. 23, 1995, Thirlby, near Thirsk, Yorkshire, Eng. British veterinarian and writer. Wight joined the practice of two veterinarian brothers working in the Yorkshire Dales and at age 50 was persuaded by his wife to write down his collection of anecdotes. His humorous, fictionalized reminiscences were published under the name James Herriot in If Only They Could Talk (1970) and It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1972), which were issued in the U.S. as All Creatures Great and Small (1972). The instant best-seller inaugurated a series of highly popular books, which was adapted for two films and a long-running television series

James Hilton

born Sept. 9, 1900, Leigh, Lancashire, Eng. died Dec. 20, 1954, Long Beach, Calif., U.S. British novelist. Educated at Cambridge University, he later wrote numerous novels but is principally remembered for three best-selling works that led to popular films: Lost Horizon (1933; film, 1937), Good-Bye Mr. Chips (1934; film, 1939), and Random Harvest (1941; film, 1942). He eventually moved to California to work as a screenwriter

James Hogg

(baptized Dec. 9, 1770, Ettrick, Selkirkshire, Scot. died Nov. 21, 1835, Altrive, Yarrow) Scottish poet. A shepherd, he was almost entirely self-educated. The talents of "the Ettrick Shepherd" were discovered by Walter Scott when Hogg supplied material for Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, and his popularity accompanied the ballad revival of the early Romantic movement. Hogg's other writings include the poetry collection The Queen's Wake (1813) and The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), a novel about religious mania with a psychopathic hero that anticipates the modern psychological thriller

James Howard Meredith

born June 25, 1933, Kosciusko, Miss., U.S. U.S. civil rights leader. He grew up in poverty in Mississippi, the most racially segregated state in the U.S. In 1961 he applied for admission to the all-white University of Mississippi. He won a legal battle to be admitted, but federal troops and Justice Department officials had to be brought in to enforce the court order. While participating in a voter-registration drive after his graduation from "Ole Miss," he was shot and wounded by a white supremacist

James Hutton

born June 3, 1726, Edinburgh, Scot. died March 26, 1797, Edinburgh Scottish geologist, chemist, and naturalist. After short careers in law and medicine, he followed his interest in chemistry and developed an inexpensive manufacturing process for sal ammoniac. He settled in Edinburgh (1768) to pursue a life of science. In two papers presented in Edinburgh in 1785 (published 1788), he elaborated his theory of uniformitarianism. Its ability to explain the Earth's geologic processes without reference to the Bible and its emphasis on an immensely long, cyclical process of erosion, deposition, sedimentation, and volcanic upthrust were revolutionary

James I

King of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. His belief in the divine right of kings and his attempts to abolish Parliament and suppress Presbyterianism in Scotland created resentment that led to the English Civil War. He sponsored the King James Bible

James I,King

the king of England from 1603 until his death. Before he became king of England, he was already the king of Scotland (as James VI), and in 1603 the two kingdoms were united under one king (1566-1625)

James II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange

James Ingram Merrill

born March 3, 1926, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Feb. 6, 1995, Tucson, Ariz. U.S. poet. Son of a founder of the investment firm Merrill Lynch, he attended Amherst College. Inherited wealth enabled him to devote his life to poetry. His lyric and epic poems are known for their fine craftsmanship, erudition, and wit. Many of his later works were stimulated by sessions with a Ouija board. His collections include Nights and Days (1966), the trilogy of Divine Comedies (1976, Pulitzer Prize), Mirabell: Books of Number (1978), and Scripts for the Pageant (1980), published together in The Changing Light at Sandover (1982). A Different Person, his memoir, was published in 1993. His last book of poetry, A Scattering of Salts, was published posthumously in 1995

James Iredell

He helped draft and revise the laws of the new state of North Carolina and served as state attorney general (1779-81). He led the state's Federalists in supporting ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and his letters in its defense (signed "Marcus") are said to have prompted Pres. George Washington to appoint him to the U.S. Supreme Court (1790). He wrote several notable dissents, including those for Chisholm v. Georgia (1793; affirming the subordination of the states to the federal government) and Ware v. Hylton (1796; upholding the primacy of U.S. treaties over state statutes). His opinion in Calder v. Bull (1798) helped establish the principle of judicial review five years before it was actually tested in Marbury v. Madison

James Iredell

born Oct. 5, 1751, Lewes, Sussex, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1799, Edenton, N.C., U.S. U.S. jurist. His family immigrated to North Carolina, where he was appointed comptroller of the customhouse at age

James Ivory

born June 7, 1928, Berkeley, Calif., U.S. U.S. film director. While directing a documentary on India in the 1960s, he met a local producer, Ismail N. Merchant (b. 1936), beginning cinema's longest-lasting partnership. They made several films written by Ivory and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala before their first international success, Shakespeare Wallah (1965). It was followed by a series of well-received adaptations of noted literary works, including The Europeans (1979), The Bostonians (1984), A Room with a View (1986, Academy Award), Maurice (1987), Howards End (1992), and The Remains of the Day (1993). Ivory's films were noted for their attention to period detail and excellent acting

James J Gibson

born Jan. 27, 1904, McConnelsville, Ohio, U.S. died Dec. 11, 1979, Ithaca, N.Y. U.S. psychologist and philosopher. He taught at Smith College (1928-49) and Cornell University (1949-72). He is best known for his adherence to realism and his extensive experimental studies of visual perception explicating that view. In his first major work, The Perception of the Visual World (1950), he proposed that perception is unmediated by associations or information processing but rather is direct. He argued for an examination of the organism's dynamic world in search of the information that specified the state of that world. He developed his position in The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (1966) and The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (1979). His followers organized the International Society for Ecological Psychology. Eleanor J. Gibson was his wife

James J Hill

born Sept. 16, 1838, near Guelph, Ont., Can. died May 29, 1916, St. Paul, Minn., U.S. Canadian-U.S. financier and railroad builder. He began his career in St. Paul overseeing steamboat transportation. In 1873 he reorganized a bankrupt railroad as the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Co. and was named its president in 1882. The Great Northern Railway Co. absorbed the St. Paul line in 1890, and Hill became its president (1893-1907) and chairman of the board (1907-12). The Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads also came under Hill's control; Edward Harriman's attempt to seize control of Northern Pacific from him (1901) triggered a Wall Street panic. Hill's banking activity as president of Northern Securities Co. was declared in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1904

James J Walker

known as Jimmy Walker born June 19, 1881, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Nov. 18, 1946, New York City U.S. politician. He entered politics after graduating from New York Law School, becoming a member of the Assembly (1909) and then of the State Senate (1914). Backed by Gov. Alfred E. Smith and Tammany Hall, he was elected mayor (1925-32). A popular figure known for his charm and wit but particularly for his enthusiastic participation in the high life typical of the era, he made improvements in sanitation, hospitals, and subways. In 1931 the state legislature, investigating the city's affairs, charged Walker with corruption; he resigned in 1932

James J. Heckman

born April 19, 1944, Chicago, Ill., U.S. U.S. economist and winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, along with Daniel McFadden, for development of methods for analyzing individual or household behaviour. Heckman studied mathematics at Colorado College (B.A. 1965) and economics at Princeton University (M.A. 1968, Ph.D. 1971). He taught at Columbia University (1970-74) and the University of Chicago (1973- ). The Heckman correction, a two-step statistical approach, offers a means of addressing errors in statistical sampling. He received the John Bates Clark medal from the American Economics Association in 1983

James Jerome Gibson

born Jan. 27, 1904, McConnelsville, Ohio, U.S. died Dec. 11, 1979, Ithaca, N.Y. U.S. psychologist and philosopher. He taught at Smith College (1928-49) and Cornell University (1949-72). He is best known for his adherence to realism and his extensive experimental studies of visual perception explicating that view. In his first major work, The Perception of the Visual World (1950), he proposed that perception is unmediated by associations or information processing but rather is direct. He argued for an examination of the organism's dynamic world in search of the information that specified the state of that world. He developed his position in The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (1966) and The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (1979). His followers organized the International Society for Ecological Psychology. Eleanor J. Gibson was his wife

James Jerome Hill

born Sept. 16, 1838, near Guelph, Ont., Can. died May 29, 1916, St. Paul, Minn., U.S. Canadian-U.S. financier and railroad builder. He began his career in St. Paul overseeing steamboat transportation. In 1873 he reorganized a bankrupt railroad as the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Co. and was named its president in 1882. The Great Northern Railway Co. absorbed the St. Paul line in 1890, and Hill became its president (1893-1907) and chairman of the board (1907-12). The Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads also came under Hill's control; Edward Harriman's attempt to seize control of Northern Pacific from him (1901) triggered a Wall Street panic. Hill's banking activity as president of Northern Securities Co. was declared in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1904

James John Walker

known as Jimmy Walker born June 19, 1881, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Nov. 18, 1946, New York City U.S. politician. He entered politics after graduating from New York Law School, becoming a member of the Assembly (1909) and then of the State Senate (1914). Backed by Gov. Alfred E. Smith and Tammany Hall, he was elected mayor (1925-32). A popular figure known for his charm and wit but particularly for his enthusiastic participation in the high life typical of the era, he made improvements in sanitation, hospitals, and subways. In 1931 the state legislature, investigating the city's affairs, charged Walker with corruption; he resigned in 1932

James Joule

born Dec. 24, 1818, Salford, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 11, 1889, Sale, Cheshire English physicist. After studying under John Dalton, in 1840 he described "Joule's law," which stated that the heat produced in a wire by an electric current is proportional to the product of the resistance of the wire and the square of the current. In 1843 he published his value for the amount of work required to produce a unit of heat, called the mechanical equivalent of heat, and established that heat is a form of energy. He established that the various forms of energy are basically the same and can be changed from one into another, a discovery that formed the basis of the law of conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics. In his honour, the value of the mechanical equivalent of heat is usually represented by the letter J, and a standard unit of work is called the joule

James Joyce

an Irish writer of novels. Joyce greatly influenced the way English novels were written, with his use of unusual and invented words, and different styles of writing such as stream of consciousness (=expressing thoughts and feelings as they pass through the mind) . His most famous novels are Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake (1882-1941). born Feb. 2, 1882, Dublin, Ire. died Jan. 13, 1941, Zürich, Switz. Irish novelist. Educated at a Jesuit school (though he soon rejected Catholicism) and at University College, Dublin, he decided early to become a writer. In 1902 he moved to Paris, which would become his principal home after years spent in Trieste and Zürich. His life was difficult, marked by financial troubles, chronic eye diseases that occasionally left him totally blind, censorship problems, and his daughter Lucia's mental illness. The remarkable story collection The Dubliners (1914) and the autobiographical novel Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), his early prose volumes, were powerful examples of his gift for storytelling and his great intelligence. With financial help from friends and supporters, including Ezra Pound, Sylvia Beach (1887-1962), and Harriet Shaw Weaver (1876-1961), he spent seven years writing Ulysses (1922), the controversial masterpiece (initially banned in the U.S. and Britain) now widely regarded by many as the greatest English-language novel of the 20th century. It embodies a highly experimental use of language and exploration of such new literary methods as interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness narrative. He spent 17 years on his final work, the extraordinary Finnegans Wake (1939), famous for its complex and demanding linguistic virtuosity

James Joyce

{i} (1882-1941) Irish author best known for his novels "Ulysses" and "Dubliners

James K Polk

born Nov. 2, 1795, Mecklenburg county, N.C., U.S. died June 15, 1849, Nashville, Tenn. 11th president of the U.S. (1845-49). He was a friend and supporter of Andrew Jackson, who helped Polk win election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1825. He left the House in 1839 to become governor of Tennessee. At the deadlocked 1844 Democratic Party convention Polk was nominated as the compromise candidate; he is considered the first dark-horse presidential candidate. A proponent of western expansion, he openly laid claim to the whole territory that extended as far north as latitude 54° 40 with the slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight" (see Oregon Question). Elected at the age of 49, the youngest president to that time, he successfully concluded the Oregon border dispute with Britain (1846) and secured passage of the Walker Tariff Act (1846), which lowered import duties and helped foreign trade. He led the prosecution of the Mexican War, which resulted in large territorial gains but reopened debate over the extension of slavery. His administration also established the Department of the Interior, the U.S. Naval Academy, and the Smithsonian Institution; oversaw revision of the treasury system; and proclaimed the validity of the Monroe Doctrine. Though an efficient and competent president and deft in his handling of Congress, he was exhausted by his efforts and did not seek reelection; he died three months after leaving office

James Keir Hardie

born Aug. 15, 1856, Legbrannock, Lanark, Scot. died Sept. 26, 1915, Glasgow British labour leader. A coal miner, he led strikes and helped form unions, then worked as a journalist and founded two newspapers. Elected to Parliament in 1892, he helped organize the Independent Labour Party. In 1906 he became the first leader of the Labour Party in the House of Commons. A pacifist, he sought unsuccessfully to bind the Second International to declaring a general strike in all countries in the event of war. From 1903 he also acted as chief adviser to the militant suffragists headed by Emmeline Pankhurst

James Kent

born July 31, 1763, Fredericksburgh, Putnam county, N.Y. died Dec. 12, 1847, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. jurist who helped shape common law in the U.S. A lawyer at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., from 1785 and a New York state legislator from 1790, he taught law at Columbia University (1793-98, 1823-26) and later served as chief justice of the New York Supreme Court (1804-14) and chancellor of the Court of Chancery (1814-23), then the state's highest judicial office. As chancellor, he is said to have made U.S. equity jurisprudence effective for the first time. His Commentaries on American Law (1826-30) proved influential both in the U.S. and in England

James Knox Polk

the eleventh president of the US, from 1845 to 1849 (1795-1849). born Nov. 2, 1795, Mecklenburg county, N.C., U.S. died June 15, 1849, Nashville, Tenn. 11th president of the U.S. (1845-49). He was a friend and supporter of Andrew Jackson, who helped Polk win election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1825. He left the House in 1839 to become governor of Tennessee. At the deadlocked 1844 Democratic Party convention Polk was nominated as the compromise candidate; he is considered the first dark-horse presidential candidate. A proponent of western expansion, he openly laid claim to the whole territory that extended as far north as latitude 54° 40 with the slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight" (see Oregon Question). Elected at the age of 49, the youngest president to that time, he successfully concluded the Oregon border dispute with Britain (1846) and secured passage of the Walker Tariff Act (1846), which lowered import duties and helped foreign trade. He led the prosecution of the Mexican War, which resulted in large territorial gains but reopened debate over the extension of slavery. His administration also established the Department of the Interior, the U.S. Naval Academy, and the Smithsonian Institution; oversaw revision of the treasury system; and proclaimed the validity of the Monroe Doctrine. Though an efficient and competent president and deft in his handling of Congress, he was exhausted by his efforts and did not seek reelection; he died three months after leaving office

James Knox Polk

{i} (1795-1849) 11th president of the United States (1845-49)

James L. Brooks

born May 9, 1940, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S. U.S. screenwriter, director, and producer. He worked in television from 1964. He cocreated and produced the hit Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970-77) and several other TV programs and series, including The Tracey Ullman Show (1986-90) and The Simpsons (from 1989). As writer, producer, and director of the film Terms of Endearment (1983), he won three Academy Awards; he also wrote, directed, and produced Broadcast News (1987) and As Good As It Gets (1997)

James Lafayette Dickey

born Feb. 2, 1923, Atlanta, Ga., U.S. died Jan. 19, 1997, Columbia, S.C. U.S. poet, novelist, and critic. Dickey served as a pilot in World War II. His poetry published in such volumes as Into the Stone (1960), Drowning with Others (1962), Helmets (1964), Buckdancer's Choice (1965), and The Zodiac (1976) combines themes of nature mysticism, religion, and history. He became widely known with his powerful novel Deliverance (1970; film, 1972)

James Langston Hughes

(1902-1967) black American poet, author of many of the most famous books from the Harlem Renaissance period (including "The Weary Blues")

James Laughlin

born Oct. 30, 1914, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. died Nov. 12, 1997, Norfolk, Conn. U.S. publisher and poet. Born to a wealthy family, Laughlin founded New Directions press in 1936 after graduating from Harvard. He established the company initially to publish ignored yet influential writers, including William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound, a friend and major influence on his life and work. New Directions editions of such authors as Dylan Thomas, Tennessee Williams, and Hermann Hesse (one of the many foreign authors it published in translation) eventually made the house, despite its small size, one of the most distinguished literary publishers in the U.S. Its inexpensive pocket-sized volumes had distinctive black-and-white covers that made them recognizable in any bookstore

James Lawrence

born Oct. 1, 1781, Burlington, N.J., U.S. killed in action June 1, 1813, in a sea battle off Boston, Mass. U.S. naval officer. He served under Stephen Decatur in the Tripolitan War. In the War of 1812 he commanded the USS Hornet in the capture of the British Peacock. Shortly thereafter he was promoted to captain of the USS Chesapeake. In 1813 he accepted a challenge from the British Shannon to a sea fight off the coast of Boston. The Chesapeake was defeated in less than an hour, and Lawrence was mortally wounded. His last words, "Don't give up the ship," came to express one of the U.S. Navy's most cherished traditions

James Lawrence Levine

born June 23, 1943, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. U.S. conductor. He debuted as a pianist at age 10 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. At Juilliard he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne (1880-1976) and conducting with Jean Morel (1903-75). He was assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1964 to 1970. A guest appearance conducting Tosca (1971) led to his appointment as principal conductor (1973) and later music director (1975) and artistic director (1986) of the Metropolitan Opera. He built the flagging Met orchestra into a virtuoso ensemble and became recognized as one of the world's greatest conductors. He served as director of Chicago's Ravinia Festival from 1973 to 1993

James Levine

born June 23, 1943, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. U.S. conductor. He debuted as a pianist at age 10 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. At Juilliard he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne (1880-1976) and conducting with Jean Morel (1903-75). He was assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1964 to 1970. A guest appearance conducting Tosca (1971) led to his appointment as principal conductor (1973) and later music director (1975) and artistic director (1986) of the Metropolitan Opera. He built the flagging Met orchestra into a virtuoso ensemble and became recognized as one of the world's greatest conductors. He served as director of Chicago's Ravinia Festival from 1973 to 1993

James Lind

born 1716, Edinburgh, Scot. died July 13, 1794, Gosport, Hampshire, Eng. Scottish naval surgeon and physician. Having observed thousands of scurvy, typhus, and dysentery cases and the shipboard conditions that caused them, he published A Treatise on Scurvy in 1754, a time when scurvy killed more British sailors than combat. He recommended giving citrus fruits and juices (sources of vitamin C) to sailors on long voyages, a practice known to the Dutch for nearly two centuries. When the practice was fully instituted in 1795, scurvy disappeared from the ranks "as if by magic." Lind also suggested shipboard delousing and use of hospital ships, and he arranged for distillation of seawater for drinking

James Logan

orig. Tah-gah-jute born 1725, probably at Shamokin, Pa. died 1780, near Lake Erie American Indian leader. He was the son of the Oneida chief Shikellamy, who was a friend of the secretary of the Pennsylvania colony, James Logan (1674-1751). He moved to the Ohio River valley, where he became friendly with Indians and white settlers. After his family was massacred by a frontier trader in 1774, he led Indian raids on white settlements in Lord Dunmore's War. He refused to participate in peace negotiations, sending his grievances in a message known as "Logan's Lament." He was allied with the British in the American Revolution

James Longstreet

born , Jan. 8, 1821, Edgefield District, S.C., U.S. died Jan. 2, 1904, Gainesville, Ga. U.S. army officer. He graduated from West Point but resigned from the U.S. Army when South Carolina seceded. Appointed brigadier general in the Confederate army, he fought in the battles of Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. He was second in command to Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, where his delay in attacking contributed to the Confederate defeat. He later directed the Confederate attack at Chickamauga. He was badly wounded in the Battle of the Wilderness but later resumed his command. He surrendered with Lee at Appomattox Court House. He later served as U.S. minister to Turkey (1880-81) and commissioner of Pacific railways (1898-1904)

James M Cox

born March 31, 1870, Jacksonburg, Ohio, U.S. died July 15, 1957, Dayton, Ohio U.S. politician. He worked as a reporter in Cincinnati before buying the Dayton News (1898) and Springfield Daily News (1903). A supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1909-13) and then was elected governor of Ohio (1913-15, 1917-21), where he introduced workers' compensation and the minimum wage. He won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1920 but was defeated by Warren G. Harding in a Republican landslide

James Madison

the President of the US from 1809 to 1817. He is sometimes called the "Father of the Constitution" because of his work at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He also helped to write the Bill of Rights. He started the War of 1812 against Great Britain, and it was called "Mr Madison's War" (1751-1836). born March 16, 1751, Port Conway, Va. died June 28, 1836, Montpelier, Va., U.S. Fourth president of the U.S. (1809-17). After graduating from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), he served in the Virginia state legislature (1776-80, 1784-86). At the Constitutional Convention (1787), his Virginia, or large-state, Plan furnished the Constitution's basic framework and guiding principles, earning him the title "father of the Constitution." To promote its ratification, he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay on the Federalist papers, a series of articles on the Constitution and republican government published in newspapers in 1787-88 (Madison wrote 29 of the 85 articles). In the U.S. House of Representatives (1789-97), he sponsored the Bill of Rights. He split with Hamilton over the existence of an implied congressional power to create a national bank; Madison denied such a power, though later, as president, he requested a national bank from Congress. In protest of the Alien and Sedition Acts, he drafted one of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798 (Thomas Jefferson drafted the other). From 1801 to 1809 he was Jefferson's secretary of state. Elected president in 1808, he immediately faced the problem of British interference with neutral U.S. merchant vessels, which Jefferson's Embargo Act (1807) had failed to discourage. Believing that Britain was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, Madison proclaimed nonintercourse with Britain in 1810 and signed a declaration of war in 1812. During the ensuing War of 1812 (1812-14), Madison and his family were forced to flee Washington, D.C., as advancing British troops burned the executive mansion and other public buildings. During Madison's second term (1813-17) the second Bank of the United States was chartered and the first U.S. protective tariff was imposed. He retired to his Virginia estate, Montpelier, with his wife, Dolley (1768-1849), whose political acumen he had long prized. He participated in Jefferson's creation of the University of Virginia, later serving as its rector (1826-36), and produced numerous articles and letters on political topics

James Madison

(1751-1836) American statesman, participant in the Constitutional Convention (1787), 4th president of the United States (1809-1817)

James Madison University

public university located in Harrisonburg (Virginia, USA)

James Maitland Stewart

born May 20, 1908, Indiana, Pa., U.S. died July 2, 1997, Beverly Hills, Calif. U.S. film actor. He made his film debut in 1935, but at first, Stewart's slow, halting line delivery (perhaps his most readily identifiable trademark) and angular features made him difficult to cast. His engaging manner, however, led to quick acceptance by the movie-going public, and he played endearingly simple and idealistic characters in Frank Capra's You Can't Take It with You (1938) and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). He won an Academy Award for best actor for his performance in The Philadelphia Story (1940). After serving as a bomber pilot in World War II, he starred in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), which became a Christmas classic. He was known for his portrayals of diffident but morally resolute characters. His many movies include Destry Rides Again (1939), The Glenn Miller Story (1954), The Man from Laramie (1955), Anatomy of a Murder (1959), and Alfred Hitchcock's Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1955), and Vertigo (1958)

James Marshall

(1815-85) American pioneer who discovered gold in California thereby starting the gold rush

James Mason

born May 15, 1909, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, Eng. died July 27, 1984, Lausanne, Switz. British film actor. After studying architecture at the University of Cambridge, he made his screen debut in Late Extra (1935) and soon became a star in British films such as The Man in Grey (1943), The Seventh Veil (1945), and Odd Man Out (1947). He moved to Hollywood in the late 1940s but continued to make films in Britain as well. Noted for his urbane characterizations of flawed individuals, he appeared in more than 100 movies, including Madame Bovary (1949), A Star Is Born (1954), North by Northwest (1959), Lolita (1962), Georgy Girl (1966), The Boys from Brazil (1978), and The Verdict (1982)

James Mason

(1909-1984) British film and stage actor who acted in "Lolita" and "Odd Man Out

James Maxwell Anderson

born Dec. 15, 1888, Atlantic, Pa., U.S. died Feb. 28, 1959, Stamford, Conn. U.S. playwright. He worked as a journalist before cowriting his first successful play, What Price Glory? (1924), which was followed by Saturday's Children (1927). His verse dramas Elizabeth the Queen (1930) and Mary of Scotland (1933) were later adapted for film. He returned to prose for the satire Both Your Houses (1933, Pulitzer Prize) and the tragedy Winterset (1935), then turned to verse again for High Tor (1936), a romantic comedy. He collaborated with Kurt Weill on the musicals Knickerbocker Holiday (1938) and Lost in the Stars (1949). His last play, The Bad Seed (1954), became a successful film

James McKeen Cattell

born May 25, 1860, Easton, Pa., U.S. died Jan. 20, 1944, Lancaster, Pa. U.S. psychologist. He studied with Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig and later assisted Francis Galton in London. Teaching at the University of Pennsylvania (1888-91) and Columbia University (1891-1917), where Edward L. Thorndike was his student, he oriented U.S. psychology toward use of objective experimental methods, mental testing, and applied psychology. Much of his career was devoted to editing and publishing scientific periodicals; he was a founder of Psychological Review (1894), edited Science for 50 years (from 1894), and founded the directory American Men of Science (1906)

James McNeill Whistler

a US artist most famous for the picture known as 'Whistler's Mother' (1834-1903). born July 14, 1834, Lowell, Mass., U.S. died July 17, 1903, London, Eng. U.S.-born British painter, etcher, and lithographer. He attended West Point but soon abandoned the army for art. In 1855 he arrived in Paris to study painting and adopted a bohemian lifestyle. In 1863 he moved to London, where he had considerable success, becoming widely famous for his wit and large public presence. During the 1860s and '70s he began to use musical terms in the titles of his paintings, such as Symphony and Harmony, reflecting his belief in the "correspondences" between the arts. During this period he started to paint his "nocturnes" scenes of London, especially of Chelsea, that have poetic intensity. For them he evolved a special technique by which paint, in a very liquid state he called a sauce, was stroked onto the canvas in fast sweeps of the brush, somewhat in the manner of Japanese calligraphy (he was an outspoken advocate of Japanese arts). From the 1870s onward he was preoccupied by the problems of portrait painting, creating a number of masterpieces, including Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother (1871-72), known as Whistler's Mother. These paintings underline his aestheticism, his liking for simple forms and muted tones, and his dependence on the 17th-century Spanish painter Diego Velázquez. In 1877 he brought a libel suit against John Ruskin for attacking his Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (1875); he won his case but received damages of only a farthing, and the costs of the suit temporarily bankrupted him. Considered one of the leading painters of his day, after his death his reputation declined. Only in the later 20th century did Whistler begin to receive serious acclaim once again

James Mercer Langston Hughes

born Feb. 1, 1902, Joplin, Mo., U.S. died May 22, 1967, New York, N.Y. U.S. poet and writer. He published the poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" when he was 19, briefly attended Columbia University, and worked on an Africa-bound freighter. His literary career was launched when Hughes, working as a busboy, presented his poems to Vachel Lindsay as he dined. Hughes's poetry collections include The Weary Blues (1926) and Montage of a Dream Deferred (1951). His later The Panther and the Lash (1967) reflects black anger and militancy. Among his other works are short stories (including "The Ways of White Folks," 1934), autobiographies, many works for the stage, anthologies, and translations of poetry by Federico García Lorca and Gabriela Mistral. His well-known comic character Jesse B. Semple, called Simple, appeared in his newspaper columns

James Meredith

born June 25, 1933, Kosciusko, Miss., U.S. U.S. civil rights leader. He grew up in poverty in Mississippi, the most racially segregated state in the U.S. In 1961 he applied for admission to the all-white University of Mississippi. He won a legal battle to be admitted, but federal troops and Justice Department officials had to be brought in to enforce the court order. While participating in a voter-registration drive after his graduation from "Ole Miss," he was shot and wounded by a white supremacist

James Merrill

born March 3, 1926, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Feb. 6, 1995, Tucson, Ariz. U.S. poet. Son of a founder of the investment firm Merrill Lynch, he attended Amherst College. Inherited wealth enabled him to devote his life to poetry. His lyric and epic poems are known for their fine craftsmanship, erudition, and wit. Many of his later works were stimulated by sessions with a Ouija board. His collections include Nights and Days (1966), the trilogy of Divine Comedies (1976, Pulitzer Prize), Mirabell: Books of Number (1978), and Scripts for the Pageant (1980), published together in The Changing Light at Sandover (1982). A Different Person, his memoir, was published in 1993. His last book of poetry, A Scattering of Salts, was published posthumously in 1995

James Meschter Anders

{i} (1854-1936) U.S. doctor (namesake for Anders' disease)

James Michael Curley

born Nov. 20, 1874, Boston, Mass., U.S. died Nov. 12, 1958, Boston U.S. politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1911-14). As Boston's mayor (1914-18, 1922-26, 1930-34, 1947-50), he dominated the city's politics for 50 years. He owed much of his success to serving the needs of Irish immigrants in exchange for votes. He centralized the powers of patronage in his own hands and distributed public works jobs so as to retain the loyalty and support of his working-class electoral base. As mayor, he brought the city close to bankruptcy by spending enormous sums on parks and hospitals to satisfy his various constituencies. Unable to win a seat in the Massachusetts delegation to the 1932 Democratic convention, Curley contrived by means he never explained to be elected a delegate from Puerto Rico. As governor of Massachusetts (1935-37), he spent New Deal funds lavishly on roads, bridges, and other public works programs. He won a seat in the House of Representatives in 1942 and was reelected two years later. His last mayoral term included five months in prison following a conviction for mail fraud; Pres. Harry Truman secured his release and later granted him a full pardon. His colourful career inspired Edwin O'Connor's novel The Last Hurrah (1956). His autobiography, I'd Do It Again, was published in 1957

James Middleton Cox

born March 31, 1870, Jacksonburg, Ohio, U.S. died July 15, 1957, Dayton, Ohio U.S. politician. He worked as a reporter in Cincinnati before buying the Dayton News (1898) and Springfield Daily News (1903). A supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1909-13) and then was elected governor of Ohio (1913-15, 1917-21), where he introduced workers' compensation and the minimum wage. He won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1920 but was defeated by Warren G. Harding in a Republican landslide

James Mill

born April 6, 1773, Northwater Bridge, Forfarshire, Scot. died June 23, 1836, London, Eng. Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist. After studying at the University of Edinburgh and teaching, he went to London in 1802, where he met Jeremy Bentham and became a major promulgator of Bentham's utilitarianism. He wrote for several journals, including the Edinburgh Review (1808-13), and contributed articles on government and education to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He helped found London University in 1825. After completing his History of British India (3 vol., 1817), he was appointed an official in India House (1819) and later became head of the examiner's office (1830). His criticism of British rule led to changes in the government of India. His Elements of Political Economy (1821) summarized the views of David Ricardo, and his Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (1829) associated psychology with utilitarianism, a doctrine continued by his son, John Stuart Mill. Mill is considered the founder of philosophical radicalism

James Monroe

the President of the US from 1817 to 1825. He is famous especially for the speech he made to the US Congress in 1823, called the Monroe Doctrine (1758-1831). born April 28, 1758, Westmoreland county, Va. died July 4, 1831, New York, N.Y., U.S. Fifth president of the U.S. (1817-25). After serving in the American Revolution, he studied law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia. From 1783 to 1786 he served in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he opposed the adminstration of George Washington. He nevertheless became Washington's minister to France in 1794, though he was recalled two years later for misleading the French about U.S. politics. From 1799 to 1802 he served as governor of Virginia. In 1803 Pres. Jefferson sent him to France to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase; he was then appointed minister to Britain (1803-07). He returned to Virginia and was again elected governor in 1810, though he resigned the office after 11 months to serve as U.S. secretary of state (1811-17) and secretary of war (1814-15). He served two terms as president, presiding in a period that became known as the Era of Good Feelings. He oversaw the Seminole War of 1817-18 and the acquisition of the Floridas (1819-21), and he signed the Missouri Compromise (1820). With Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, he developed the principles of U.S. foreign policy later called the Monroe Doctrine

James Murray Kempton

born Dec. 16, 1917, Baltimore, Md., U.S. died May 5, 1997, New York, N.Y. U.S. journalist. Educated at Johns Hopkins University, he was a reporter and then columnist with the New York Post from the 1940s. His political and social commentaries, noted for their uniquely rich and elegant style, moral insight, and sense of fair play, touched on many subjects, especially current affairs. Excepting two periods when he left the Post, he continued there until 1981; thereafter he wrote for Newsday, winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1985. His books include Part of Our Time (1955), on 1930s radical movements in the U.S.; and The Briar Patch (1973, National Book Award), on New York's prosecution of the Black Panthers

James Murray Mason

born Nov. 3, 1798, Fairfax county, Va., U.S. died April 28, 1871, Alexandria, Va. U.S. politician. A grandson of George Mason, he practiced law in his native Virginia from 1820. He served in the state legislature (1826, 1828-32), the U.S. House of Representatives (1837-39), and the U.S. Senate (1847-61). An advocate of secession, he resigned his Senate seat in 1861. Appointed Confederate commissioner to England, he was captured at sea with John Slidell aboard the Trent and imprisoned for two months (see Trent Affair). Released in 1862, he remained in England until 1865 but was unable to win support for the Confederate cause

James Nasmyth

born Aug. 19, 1808, Edinburgh, Scot. died May 7, 1890, London, Eng. Scottish engineer. Son of the artist Alexander Nasmyth (1758-1840), he is known mainly for his invention of the steam hammer (1839), an important metallurgical tool of the Industrial Revolution. He also devised tools such as a planing machine, a steam pile driver, and a hydraulic punching machine, and he manufactured more than 100 steam locomotives. He retired at 48 to devote himself to his hobby, astronomy

James Newman

{i} (born 1956) United States astronaut (crew member on the space shuttle Endeavor)

James Oglethorpe

born Dec. 22, 1696, London, Eng. died June 30/July 1, 1785, Cranham Hall, Essex, Eng. English army officer. After serving in the British army from 1712 to 1722, he entered Parliament, where he became interested in prison reform. In 1732 he secured a charter for a colony in what became Georgia, where debtors could start a new life and persecuted Protestants could practice freely. He accompanied the first settlers to found Savannah (1733) and led the defense of the territory against attacks by Spain (1739, 1742). He returned to England in 1743

James Otis

born Feb. 5, 1725, West Barnstable, Mass. died May 23, 1783, Andover, Mass., U.S. American Revolutionary statesman. He argued before the colonial court against the British-imposed writs of assistance (1761), reportedly stating "Taxation without representation is tyranny." He served in the provincial legislature (1761-69) and was a leading opponent, along with Samuel Adams, of the Stamp Act. He wrote political pamphlets upholding the colonists' cause, including The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764). Struck on the head in a scuffle with a British official in 1769, he later became mentally unbalanced

James P Johnson

born Feb. 1, 1894, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S. died Nov. 17, 1955, New York, N.Y. U.S. pianist and composer, a chief figure in the transition of ragtime to jazz. Johnson was performing in saloons and at parties in New York City's African American community while still in his teens. He created the stride piano technique, a development of ragtime that used two-beat left-hand rhythms to accompany wide-ranging right-hand lines, in pieces such as "Carolina Shout" and "Harlem Strut." He composed and orchestrated music for stage revues, including Keep Shufflin' (1928) with his student Fats Waller. His songs include "The Charleston" (largely responsible for the 1920s dance craze) and "Old Fashioned Love"; his large-scale works include the Harlem Symphony (1932)

James Prescott Joule

born Dec. 24, 1818, Salford, Lancashire, Eng. died Oct. 11, 1889, Sale, Cheshire English physicist. After studying under John Dalton, in 1840 he described "Joule's law," which stated that the heat produced in a wire by an electric current is proportional to the product of the resistance of the wire and the square of the current. In 1843 he published his value for the amount of work required to produce a unit of heat, called the mechanical equivalent of heat, and established that heat is a form of energy. He established that the various forms of energy are basically the same and can be changed from one into another, a discovery that formed the basis of the law of conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics. In his honour, the value of the mechanical equivalent of heat is usually represented by the letter J, and a standard unit of work is called the joule

James Price Johnson

born Feb. 1, 1894, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S. died Nov. 17, 1955, New York, N.Y. U.S. pianist and composer, a chief figure in the transition of ragtime to jazz. Johnson was performing in saloons and at parties in New York City's African American community while still in his teens. He created the stride piano technique, a development of ragtime that used two-beat left-hand rhythms to accompany wide-ranging right-hand lines, in pieces such as "Carolina Shout" and "Harlem Strut." He composed and orchestrated music for stage revues, including Keep Shufflin' (1928) with his student Fats Waller. His songs include "The Charleston" (largely responsible for the 1920s dance craze) and "Old Fashioned Love"; his large-scale works include the Harlem Symphony (1932)

James Ramsay MacDonald

born Oct. 12, 1866, Lossiemouth, Moray, Scot. died Nov. 9, 1937, at sea en route to South America British politician, first Labour Party prime minister of Britain (1924, 1929-31, 1931-35). He joined the precursor of the Labour Party in 1894 and was its secretary from 1900 to 1911. He was a member of the House of Commons (1906-18), where he served as leader of the Labour Party (1911-14), before he was forced to resign after opposing Britain's participation in World War I. Reelected to Parliament in 1922, he led the Labour opposition. He became prime minister in 1924 with Liberal Party support, but he was forced to resign later that year when Conservatives regained a majority. In 1929 Labour won a majority and he returned as prime minister. In 1931 he offered his resignation during the Great Depression but decided instead to remain in office as head of a national coalition until 1935, when Stanley Baldwin became prime minister. MacDonald remained in the government as lord president of the council until 1937

James Reston

born Nov. 3, 1909, Clydebank, Dumbartonshire, Scot. died Dec. 6, 1995, Washington, D.C., U.S. Scottish-born U.S. columnist and editor. His family moved to the U.S. when he was 10 years old. He was a sportswriter before joining The New York Times in 1939, where he worked as a reporter, a nationally syndicated columnist, Washington bureau chief (1953-64), executive editor (1968-69), and vice president (1969-74) before retiring in 1989. One of the most influential U.S. journalists, he had unrivaled personal access to U.S. presidents and world leaders and was often the first to break major stories. He won two Pulitzer Prizes (1945, 1957), helped create the first Op-Ed page (1970; a forum for columnists' opinion pieces), and recruited and trained many talented young journalists

James River

or Dakota River River in the U.S. rising in central North Dakota and flowing southeast across South Dakota. It joins the Missouri River about 5 mi (8 km) below Yankton after a course of 710 mi (1,140 km). Major cities along the river include Jamestown, N.D., and Huron, S.D. River, Virginia, U.S. Formed by the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers, it flows east across the Blue Ridge and past Richmond, then southeast to enter Chesapeake Bay through Hampton Roads after a course of 340 mi (550 km). The historic settlement of Jamestown lies on its lower course

James Rosenquist

born Nov. 29, 1933, Grand Forks, N.D., U.S. U.S. painter. His youthful employment as a billboard painter influenced the enlarged imagery and cool, impersonal style of painting that he developed by the early 1960s. In a typical painting, he juxtaposed imagery from pop culture, advertising, and other mass media using bright colours and a large canvas. This interest in popular culture has led many to define him as a precursor to Pop art. He has also created large works combining lithography, screenprinting, etching, and collage

James Russell Lowell

born Feb. 22, 1819, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 12, 1891, Cambridge U.S. poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He received a law degree from Harvard but chose not to practice. In the 1840s he wrote extensively against slavery, including the Biglow Papers (1848), satirical verses in Yankee dialect. His other most important works are The Vision of Sir Launfal (1848), a long poem on the brotherhood of mankind; and A Fable for Critics (1848), a witty evaluation of contemporary authors. After his wife's death in 1853, he wrote mainly essays on literature, history, and politics. A highly influential man of letters in his day, he taught at Harvard, edited The Atlantic Monthly and The North American Review, and served as minister to Spain and ambassador to Britain

James Scott duke of Monmouth

orig. James Fitzroy or James Crofts born April 9, 1649, Rotterdam, Neth. died July 15, 1685, London, Eng. British military leader. The illegitimate son of Charles II of England, he lived in Paris with his mother. In 1662 he was brought to England as a favourite of the king, who created him duke of Monmouth. He married the Scottish heiress Anne Scott, duchess of Buccleuch, and took her surname. A member of the king's guard from 1668, he commanded troops in the Anglo-Dutch War and against Scottish rebels in 1679. He was championed for the royal succession by the anti-Catholic Whigs, but after the unsuccessful Rye House Plot he took refuge in the Netherlands (1684). Returning after Charles's death to challenge James II, he and his army of peasants were defeated, and he was captured and beheaded

James Sidney Baron Ensor

born April 13, 1860, Ostend, Belg. died Nov. 19, 1949, Ostend Belgian painter and printmaker. Trained in Brussels, he spent most of his life in his native Ostend. In 1883 he joined a group known as Les Vingt ("The Twenty") and began depicting skeletons, phantoms, masks, and other images of grotesque fantasy as social commentary. His work from this period has often been described as Symbolist. His Entry of Christ into Brussels (1888), painted in smeared, garish colours, provoked outrage. Continuing negative criticism plunged him ever deeper into cynicism until he finally became a recluse. The exhibition of Entry of Christ in 1929 led to his being ennobled by King Albert of Belgium. He was one of the formative influences on Expressionism

James Springer and Ellen Gould White

A visionary, Ellen had more than 2,000 visions before she died; these helped guide the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, which was formed in 1863. They preached together until James's death. Ellen continued, speaking on many subjects, notably temperance, and was regarded by some as a prophet. Of her many books, the best known is Steps to Christ

James Springer and Ellen Gould White

orig. Ellen Gould Harmon born April 8, 1821, Palmyra, Me., U.S. died June 8, 1881, Battle Creek, Mich. born Nov. 26, 1827, Gorham, Me. died July 16, 1915, St. Helena, Cal. Cofounders of the Seventh-Day Adventists. James was a schoolteacher and then a minister who accepted the Adventist views of William Miller (1782-1849). He married Ellen Harmon in 1846; she had become a Millerite in 1840, at

James Stanhope 1st Earl Stanhope

born 1673, Paris, France died Feb. 5, 1721, London, Eng. English soldier and statesman. He began a military career in 1691 and rose rapidly to become commander in chief of the English army in Spain in 1708 in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was defeated and captured by the French (1710), then returned to England (1712) and regained his seat in the House of Commons (1701-21). He served in the Whig government as secretary of state and negotiated the Quadruple Alliance against Spain (1718). Stanhope served as first lord of the treasury (1717-18), but his ministry was discredited by the South Sea Bubble scandal

James Stewart

{i} (1908-1997) U.S. movie actor known as "Jimmy" Stewart

James Stewart

a very popular US film actor, who had a soft, slow way of speaking and was known for often playing very ordinary, honest characters. His many films include Mr Smith goes to Washington (1939) and It's a Wonderful Life (1946), and he also acted in several films by the director Alfred Hitchcock, including Rear Window (1908-97). born May 20, 1908, Indiana, Pa., U.S. died July 2, 1997, Beverly Hills, Calif. U.S. film actor. He made his film debut in 1935, but at first, Stewart's slow, halting line delivery (perhaps his most readily identifiable trademark) and angular features made him difficult to cast. His engaging manner, however, led to quick acceptance by the movie-going public, and he played endearingly simple and idealistic characters in Frank Capra's You Can't Take It with You (1938) and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). He won an Academy Award for best actor for his performance in The Philadelphia Story (1940). After serving as a bomber pilot in World War II, he starred in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), which became a Christmas classic. He was known for his portrayals of diffident but morally resolute characters. His many movies include Destry Rides Again (1939), The Glenn Miller Story (1954), The Man from Laramie (1955), Anatomy of a Murder (1959), and Alfred Hitchcock's Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1955), and Vertigo (1958)

James Stillman

born June 9, 1850, Brownsville, Texas, U.S. died March 15, 1918, New York, N.Y. U.S. financier and banker. He began his career in a New York mercantile house. He became president of the National City Bank (see Citigroup) in 1891, shortly after the Rockefeller family obtained a controlling interest in the bank. Under his leadership the bank prospered during the panic of 1893, more than doubling its deposits and becoming the leading U.S. bank. In 1897 it was the only bank capable of financing the reorganization of the Union Pacific Railroad. At his death he left a huge personal fortune

James Strom Thurmond

born Dec. 5, 1902, Edgefield, S.C., U.S. died June 26, 2003, Edgefield U.S. politician and senator (1954-2003). He served as a South Carolina state senator (1933-38) and circuit court judge (1938-41). As governor (1947-51), he expanded the state educational system. At the 1948 Democratic convention Thurmond led the bolt of Southern delegates who objected to the civil-rights plank in the party platform; the so-called Dixiecrats nominated Thurmond as their presidential candidate, and he won 39 electoral votes. In 1954 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and in 1964 he switched party affiliation to the Republican Party. He became the Senate's longest-serving member in 1997. An arch conservative, he advocated states' rights, opposed civil-rights legislation, and supported increases in military spending

James Sumner

born Nov. 19, 1887, Canton, Mass., U.S. died Aug. 12, 1955, Buffalo, N.Y. U.S. biochemist. He taught at Cornell University (1929-55). In 1926 he became the first researcher to crystallize an enzyme (urease); he later crystallized catalase and worked on purification of various other enzymes, which led to recognition that most enzymes are proteins. This work earned him (with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley) a 1946 Nobel Prize. In 1947 he became director of Cornell's laboratory of enzyme chemistry, established in recognition of his work

James T Farrell

Of the 25 novels he published, The Face of Time (1953) is among the best. He also produced 17 short-story collections

James T Farrell

born Feb. 27, 1904, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Aug. 22, 1979, New York, N.Y. U.S. novelist and short-story writer. A native of Chicago and a graduate of the University of Chicago, he is known for his realistic portraits of the city's lower-middle-class Irish population, drawn from his own experiences. His well-known Studs Lonigan trilogy Young Lonigan (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgment Day (1935) traces the self-destruction of a spiritually crippled young man. He later planned a cycle of 25 novels, of which he completed

James T Rapier

born Nov. 13, 1837, Florence, Ala., U.S. died May 31, 1883, Montgomery, Ala. U.S. politician. The son of a slave and a wealthy planter, he was educated in Canada and Scotland. After the American Civil War he returned to Alabama, where he became a successful cotton planter and a delegate to the state's first Republican convention. Serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1873-75) during Reconstruction, he worked for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. He was later collector of internal revenue in Alabama's second district, and he remained active as a labour organizer and publisher of the Montgomery Sentinel

James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of Cardigan

born Oct. 16, 1797, Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, Eng. died March 27/28, 1868, Deene Park, Northamptonshire British general. After entering the army (1824), he purchased promotions to become a lieutenant colonel (1832) and gained a reputation as a martinet. He spent his inherited wealth to make his regiment the best-dressed in the service (introducing the later-named cardigan jacket). At the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853), he was appointed commander of the Light Brigade of British cavalry, which he led in the ill-fated charge at the Battle of Balaklava. Despite the disaster, Cardigan was lionized on his return to England and appointed inspector general of cavalry

التركية - الإنجليزية

تعريف james في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

Londra'da st. james's semti

Clubland

ıngiltere kralı 1. james dönemine ait

Jacobean

ıngiltere kralı 2. james yanlısı

Jacobite

الواصلة

James

التركية النطق

ceymz

النطق

/ˈʤāmz/ /ˈʤeɪmz/

علم أصول الكلمات

[ 'jAmz ] (noun.) The English New Testament form of Jacob, from Old French James, from Late Latin Iacomus, dialect variant of Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iacōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iacōb), from Classical Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ).

فيديوهات

... Well, around the time of the American Civil War, a mathematical physicist, James Clerk ...

... work.  James Clerk Maxwell was a theoretical physicist, just like myself.  He wrote down ...