The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency
A way of saying that two things are treated the same according to a definition of equality In sensemaking, notions of equivalence are important for governing retrieval based on assumed similarity of meaning For example, a matcher may treat two words as equivalent if they are synonyms The notion of equivalence can be applied to any kind of representation, including terms, phrases and subgraphs Two phrases may be equivalent if they express the same relationships between words that are synonyms See term-equivalence dictionary and subgraph equivalence
Two nodes are equivalent if they have the same node type and same node name Also, if the nodes contain data, that must be the same Finally, if the nodes have attributes then collection of attribute names must be the same and the attributes corresponding by name must be equivalent as nodes Two nodes are deeply equivalent if they are equivalent, the child node lists are equivalent are equivalent as NodeList objects, and the pairs of equivalent attributes must in fact be deeply equivalent Two NodeList objects are equivalent if they have the same length, and the nodes corresponding by index are deeply equivalent Two NamedNodeMap objects are equivalent if they are have the same length, they have same collection of names, and the nodes corresponding by name in the maps are deeply equivalent Two DocumentType nodes are equivalent if they are equivalent as nodes, have the same names, and have equivalent entities and attributes NamedNodeMap objects
the comparability of two or more parallel measures that have been designed to assess the same aspect of teaching and to yield similar evaluation results regardless of the measure used or the scoring/rating procedure applied (e g , two different social studies textbook chapters to be analyzed as part of a semi-structured interview; two essay questions on teaching the same content area in math, but to different types of student groups) See Comparability
A term applied by the Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures WTO Member countries shall accord acceptance to the SPS measures of other countries (even if those measures differ from their own or from those used by other Member countries trading in the same product) if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importer's appropriate level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection
A truth function that returns truth when its two arguments have the same truth-value, and false otherwise Also the connective denoting this function; also the compound proposition built from this connective Syntactically: the two propositions imply one another Semantically: they have the same models Also called a biconditional, or biconditional statement
In the context of text processing, the process or result of establishing whether two text elements are identical in some respect Different types of equivalence can be employed For example, a form of strong equivalence is identity of code element values; this is very important for performing binary operations on text, such as a binary sort of a symbol table More often, however, weak equivalence is what is desired by users of text; e g , the English words cat and Cat are usually considered equivalent, even though they would not be equivalent in terms of code elements, i e , strongly equivalent Many different forms of weak equivalence may be desired by a user