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Henry

A patronymic surname

A male given name, popular in England since Middle Ages; the name of eight kings

Henry now, what a soft swain your Henry is! the proper theme of gentle poesy; a name to fall in love withal; devoted at the font to song and sonnet, and the tender passion; a baptized inamorato; a christened hero. Call him Harry, and see how you ameliorate his condition.

popular in England since Middle Ages; name of eight kings

{i} male first name

A promontory of southeast Virginia at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay east of Norfolk. American physicist who performed extensive studies of electromagnetic phenomena. See William Sydney Porter. American Revolutionary leader and orator. A member of the House of Burgesses (1765) and the Continental Congress (1774-1776), he spurred the creation of the Virginia militia with his words "Give me liberty, or give me death" (1775). He also served as governor of Virginia (1776-1790). born Oct. 1, 1207, Winchester, Hampshire, Eng. died Nov. 16, 1272, London King of England (1216-72). He inherited the throne at age nine but did not begin to rule until French-backed rebels were expelled (1234). He alienated the barons by his indifference to tradition and his agreement to supply Innocent IV with funds in exchange for the Sicilian crown. The barons forced him to accept the Provisions of Oxford, but Henry renounced the agreement in 1261. His former favourite, Simon de Montfort, led a rebellion in 1264, defeating and capturing the king. Henry's son Edward (later Edward I) turned the tables a year later, and Henry, weak and senile, allowed Edward to take charge of the government. known as Henry Beauclerc (French: "Good Scholar") born 1069 died Dec. 1, 1135, Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy King of England (1100-35) and ruler of Normandy (1106-35). The youngest son of William I, he became king on the death of William II. His eldest brother, Robert Curthose (Robert II), returned from the First Crusade to claim the English throne in 1101; Henry placated him by giving him Normandy, but Robert ruled it badly, and in 1106 Henry seized Normandy and imprisoned his brother. Henry quarreled with Anselm of Canterbury over the issue of investiture (see Investiture Controversy), but they were reconciled in 1107. He maintained control of Normandy, despite attacks by Robert's son, and named his daughter Matilda his heir. born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Eng. died Jan. 28, 1547, London King of England (1509-47). Son of Henry VII, Henry married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon (the mother of Mary I), soon after his accession in 1509. His first chief minister, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, exercised nearly complete control over policy in 1515-27. In 1527 Henry pursued a divorce from Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, but Pope Clement VII denied him an annulment. Wolsey, unable to help Henry, was ousted. The new minister, Thomas Cromwell, in 1532 initiated a revolution when he decided that the English church should separate from Rome, allowing Henry to marry Anne in 1533. A new archbishop, Thomas Cranmer, declared the first marriage annulled. A daughter, Elizabeth I, was born to Anne soon after. Becoming head of the Church of England represented Henry's major achievement, but it had wide-ranging consequences. Henry, once profoundly devoted to the papacy and rewarded with the title Defender of the Faith, was excommunicated, and he was obliged to settle the nature of the newly independent church. In the 1530s his power was greatly enlarged, especially by transferring to the crown the wealth of the monasteries and by new clerical taxes, but his earlier reputation as a man of learning became buried under his enduring fame as a man of blood. Many, including St. Thomas More, were killed because they refused to accept the new order. The king grew tired of Anne, and in 1536 she was executed for adultery. He immediately married Jane Seymour, who bore him a son, Edward VI, but died in childbirth. Three years later, at Cromwell's instigation, he married Anne of Cleves, but he hated her and demanded a quick divorce; he had Cromwell beheaded in 1540. By now Henry was becoming paranoid, as well as enormously fat and unhealthy. In 1540 he married Catherine Howard, but he had her beheaded for adultery in 1542. In 1542 he waged a financially ruinous war against Scotland. In 1543 he married Catherine Parr, who survived him. He was succeeded on his death by his son, Edward. orig. Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond (b. Jan. 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales d. April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, Eng.) King of England (1485-1509) and founder of the Tudor dynasty. As earl of Richmond and a kinsman in the House of Lancaster, he fled to Brittany after the triumph of the Yorkist forces in 1471. He later returned to England, rallied the opponents of Richard III, and defeated him at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485). He married Elizabeth of York and ended the Wars of the Roses, though Yorkist plots continued. He made peace with France (1492), the Netherlands (1496), and Scotland (1499) and used his children's marriages to build European alliances. His commercial treaties and promotion of trade made England wealthy and powerful. He was succeeded by his son Henry VIII. German Heinrich born 1269/74, Valenciennes, Hainaut died Aug. 24, 1313, Buonconvento, near Siena, Italy Count of Luxembourg (as Henry IV), German king (1308-13), and Holy Roman Emperor (1312-13). The first German king of the House of Luxembourg, he strengthened the position of his family by obtaining the throne of Bohemia for his son. He became ruler of Lombardy (1311) but faced conflicts between Guelphs and Ghibellines. Though crowned emperor at Rome, he was unable to subdue Florence or Naples, and he failed in his attempt to bind Italy firmly to the empire. born Dec. 6, 1421, Windsor, Berkshire, Eng. died May 21/22, 1471, London King of England (1422-61, 1470-71). Son of Henry V, he became king as an infant, and grew up a pious and studious recluse, who suffered episodes of mental instability. England's political affairs were dominated by the rivalries of a series of overpowerful ministers of the houses of Lancaster and York, and Henry's incapacity for government became one of the causes of the Wars of the Roses. In 1461 a Yorkist was proclaimed Edward IV. Henry fled, but he returned in 1464 in an unsuccessful Lancastrian rising and was eventually captured and imprisoned. After a quarrel in the York faction, he was restored to the throne in 1470. Edward fled but soon returned to defeat and kill the earl of Warwick and regain the throne. The death in battle of Prince Edward, Henry's heir, sealed Henry's fate, and he was murdered in the Tower of London soon afterward. German Heinrich born autumn 1165, Nijmegen, Neth. died Sept. 28, 1197, Messina, Italy German king (1169-97) and Holy Roman emperor (1191-97) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty who acquired the kingdom of Sicily by marriage. Crowned king in 1169, Henry took over government of the Holy Roman Empire when his father, Frederick I Barbarossa, embarked on a Crusade to the Holy Land in 1189. Soon after his coronation he faced revolts by Henry the Lion in Germany and Tancred in Sicily, but he succeeded in making peace in 1194. His efforts to make the imperial crown hereditary were unsuccessful, but his son Frederick II would become emperor after the death of Henry's eventual successor, the Welf ruler, Otto IV. born Sept. 16?, 1387, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales died Aug. 31, 1422, Bois de Vincennes, Fr. King of England (1413-22) of the House of Lancaster. The eldest son of Henry IV, he fought Welsh rebels (1403-08). As king he harshly suppressed a Lollard uprising (1414) and a Yorkist conspiracy (1415). He claimed extensive lands in France and launched an invasion (1415), and his stunning victory at the Battle of Agincourt made England one of the greatest powers in Europe. His continuing victories forced the French to sign the Treaty of Troyes (1420), in which Henry was named heir to the French throne and regent of France. He married Catherine, daughter of the French king, but died of camp fever before he could return home. Henry Louis Aaron Adams Henry Brooks Arnold Henry Harley Ashley William Henry Asquith Herbert Henry 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith Chesney Henry Baker Barnard Henry Beatty Henry Warren Henry Warren Beaty Beecher Henry Ward Beerbohm Sir Henry Maximilian Belter John Henry Bentinck William Henry Cavendish Lord Bessemer Sir Henry Bethune Henry Norman Beveridge of Tuggal William Henry 1st Baron Henry McCarty Blair Henry William Bolingbroke Henry Saint John 1st Viscount Bragg Sir William Henry Campbell Bannerman Sir Henry Henry Campbell Carson of Duncairn Edward Henry Baron Cavendish Henry Churchill Randolph Henry Spencer Lord Clay Henry Clinton Sir Henry Cort Henry Cowell Henry Dixon Craig Edward Henry Gordon Craig Sir James Henry Crumb George Henry Dana Richard Henry Darnley Henry Stewart Lord Dearborn Henry Dow Herbert Henry Dreyfuss Henry Eccles William Henry Ellis Henry Havelock Emerson Peter Henry Evans Frederick Henry Evans George Henry Fielding Henry Flagler Henry Morrison Fonda Henry Jaynes Ford Henry Fowler Henry Watson Frederick Henry Frick Henry Clay Fuseli Henry Garnet Henry Highland Gary Elbert Henry William Henry Gates III Gates Henry Louis Jr. Gehrig Henry Louis George Henry Goren Charles Henry Grattan Henry Henry Benjamin Greenberg Greene Charles Sumner and Henry Mather Greene Henry Graham Haggard Sir Henry Rider Halleck Henry Wager Harriman Edward Henry Harrison William Henry Heinz Henry John Robert Henry Cozad Henry III Henry II Henry Plantagenet Henry of Anjou Henry IV Henry Bolingbroke Henry of Navarra Henry I Henry Beauclerc French: Good Scholar Henry VIII Henry VII Henry Tudor earl of Richmond Henry VI Henry V Henry Cape Henry Joseph Henry O. Henry Patrick Hildebrand Joel Henry John Henry Holliday Hooper Franklin Henry Hudson Henry Huxley Thomas Henry Hyndman Henry Mayers Ireton Henry Irving Sir Henry John Henry Brodribb Jackson William Henry James Henry Kaiser Henry John William Henry Pratt Kissinger Henry Alfred Knox Henry La Guardia Fiorello Henry Landseer Sir Edwin Henry Latrobe Benjamin Henry Lawes Henry and William Le Châtelier Henry Louis Lee Henry Lee Richard Henry Leland Henry Martyn Henry Carter Liddell Hart Sir Basil Henry Lodge Henry Cabot Loesser Frank Henry Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Luce Henry Robinson Maine Sir Henry James Sumner Mancini Henry Manning Henry Edward Maudslay Henry Maupassant Henry René Albert Guy de Mayhew Henry Mencken Henry Louis Miller Henry Valentine Montherlant Henry Marie Joseph Millon de Moore Henry Morgan Lewis Henry Morgan Sir Henry Morgenthau Henry Jr. Murray Sir James Augustus Henry Newman John Henry Northampton Henry Howard earl of O'Hara John Henry Pelham Henry Perot Henry Ross Purcell Henry Raeburn Sir Henry Raglan of Raglan FitzRoy James Henry Somerset 1st Baron Richardson Henry Handel Richardson Henry Hobson Robinson Henry Peach Schiff Jacob Henry Schoolcraft Henry Rowe Richard Henry Sellers Seward William Henry Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Sheridan Philip Henry Shreve Henry Miller Sidgwick Henry Sorby Henry Clifton Southampton Henry Wriothesley 3rd earl of Stanley Sir Henry Morton Starling Ernest Henry Stiegel Henry William Stimson Henry Lewis Sturtevant Alfred Henry Sullivan Louis Henry Surrey Henry Howard earl of Talbot William Henry Fox Tanner Henry Ossawa Tawney Richard Henry Thomas George Henry Thoreau Henry David Vane Sir Henry Sir Henry Vane the Younger Vaughan Henry Villard Henry Wallace Henry Agard Welch William Henry Wilson Colin Henry Allenby of Megiddo and of Felixstowe Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Bulwer Sir William Henry Lytton Earle Henry the Navigator Holland of Foxley and of Holland Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Lansdowne Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice 5th marquess of Palmerston of Palmerston Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount. French Henri orig. duke d'Anjou born Sept. 19, 1551, Fontainebleau, France died Aug. 2, 1589, Saint-Cloud King of France (1574-89). The third son of Henry II and Catherine de Médicis, he commanded the royal army against the Huguenots in the Wars of Religion. He was crowned king after the death of his brother Charles IX. During the continuing civil wars he made concessions to the Huguenots, causing the Roman Catholics to form the Holy League. The Catholics were further alarmed in 1584 when the Protestant Henry of Navarra (later Henry IV) became heir to the throne. Henry III tried to placate the Holy League, but he was forced by a mob to flee Paris. In 1588 he had the Catholic leaders Henry, 3rd duke de Guise, and Cardinal Louis II de Lorraine assassinated. In 1589 Henry was himself assassinated by a fanatical Jacobin friar. German Heinrich born Oct. 28, 1017 died Oct. 5, 1056, Pfalz Bodfeld, near Goslar, Saxony Duke of Bavaria (as Henry VI, 1027-41), duke of Swabia (as Henry I, 1038-45), German king (1039-56), and emperor (1046-56). He gained sovereignty over Bohemia and Moravia and arranged the election of Pope Clement II, who crowned him emperor. The last emperor to dominate the papacy, Henry appointed three more popes in succeeding years. He championed the church reform advocated by the monasteries of Cluny and Gorze. He was nearly deposed in a revolt (1054-55), and in his later years his influence faltered in northeastern Germany, Hungary, southern Italy, and Lorraine. known as Henry of Anjou or Henry Plantagenet born 1133, Le Mans, Maine died July 6, 1189, near Tours Duke of Normandy (from 1150), count of Anjou (from 1151), duke of Aquitaine (from 1152), and king of England (from 1154). The son of Matilda and grandson of Henry I, he gained vast territories in France by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine (1152). He invaded England, and, in settlement of the war, King Stephen named Henry as heir (1153). As king, Henry extended his holdings in northern England and western France, strengthened royal administration, and reformed the court system. His attempt to assert royal authority at the expense of the church (see Constitutions of Clarendon) led to a quarrel with the archbishop of Canterbury, his former close friend St. Thomas Becket, which ended with Becket's murder and Henry's subsequent penance at Canterbury (1174). His reign was plagued by disputes among family members, especially struggles for precedence among his sons, including Richard I (the Lionheart) and John (Lackland). Richard allied with Philip II of France to drive Henry from the throne in 1189. French Henri orig. duc (duke) d'Orléans born March 31, 1519, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, Fr. died July 10, 1559, Paris King of France (1547-59). The second son of Francis I, he had strong differences with his father, accentuated by the rivalry between their mistresses and by Henry's support of the constable Anne, duc de Montmorency (1493-1567). Though he continued many of his father's policies, Henry raised the Catholic House of Guise to favour, and he vigorously suppressed Protestantism within his kingdom. He made a number of administrative reforms. In foreign affairs Henry continued his father's warfare against Emperor Charles V until 1559, when he signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis. The treaty was to be cemented by the marriage of Henry's daughter to Philip II of Spain; during the festivities he was hit in the head by a lance, and he died from the wound. or St. Henry German Heinrich born May 6, 973, Albach?, Bavaria died July 13, 1024, near Göttingen, Saxony; canonized 1146; feast day July 13 Duke of Bavaria (as Henry IV, 995-1005), German king (1002-24), and emperor (1014-24), the last of the Saxon dynasty. He led a series of military campaigns against Poland before making peace in 1018. He asserted German authority in northern Italy and was crowned emperor by Pope Benedict VIII on Feb. 14, 1014. To protect the papacy he fought Greeks and Lombards in Italy (1021). He fostered cooperation between church and state and established the German bishops as secular rulers as well as ecclesiastical princes and established a reputation for religious piety. orig. Henry Bolingbroke born April? 1366, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, Eng. died March 20, 1413, London King of England (1399-1413), first of three 15th-century monarchs of the house of Lancaster. Son of John of Gaunt, he initially supported Richard II against the duke of Gloucester but turned against him after being banished in 1398. He invaded England in 1399, forcing Richard's surrender and abdication. Having gained the crown by usurpation, he successfully consolidated his power in the face of repeated uprisings of powerful nobles. However, he failed to subdue the Welsh under Owen Glendower, was defeated by the Scots, and was unable to overcome the fiscal and administrative weaknesses that contributed to the eventual downfall of the Lancastrian dynasty. He was succeeded by his son, Henry V. or Henry of Navarra French Henri de Navarre born Dec. 13, 1553, Pau, Béarn, Navarra died May 14, 1610, Paris First Bourbon king of France (1589-1610) and king of Navarra (as Henry III, 1572-89), one of the most popular figures in French history. Henry was brought up as a Protestant and received his military training from the Huguenot leader Gaspard II de Coligny in the Wars of Religion. He married Margaret of Valois in 1572; the marriage provided the opportunity for the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day six days later. Henry was held at the French court from 1572 to 1576, when he escaped to join the forces against Henry III. He fought the War of the Three Henrys and prevailed as unrivaled leader. He became king after Henry III was assassinated in 1589, but was forced to fight the Holy League for nine years to secure his kingdom. In 1593 he converted to Roman Catholicism to remove all pretext for resistance to his rule. He entered Paris amid cheers in 1594, but he had to wage war (1595-98) against Spain, which supported the remaining resistance to him in France. Henry signed the Edict of Nantes in 1598, ending 40 years of civil war. With the aid of his ministers, including the duke de Sully, Henry brought order and new prosperity to France. His earlier marriage was annulled, and in 1600 he married Marie de Médicis. In 1610 he was assassinated by a fanatical Roman Catholic. German Heinrich born Nov. 11, 1050, Goslar?, Saxony died Aug. 7, 1106, Liège, Lorraine Duke of Bavaria (1055-61), German king (1054-1106), and emperor (1084-1105/6). He succeeded to the German throne at age six; his pious and unworldly mother was regent until 1062, and Henry gained control of the government upon reaching his majority in 1065. His reassertion of royal rights provoked rebellion in Saxony (1073-75). He engaged in a long struggle with Pope Gregory VII over the issues of obedience to papal commands and lay investiture (see Investiture Controversy). Gregory excommunicated him and absolved his subjects of their oaths of loyalty. Seeking absolution, Henry was forced to cross the Alps in winter and, according to tradition, stand barefoot in the snow three days before the castle at Canossa, where the pope was staying, before the latter would rescind his order. The German princes deserted Henry (1077) and elected Rudolf I as king. In 1080 Gregory excommunicated Henry again and recognized Rudolf. Henry responded by conquering Rome (1084) and installing the antipope Clement III. In his last years his sons Conrad and Henry led rebellions against his rule

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