chinese examination system

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In China, system of competitive examinations for recruiting officials that linked state and society and dominated education from the Song dynasty (960-1279) onward, though its roots date to the imperial university established in the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Candidates faced fierce competition in a series of exams dealing primarily with Confucian texts and conducted on the prefectural, provincial, and national levels. Despite a persistent tendency to emphasize rote learning over original thinking and form over substance, the exams managed to produce an elite grounded in a common body of teachings and to lend credibility to claims of meritocracy. Too inflexible to be capable of modernization, the system was finally abolished in 1905. See also Five Classics; Four Books

الواصلة

Chin·ese ex·a·mi·na·tion sys·tem

التركية النطق

çayniz îgzämıneyşın sîstım

النطق

/ʧīˈnēz əgˌzaməˈnāsʜən ˈsəstəm/ /ʧaɪˈniːz ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən ˈsɪstəm/