Cities in Alabama, California, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Australia, Bermuda, Ontario, New Zealand and Scotland
American toxicologist and physician known for her research on occupational poisons and her book Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925). German-born American classicist noted for her engaging studies of ancient life, particularly The Greek Way (1930). British socialite. She became Horatio Nelson's lover in 1798. A peak, 1,285 m (4,213 ft) high, of western California east of San Jose. It is the site of Lick Observatory, built in 1876 to 1888 and directed by the University of California. the capital city and main port of Bermuda, on Bermuda Island. City (pop., 1995 est.: 1,100), capital of Bermuda. It lies on Great Bermuda island in the western Atlantic, along the shore of a deepwater harbour. Founded in 1790, it succeeded St. George as capital in 1815. To encourage business and employment, it was made a free port in 1956. Tourism is the economic mainstay; cruise ships dock along the main street. City (pop., 2001: city, 490,268; metro. area, 662,401), southeastern Ontario, Canada. Located on Hamilton Harbour at the western end of Lake Ontario, it was settled by British loyalists fleeing the American Revolution. The opening of the Burlington Canal (1830), linking the harbour to Lake Ontario, led to the city's development as an important port and rail centre. It is now one of Canada's leading industrial centres and a financial hub and the site of McMaster University. The centre of an extensive fruit-growing district, it is the site of one of Canada's largest open-air markets. Aberdeen George Hamilton Gordon 4th earl of Cartland Dame Mary Barbara Hamilton Fish Hamilton Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Edith Hamilton Emma Lady Houston Charles Hamilton Smith Hamilton Othanel Stephens Alexander Hamilton
Cities in Alabama, California, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Australia, Bermuda, Canada, New Zealand and Scotland
United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)
the capital of Bermuda a port city in southeastern Ontario at the western end of Lake Ontario United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804) United States toxicologist known for her work on industrial poisons (1869-1970) English beauty who was the mistress of Admiral Nelson (1765-1815) Irish mathematician (1806-1865)
born Aug. 3, 1808, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Sept. 6, 1893, New York City U.S. secretary of state (1869-77). He served New York state as lieutenant governor (1847-48), governor (1849-50), and U.S. senator (1851-57). As secretary of state in the administration of Pres. Ulysses S. Grant, he helped draft the Treaty of Washington (1871), which provided for international arbitration of the dispute with Britain over the Alabama claims; he also obtained an agreement with Spain regarding its seizure of the U.S. ship Virginius. As a respected member of Grant's cabinet, he worked to counter graft, improper appointments, and violations of the civil liberties of African Americans
born Aug. 23, 1931, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. microbiologist. He received his M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. While studying the mechanism whereby the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae takes up DNA from a particular bacteriophage, Smith, Werner Arber, and Daniel Nathans discovered the first of what came to be called type II restriction enzymes. Whereas previously studied restriction enzymes cut DNA at unpredictable points, the type II enzymes' predictability allowed the scientists to cut DNA at a particular point. The enzymes have become valuable tools in the study of DNA structure and in recombinant DNA technology. The three shared a 1978 Nobel Prize
born Aug. 23, 1931, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. microbiologist. He received his M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. While studying the mechanism whereby the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae takes up DNA from a particular bacteriophage, Smith, Werner Arber, and Daniel Nathans discovered the first of what came to be called type II restriction enzymes. Whereas previously studied restriction enzymes cut DNA at unpredictable points, the type II enzymes' predictability allowed the scientists to cut DNA at a particular point. The enzymes have become valuable tools in the study of DNA structure and in recombinant DNA technology. The three shared a 1978 Nobel Prize
a US politician who helped to write the Constitution of the United States and was the first US Secretary of the Treasury from 1789 to 1795. Alexander Hamilton's picture is printed on the US ten-dollar bill (?1755-1804). born Jan. 11, 1755/57, Nevis, British West Indies died July 12, 1804, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. statesman. He first came to the U.S. in 1772, arriving in New Jersey. In the American Revolution he joined the Continental Army and showed conspicuous bravery at the Battle of Trenton (see Battles of Trenton and Princeton). He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. George Washington (1777-81); fluent in French, he became a liaison with French commanders. After the war he practiced law in New York. At the Continental Congress, he argued for a strong central government. As a delegate to the Annapolis Convention in 1786, he drafted the address that led to the Constitutional Convention. With James Madison and John Jay, he wrote an influential series of essays, later known as the Federalist papers, in defense of the new Constitution and republican government. Appointed the first secretary of the treasury (1789), Hamilton developed fiscal policies designed to strengthen the national government at the expense of the states. His proposal for a Bank of the United States was opposed by Thomas Jefferson but adopted by Congress in 1791. Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson over the powers of the national government and the country's foreign policy led to the rise of political parties; Hamilton became leader of the Federalist Party, and Madison and Jefferson created the Democratic-Republican Party. Hamilton favoured friendship with Britain and influenced Washington to take a neutral stand toward the French Revolution. In 1796 he caused a rift in the Federalist Party by opposing its nomination of John Adams for president. In 1800 he tried to prevent Adams's reelection, circulating a private attack that Aaron Burr, long at odds with Hamilton, obtained and published. When Jefferson and Burr both defeated Adams but received an equal number of electoral votes, Hamilton helped persuade the Federalists in the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson. In 1804 he opposed Burr's candidacy for governor of New York. This affront, coupled with alleged remarks questioning Burr's character, led Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was mortally wounded
born Feb. 11, 1812, Wilkes county, Ga., U.S. died March 4, 1883, Atlanta, Ga. U.S. politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1843-59), where he defended slavery but opposed dissolution of the Union. When Georgia seceded, he was elected vice president of the Confederacy. He supported constitutional government, opposed attempts by Jefferson Davis to infringe on individuals' rights, and advocated a program of prisoner exchanges. He led the delegation to the Hampton Roads Conference (1865). After the war he was held in Boston for five months. He served again in the House (1873-82) and as governor of Georgia (1882-83)
born Sept. 3, 1895, Washington, D.C., U.S. died April 22, 1950, Washington, D.C. U.S. lawyer and educator. He graduated from Amherst College and taught for two years at Howard University before serving as an officer in World War I. At Harvard Law School he became the first African American editor of the Harvard Law Review. Houston practiced law with his father (1924-50), also serving as special counsel to the NAACP (1935-40). Before the U.S. Supreme Court, in State ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1939), he successfully challenged racial segregation in public schools in areas where no "separate but equal" facilities existed; the decision was a forerunner of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). He was a teacher and mentor of Thurgood Marshall
born July 9, 1901, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Eng. died May 21, 2000, Hatfield, Hertfordshire English author. Her first novel, Jigsaw (1925), was a popular success. She wrote two more novels and a play during the 1920s; thereafter her output grew steadily, and by the 1970s she was averaging 23 books a year, all of which she dictated. Her approximately 600 books, mostly formulaic romance novels, have sold more than 600 million copies. Cartland's nonfiction includes autobiographies and books on health food, vitamins, and beauty. She was the step-grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales
born Aug. 12, 1867, Dresden, Saxony died May 31, 1963, Washington, D.C., U.S. U.S. scholar and educator. Born in Germany of American parents, Hamilton grew up in Fort Wayne, Ind., U.S. She graduated from Bryn Mawr College and at age 29 headed its preparatory school. Ultimately preferring classical studies to school administration, she retired in 1922 to write such historical works as The Greek Way (1930) and The Roman Way (1932). Her Mythology (1943) was studied by millions as a textbook
orig. Amy Lyon born 1761, Great Neston, Cheshire, Eng. died Jan. 15, 1815, Calais, France English social figure, mistress of Horatio Nelson. In 1786 she became the mistress, and in 1791 the wife, of Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803), British envoy to Naples. A beautiful woman whose portrait was frequently painted by George Romney, she was a favourite in Neapolitan society. She became Nelson's mistress in 1798 and gave birth to their daughter, Horatia, in 1801, then lived with Nelson after her husband's death (1803). She later squandered the money both men left her, was imprisoned for debt (1813-14), and died in poverty
born Jan. 28, 1784, Edinburgh, Scot. died Dec. 14, 1860, London, Eng. British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852-55). As special ambassador to Austria in 1813, he helped form the coalition that defeated Napoleon. As foreign secretary (1828-30, 1841-46), he settled boundary disputes between Canada and the U.S. with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the Oregon Treaty (see Oregon Question). As prime minister, he formed a coalition government, but his indecision hampered peacekeeping efforts and led to Britain's involvement in the Crimean War. Constitutionally responsible for the mistakes of British generals in the war, he resigned in 1855