richard

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف richard في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

diminutive of richard

richard ve küçültme

john doe and richard roe

kimliği henüz belirlenmemiş kimse

التركية - التركية

تعريف richard في التركية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

richard wilhelm abegg

Değerlik Kavramının anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunan Alman fiziksel kimyacı

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف richard في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

A male given name

I'd love to live in our castle. First I'd change my name from Dickie to Richard. That's my real name and it's a good king name. I don't like being called Dickie anyway, and I don't want to be Dick Junior either because everybody starts calling you Junior. What I'd like to be called is Rich but I don't know how to start people doing it.

given name, male

{i} male first name; name of several former kings of England

born Jan. 6, 1367, Bordeaux died February 1400, Pontefract, Yorkshire, Eng. King of England (1377-99). The grandson of Edward III, he inherited the throne during his boyhood, and his uncle John of Gaunt and other nobles dominated the government. The Black Death brought on economic problems, leading to the Peasants' Revolt (1381), which Richard quelled with false promises. His enemies among the nobility placed limits on his royal power (1386-89), but he later took revenge on them. He banished John of Gaunt's son, Henry, and confiscated his vast Lancastrian estates. While Richard was absent in Ireland, Henry invaded England (1399) and seized power as Henry IV. Richard was then forced to abdicate the throne. He was then imprisoned, and sometime in February 1400 he was executed; by means unknown. born Oct. 2, 1452, Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, Eng. died Aug. 22, 1485, Bosworth, Leicestershire Last Yorkist king of England. He was made duke of Gloucester in 1461 after his brother Edward of York had deposed the weak Lancastrian king Henry VI and assumed power as Edward IV. Richard and Edward were driven into exile in 1470 but returned and defeated the Lancastrians in 1471. On Edward's death (1483), Richard became protector for Edward's son, the 12-year-old King Edward V, but he usurped the throne and confined Edward and his little brother to the Tower of London, where they were murdered. Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) raised an army against Richard, who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Later Tudor histories and William Shakespeare's play Richard III painted Richard as a monster and were gross caricatures motivated by the new dynasty's need to denigrate its predecessor. known as Richard the Lionheart(ed) French Richard Coeur de Lion born Sept. 8, 1157, Oxford, Eng. died April 6, 1199, Châlus, Duchy of Aquitaine Duke of Aquitaine (1168-99) and Poitiers (1172-99) and king of England, duke of Normandy, and count of Anjou (1189-99). He inherited Aquitaine from his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Denied real authority there, he rebelled against his father, Henry II (1173-74) and later enlisted Philip II of France in a successful campaign against Henry (1189). Crowned king of England on Henry's death that year, Richard embarked on the Third Crusade (1190), stopping in Sicily to name Tancred king and conquering Cyprus. He won victories in the Holy Land, but, after failing to gain Jerusalem, he signed a truce (1192) with Saladin. On his way home Richard was captured by Leopold of Austria and turned over to Henry VI of Germany, who imprisoned him until a ransom was paid (1194). Richard returned to England and reclaimed the throne from his brother John, then spent the rest of his life in Normandy fighting against Philip II. Allen Richard Arkwright Sir Richard Attlee Clement Richard 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow Avedon Richard Ballinger Richard Achilles Barton Sir Derek Harold Richard Bentley Richard Bonington Richard Parkes Burbage Richard Burton Richard Burton Sir Richard Francis Butler Richard Austen baron of Saffron Walden Byrd Richard Evelyn Richard Bruce Cheney Richard Wagstaff Clark Cobden Richard Cripps Sir Richard Stafford Cromwell Richard Daley Richard Joseph Dana Richard Henry Diebenkorn Richard Drew Charles Richard Ely Richard Theodore Feynman Richard Phillips Ford Richard Fuller Richard Buckminster Hakluyt Richard Haldane of Cloane Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Hamming Richard Wesley Heath Sir Edward Richard George Hersey John Richard Hess Walter Richard Rudolf Hicks Sir John Richard Hoe Robert and Hoe Richard March Hooker Richard Howe Richard Howe Earl Hunt Richard Morris Jayewardene Junius Richard Johnson Richard Mentor Klein Calvin Richard Krafft Ebing Richard Freiherr Baron von Lee Richard Henry Little Richard Richard Wayne Penniman Meier Richard Alan Neutra Richard Joseph Nicolls Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Richard Patrick Russ Olney Richard Paisley Ian Richard Kyle Petty Richard Richard II Richard III Richard I Richard Coeur de Lion Richard the Lionhearted Richard Joseph Henri Maurice Roberts Richard Rodgers Richard Rolle Richard de Hampole Rorty Richard McKay Rush Richard Schlesinger John Richard Richard Henry Sellers Serra Richard Sheridan Richard Brinsley Butler Richard Bernard Skelton Steele Sir Richard Strauss Richard Georg Tawney Richard Henry Trevithick Richard Richard Wayne Van Dyke Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wallace Richard Horatio Edgar Richard Neville Wellesley of Norragh Richard Colley Wellesley Marquess Whittington Richard Wilbur Richard Purdy Wilson Richard Wright Richard Holland of Foxley and of Holland Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

Richard Snary

rhyming slang for a dictionary

I still didn’t see anything in it but the meaningless sort of humor that used to make richardsnary the thieves’ word for dictionary.

Richard of York gave battle in vain

A mnemonic phrase to help remember the order of the seven colours of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

Richard A Ballinger

born July 9, 1858, Boonesboro, Iowa, U.S. died June 6, 1922, Seattle, Wash. U.S. secretary of the interior (1909-11). As the reform mayor of Seattle, Wash. (1904-06), he attracted national attention. In 1907 he was appointed commissioner of the General Land Office, and in 1909 he became secretary of the interior. During his two years in that post he sought to make public resources more available for private exploitation. Implicated in a fraudulent Alaskan land-claims scheme, he was cleared after a congressional investigation but resigned in 1911. The episode split the Republicans between conservatives led by Pres. William H. Taft and progressives loyal to Theodore Roosevelt

Richard Achilles Ballinger

born July 9, 1858, Boonesboro, Iowa, U.S. died June 6, 1922, Seattle, Wash. U.S. secretary of the interior (1909-11). As the reform mayor of Seattle, Wash. (1904-06), he attracted national attention. In 1907 he was appointed commissioner of the General Land Office, and in 1909 he became secretary of the interior. During his two years in that post he sought to make public resources more available for private exploitation. Implicated in a fraudulent Alaskan land-claims scheme, he was cleared after a congressional investigation but resigned in 1911. The episode split the Republicans between conservatives led by Pres. William H. Taft and progressives loyal to Theodore Roosevelt

Richard Alan Meier

born Oct. 12, 1934, Newark, N.J., U.S. U.S. architect. Educated at Cornell University, Meier's early experience included work with the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and with Marcel Breuer. Early in his career he executed a series of spectacular private residences. These houses typically feature refinements of and variations on classic Modernist principles pure geometry, open space, and an emphasis on light and they often display a crisp whiteness that contrasts sharply with the natural setting; the Douglas House, Harbor Springs, Mich. (1973), is a dramatically sited example. Building upon the success of his residences, beginning in the mid 1970s Meier began to receive large public commissions. These structures are characterized by geometric clarity and order, which is often punctuated by curving ramps and railings, and by a contrast between the light-filled, transparent surfaces of public spaces and the solid white surfaces of interior, private spaces. His Getty Center in Los Angeles (1984-97), with its terraced gardens, is a resplendent acropolis in travertine stone. Meier received the 1984 Pritzker Architecture Prize

Richard Allen

born Feb. 14, 1760, Philadelphia, Pa. died March 26, 1831, Philadelphia U.S. religious leader. He was born to slave parents, and his family was sold to a Delaware farmer. A Methodist convert at 17, he was licensed to preach five years later. By 1786 he had purchased his freedom and settled in Philadelphia, where he joined St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church. Racial discrimination prompted him to withdraw in 1787, and he turned an old blacksmith shop into the first black church in the U.S. Allen and his followers built the Bethel African Methodist Church, and in 1799 he was ordained as its minister. In 1816 he organized a conference of black leaders to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he was named the first bishop

Richard Austen baron of Saffron Walden Butler

born Dec. 9, 1902, Attock Serai, India died March 8, 1982, Great Yeldham, Essex, Eng. British politician. Known as "Rab" Butler, he was elected to Parliament in 1929 and served in various Conservative governments in the 1930s. As minister of education, he was responsible for the 1944 Education Act, which established free secondary education. After the Tories' electoral losses in 1945, he helped remold the Conservative Party, serving as its leader (1955-61). He served as chancellor of the exchequer (1951-55), home secretary (1957-62), and foreign secretary (1963-64)

Richard Avedon

born May 15, 1923, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 1, 2004, San Antonio, Texas U.S. photographer. He began studying photography in the U.S. merchant marine. In 1945 he became a regular contributor to Harper's Bazaar; he later was closely associated with Vogue. Avedon's fashion photographs are characterized by a strong black-and-white contrast that creates an effect of austere sophistication. In his portraits of celebrities and other sitters, he created a sense of drama by often using a stark, white background and eliciting a frontal, confrontational pose. Many collections of his photographs have been published

Richard Avedon

{i} (1923-2004) American fashion and celebrity photographer

Richard Bedford Bennett Viscount Bennett

born July 3, 1870, Hopewell, N.B., Can. died June 27, 1947, Mickleham, Surrey, Eng. Canadian prime minister (1930-35). Bennett was admitted to the bar in 1893 and practiced in New Brunswick. He then moved west and served in the legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Alberta and in the Canadian House of Commons (1911). He was named director general of national service (1916) and later minister of justice (1921). He became head of the Conservative Party in 1927 and, promising relief from the Great Depression, prime minister in 1930. But he underestimated the severity of the crisis, and his measures were ineffective. He was defeated by the Liberals under W.L. Mackenzie King. In 1939 he retired to England, where he was made a viscount in 1941

Richard Bedford Bennett Viscount Bennett of Mickleham and of Calgary and Hopewel

born July 3, 1870, Hopewell, N.B., Can. died June 27, 1947, Mickleham, Surrey, Eng. Canadian prime minister (1930-35). Bennett was admitted to the bar in 1893 and practiced in New Brunswick. He then moved west and served in the legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Alberta and in the Canadian House of Commons (1911). He was named director general of national service (1916) and later minister of justice (1921). He became head of the Conservative Party in 1927 and, promising relief from the Great Depression, prime minister in 1930. But he underestimated the severity of the crisis, and his measures were ineffective. He was defeated by the Liberals under W.L. Mackenzie King. In 1939 he retired to England, where he was made a viscount in 1941

Richard Bentley

born Jan. 27, 1662, Oulton, Yorkshire, Eng. died July 14, 1742, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire English clergyman and classical scholar. He was appointed Boyle lecturer at Oxford in 1692, became keeper of the Royal Library in 1694, and was named master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1700. He displayed his skill in textual emendation and his knowledge of ancient metre in Epistola ad Joannem Millium (1691). In Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris (1699), he proved the epistles to be spurious; his dispute with Charles Boyle over their authenticity was satirized by Jonathan Swift in The Battle of the Books (1704). He also published critical texts of classical authors, including Horace, and made linguistic contributions to the study of ancient Greek

Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan

(baptized Nov. 4, 1751, Dublin, Ire. died July 7, 1816, London, Eng.) British playwright, orator, and politician. His family moved to England, and he was educated at Harrow School in London. He rejected a legal career for the theatre. His comedy The Rivals (1775) introduced the popular character Mrs. Malaprop and established him as a leading dramatist. He became manager and later owner of the Drury Lane Theatre (1776-1809), where his plays were produced. He won wide acclaim for his comedy of manners The School for Scandal (1777) and showed his flair for satirical wit again in The Critic (1779). His plays formed a link in the history of the comedy of manners between the Restoration drama and the later plays of Oscar Wilde. In 1780 Sheridan became a member of Parliament, where he was a noted orator for the minority Whig party

Richard Brinsley Sheridan

(baptized Nov. 4, 1751, Dublin, Ire. died July 7, 1816, London, Eng.) British playwright, orator, and politician. His family moved to England, and he was educated at Harrow School in London. He rejected a legal career for the theatre. His comedy The Rivals (1775) introduced the popular character Mrs. Malaprop and established him as a leading dramatist. He became manager and later owner of the Drury Lane Theatre (1776-1809), where his plays were produced. He won wide acclaim for his comedy of manners The School for Scandal (1777) and showed his flair for satirical wit again in The Critic (1779). His plays formed a link in the history of the comedy of manners between the Restoration drama and the later plays of Oscar Wilde. In 1780 Sheridan became a member of Parliament, where he was a noted orator for the minority Whig party

Richard Bruce Cheney

{i} Dick Cheney (born 1941), American statesman and politician, 46th USA vice-president to George W. Bush

Richard Buckminster Fuller

a US architect (=someone who designs buildings) and engineer, who believed that scientific and technical developments could be used to solve many of society's problems, and who invented the geodesic dome, a large, light, ball-shaped structure (1895-1983). born July 12, 1895, Milton, Mass., U.S. died July 1, 1983, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. inventor, futurist, architect, and author. The grandnephew of Melville Fuller, he was expelled twice from Harvard University and never completed his college education. Failure in a prefab construction business led him to search for design patterns that would most efficiently use Earth's resources for humanity's greatest good. His innovations included the inexpensive, lightweight, factory-assembled Dymaxion House and the energy-efficient, omnidirectional Dymaxion Car. He developed a vectorial system of geometry that he called "Energetic-Synergetic geometry"; its basic unit is the tetrahedron, which, when combined with octahedrons, forms the most economic space-filling structures. This led Fuller to design the geodesic dome, the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure, and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient)

Richard Burbage

born 1567, London, Eng. died March 9/13, 1619, London British actor. A popular actor by age 20, he was a member of the Earl of Leicester's company and the Chamberlain's (later King's) Men. Closely associated with William Shakespeare, he was the first to play roles such as Richard III, Romeo, Henry V, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, and King Lear. He also performed in plays by Thomas Kyd, Ben Jonson, and John Webster. He was a major shareholder of the Globe Theatre and the Blackfriars Theatre

Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Haldane

born July 30, 1856, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 19, 1928, Cloan, Perthshire Scottish lawyer and statesman. As British secretary of state for war (1905-12), he instituted important military reforms; the speedy mobilization of British forces in 1914 was largely due to his planning. He was lord chancellor (1912-15) in H.H. Asquith's government and again (1924) in James Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Party government

Richard Burdon 1st Viscount Haldane of Cloane

born July 30, 1856, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 19, 1928, Cloan, Perthshire Scottish lawyer and statesman. As British secretary of state for war (1905-12), he instituted important military reforms; the speedy mobilization of British forces in 1914 was largely due to his planning. He was lord chancellor (1912-15) in H.H. Asquith's government and again (1924) in James Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Party government

Richard Burton

a Welsh film and theatre actor, regarded as one of the best of his time. He was married twice to Elizabeth Taylor, and the marriages attracted almost as much attention as his acting (1925-84). orig. Richard Walter Jenkins, Jr. born Nov. 10, 1925, Pontrhydyfen, Wales died Aug. 5, 1984, Geneva, Switz. British-U.S. actor. He first won success on the stage in The Lady's Not for Burning in London (1949) and on Broadway (1950). His first Hollywood film role was in My Cousin Rachel (1952). During the filming of Cleopatra (1963) he had a highly publicized love affair with Elizabeth Taylor, whom he later twice married. Known for his resonant voice and his Welsh mournfulness, he starred again on Broadway in Camelot (1960) and an acclaimed Hamlet (1964). Among his other films are The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), and Equus (1977)

Richard Burton

{i} (1925 -1984) famous British actor, husband of Elizabeth Taylor

Richard Butler

chief of the United Nations weapons inspection team in Iraq who were in charge of searching for nonconventional weapons (was expelled by Saddam Hussein prior to operation "Desert Fox")

Richard Byrd

a US explorer who was important in the exploration of and research about Antarctica. He was the first to fly over both the North Pole and the south Pole (1888-1957)

Richard Cobden

born June 3, 1804, Dunford Farm, near Midhurst, Sussex, Eng. died April 2, 1865, London British politician. He gained an independent fortune in the calico wholesale business. After travel to study trade policies in Europe and the U.S., he wrote pamphlets on international free trade. He was elected to Parliament (1841-57, 1859-65) and, with his close associate, John Bright, successfully fought to repeal the Corn Laws. In the 1850s he argued for friendly relations with Russia, even after the Crimean War had begun. He helped negotiate a commercial treaty with France (1860) that included a most-favoured-nation clause later duplicated in other treaties

Richard Cobden

{i} (1804-1865) British economist and statesman who was a leader and supporter of free trade who opposed protectionism

Richard Colley Wellesley Marquess Wellesley

born June 20, 1760, Dangan, County Meath, Ire. died Sept. 26, 1842, London, Eng. British statesman. He inherited his father's Irish title as earl of Mornington and sat in the Irish House of Lords from 1781. He served in the British House of Commons (1784-97). As governor of Madras and governor general of Bengal (1797-1805), he used military force and annexation to greatly enlarge the British Empire in India, but he was recalled by the East India Co. for his vast expenditures. In 1809 he went to Spain to make diplomatic preparations for the Peninsular War; he served as foreign secretary (1809-12). As lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821-28, 1833-34) he tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics. Despite his own achievements, he became increasingly jealous of his younger brother, the duke of Wellington

Richard Colley Wellesley Marquess Wellesley of Norragh

born June 20, 1760, Dangan, County Meath, Ire. died Sept. 26, 1842, London, Eng. British statesman. He inherited his father's Irish title as earl of Mornington and sat in the Irish House of Lords from 1781. He served in the British House of Commons (1784-97). As governor of Madras and governor general of Bengal (1797-1805), he used military force and annexation to greatly enlarge the British Empire in India, but he was recalled by the East India Co. for his vast expenditures. In 1809 he went to Spain to make diplomatic preparations for the Peninsular War; he served as foreign secretary (1809-12). As lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821-28, 1833-34) he tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics. Despite his own achievements, he became increasingly jealous of his younger brother, the duke of Wellington

Richard Cromwell

born Oct. 4, 1626 died July 12, 1712, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, Eng. Lord protector of England (September 1658-May 1659). He was the eldest surviving son of Oliver Cromwell, who groomed him for high office. He served in the Parliamentary army and was a member of Parliament and the council of state. After his father's death he was proclaimed lord protector, but he soon encountered serious difficulties and was forced to abdicate. Having amassed large debts, he fled to Paris in 1660 to escape his creditors; in 1680 he returned and lived in seclusion

Richard Dawkins

{i} (born 1941as Clinton Richard Dawkins), British zoologist born in Nairobi (Kenya), author of the book "The Selfish Gene

Richard Dawkins

so that the genes can continue to exist. He is famous for strongly opposing the belief in God (1941- ) a British scientist with a special interest in evolution. In his book The Selfish Gene, he says that humans, plants, and animals are built by genes (=the parts of a cell which control qualities that are passed on to a living thing from its parents)

Richard Dawson

{i} (born 1932 under the name Colin Emm) English-born actor and game show host who hosted the long running U.S.A. game show "Family Feud

Richard Diebenkorn

born April 22, 1922, Portland, Ore., U.S. died March 30, 1993, Berkeley, Calif. U.S. painter. After studying at Stanford University, he taught at California Institute of the Arts (1947-50), and there developed an abstract style under the influence of such painters as Clyfford Still and Mark Rothko. By the mid 1950s he had achieved some commercial success but turned to an expressionistic figurative style. He produced accomplished figure drawings, still lifes, landscapes, and interiors in the Modernist tradition. Throughout his career he alternated between figuration and abstraction. His best-known works are the Ocean Park series, begun in the 1960s, comprising over 140 large abstract paintings that retain allusions to landscape

Richard Dreyfuss

{i} (born in 1947 in Brooklyn, New York, USA) American actor (starred in the 1973 movie "American Graffiti", 1975 movie "Jaws" and many many more)

Richard Duffy

{i} (1906-1956) British hemophiliac patient who developed a large hematoma on his chest and was given a blood transfusion to which he developed a reaction and when the research team (at London's Postgraduate Medical School) compared samples of his blood with donor blood it discovered the existence of a new blood group system (Duffy blood-group system)

Richard E Byrd

born Oct. 25, 1888, Winchester, Va., U.S. died March 11, 1957, Boston, Mass. U.S. naval officer, aviator, and polar explorer. After serving in World War I, he worked developing navigational aids for aircraft. In 1926 he and Floyd Bennett claimed to have reached the North Pole by airplane, becoming the first to do so. In 1928 Byrd began his explorations of Antarctica with the first expedition to his "Little America" base, which was followed in 1929 by a flight with three companions over the South Pole, again the first such flight. He led subsequent expeditions that discovered and mapped large areas of Antarctica. His several books include Discovery (1935) and Alone (1938), which chronicled his months spent alone in a camp near the South Pole. His brother Harry F. Byrd (1887-1966) served as a U.S. senator from Virginia (1933-65)

Richard Evelyn Byrd

born Oct. 25, 1888, Winchester, Va., U.S. died March 11, 1957, Boston, Mass. U.S. naval officer, aviator, and polar explorer. After serving in World War I, he worked developing navigational aids for aircraft. In 1926 he and Floyd Bennett claimed to have reached the North Pole by airplane, becoming the first to do so. In 1928 Byrd began his explorations of Antarctica with the first expedition to his "Little America" base, which was followed in 1929 by a flight with three companions over the South Pole, again the first such flight. He led subsequent expeditions that discovered and mapped large areas of Antarctica. His several books include Discovery (1935) and Alone (1938), which chronicled his months spent alone in a camp near the South Pole. His brother Harry F. Byrd (1887-1966) served as a U.S. senator from Virginia (1933-65)

Richard Feynman

{i} (1918-1988) American physicist who made major contributions to the field of quantum mechanics (1965 Nobel Laureate in Physics)

Richard Ford

born Feb. 16, 1944, Jackson, Miss., U.S. U.S. novelist and short-story writer. His first novel, A Piece of My Heart (1976), showed the influence of William Faulkner. The Sportswriter (1986) and its sequel, Independence Day (1995, Pulitzer Prize), drew on his experience as a writer for a sports magazine in the 1980s. His story collection Rock Springs (1987) examines the lives of the lonely and alienated

Richard Freiherr Baron von Krafft-Ebing

born Aug. 14, 1840, Mannheim, Baden died Dec. 22, 1902, near Graz, Austria German neuropsychiatrist. Educated in Germany and Switzerland, he taught psychiatry in the Austrian cities of Strasbourg, Graz, and Vienna, and he pursued studies that ranged from epilepsy and syphilis to genetic functions in insanity and sexual deviation. He also performed experiments in hypnosis. He is best remembered today for his Psychopathia sexualis (1886), a groundbreaking examination of sexual aberrations

Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing

born Aug. 14, 1840, Mannheim, Baden died Dec. 22, 1902, near Graz, Austria German neuropsychiatrist. Educated in Germany and Switzerland, he taught psychiatry in the Austrian cities of Strasbourg, Graz, and Vienna, and he pursued studies that ranged from epilepsy and syphilis to genetic functions in insanity and sexual deviation. He also performed experiments in hypnosis. He is best remembered today for his Psychopathia sexualis (1886), a groundbreaking examination of sexual aberrations

Richard Georg Strauss

born June 11, 1864, Munich, Ger. died Sept. 8, 1949, Garmisch-Partenkirchen German composer and conductor. Son of a horn player, he began composing at age six. Before he was 20, he had already had major premieres of two symphonies and a violin concerto. In 1885 the conductor of the Meiningen Orchestra, Hans von Bülow, made Strauss his successor. Strongly influenced by the work of Richard Wagner, he began to write programmatic orchestral tone poems, including Don Juan (1889), Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1894-95), and Also sprach Zarathustra (1896). After 1900 he focused on operas; his third such work, Salome (1903-05), was a succès de scandale. Elektra (1906-08) marked the beginning of a productive collaboration with the poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal, with whom Strauss wrote his greatest operas, including Der Rosenkavalier (1909-10). He remained in Austria through World War II and held a music post in the German government, but he was later cleared of wrongdoing in connection with the Nazi regime. After many years writing lesser works, he produced several remarkable late pieces, including Metamorphosen (1945) and the Four Last Songs (1948)

Richard Gere

(born 1949) American film actor who starred in the film "Pretty Woman

Richard Hakluyt

born 1552, London, Eng.? died Nov. 23, 1616, England British geographer. A clergyman, he gave public lectures and became the first professor of modern geography at the University of Oxford. He became acquainted with the most important sea captains and merchants of England and took on the role of publicist for explorers. In 1583 he was sent to Paris as chaplain to the English ambassador and also served as an intelligence officer, collecting information on the Canadian fur trade and on other overseas enterprises. His major publication, The principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English nation (1589), described the early English voyages to North America. After 1600 he advised Elizabeth I on colonial affairs, and in 1612 he became a charter member of the Northwest Passage Company

Richard Henry Dana

born Aug. 1, 1815, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. died Jan. 6, 1882, Rome, Italy U.S. writer and lawyer. Dana left Harvard College because of weakened eyesight and shipped out as a common sailor; after regaining his health, he returned and became a lawyer. He is remembered for his autobiographical Two Years Before the Mast (1840), which revealed the abuses endured by sailors. The Seaman's Friend (1841) became the authoritative guide to seamen's legal rights and duties. He also produced a scholarly edition of Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law (1866), provided free legal aid to fugitive slaves, and served as U.S. attorney for Massachusetts

Richard Henry Lee

born Jan. 20, 1732, Stratford, Va. died June 19, 1794, Chantilly, Va., U.S. U.S. statesman. As a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses (1758-75), he opposed the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts. He helped initiate the Committees of Correspondence and was active in the First and Second Continental Congress. On June 7, 1776, he introduced a resolution calling for independence from Britain. Its adoption led to the Declaration of Independence, which he signed, as he did the Articles of Confederation. He again served in Congress from 1784 to 1787, acting as its president in 1784. He opposed ratification of the Constitution of the United States because it lacked a bill of rights. He later served in the first U.S. Senate (1789-92)

Richard Henry Tawney

born Nov. 30, 1880, Calcutta, India died Jan. 16, 1962, London, Eng. English economic historian. He was educated at Rugby School and at the University of Oxford, where he wrote his first major work, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912). From 1913 he taught at the London School of Economics. An ardent socialist, he helped formulate the economic and moral viewpoint of the Labour Party in the 1920s and '30s. In his most influential book, The Acquisitive Society (1920), he argued that the acquisitiveness of capitalist society was a morally wrong motivating principle. His Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926), which built on the work of Max Weber, also became a classic

Richard Holbrooke

(born 1941) U.S. statesman (noted for his mediation skills during difficult conflicts)

Richard Hooker

born March 1554?, Heavitree, Exeter, Devon, Eng. died Nov. 2, 1600, Bishopsbourne, near Canterbury, Kent English clergyman and theologian. He attended the University of Oxford, became a fellow of Corpus Christi College in 1577, and was ordained in 1581. He served as master of the Temple Church (1585-91) and later was vicar of churches at Drayton Beauchamp, Boscombe, and Bishopsbourne. He created a distinctive Anglican theology during a time when the Church of England was threatened by both Roman Catholicism and Puritanism. His great work was Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (1594-97), in which he defended the threefold authority of the Bible, church tradition, and human reason

Richard Horatio Edgar Wallace

born April 1, 1875, Greenwich, London, Eng. died Feb. 10, 1932, Hollywood, Calif., U.S. British novelist, playwright, and journalist. He held odd jobs, served in the army, and was a reporter before producing his first success, The Four Just Men (1905). With works such as Sanders of the River (1911), The Crimson Circle (1922), The Flying Squad (1928), and The Terror (1930), he virtually invented the modern "thriller"; the plots of his detective and suspense stories are complex but clearly developed, and they are known for their exciting climaxes. His output (including 175 books) was prodigious and his rate of production so great as to be the subject of humour. His literary reputation has suffered since his death

Richard Howe Earl Howe

born March 8, 1726, London, Eng. died Aug. 5, 1799 English admiral who commanded the British fleet to victory in the Battle of the First of June (1794) in the French Revolutionary Wars. As vice admiral (from 1775), he commanded in North America (1776-78), defeating French attempts to take Newport, R.I. After returning to England, he commanded the Channel fleet against the French and Spaniards and served as first lord of the Admiralty (1783-88). In 1793 he again commanded the Channel fleet. His victory against the French on June 1, 1794, provided an example of tactical excellence for his successors, including Horatio Nelson

Richard II

King of England (1377-1399). He quelled the Peasants' Revolt in 1381 but spent the rest of his reign at odds with the baronial opposition in Parliament

Richard III

King of England (1483-1485) who claimed the throne after imprisoning the sons of his deceased brother Edward IV. Richard's death at the Battle of Bosworth Field brought an end to the Wars of the Roses

Richard III

{i} (1452-1485) king of England from 1483 to 1485

Richard J Daley

born May 15, 1902, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Dec. 20, 1976, Chicago U.S. politician, mayor of Chicago (1955-76). A lawyer in his native Chicago, Daley served as state director of revenue (1948-50) and clerk of Cook county (1950-55) before being elected mayor. He pushed urban renewal and highway construction and a sweeping reform of the police department, but he was criticized for failing to eliminate racial segregation in housing and public schools, for promoting downtown skyscraper construction, and for police brutality committed against demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. His tight control of city politics through job patronage won him a reputation as "the last of the big-city bosses." His last years were marred by scandals surrounding members of his administration. His son Richard M. Daley (b. 1942) was first elected mayor of Chicago in 1989

Richard Joseph Daley

born May 15, 1902, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Dec. 20, 1976, Chicago U.S. politician, mayor of Chicago (1955-76). A lawyer in his native Chicago, Daley served as state director of revenue (1948-50) and clerk of Cook county (1950-55) before being elected mayor. He pushed urban renewal and highway construction and a sweeping reform of the police department, but he was criticized for failing to eliminate racial segregation in housing and public schools, for promoting downtown skyscraper construction, and for police brutality committed against demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. His tight control of city politics through job patronage won him a reputation as "the last of the big-city bosses." His last years were marred by scandals surrounding members of his administration. His son Richard M. Daley (b. 1942) was first elected mayor of Chicago in 1989

Richard Joseph Neutra

born April 8, 1892, Vienna, Austria died April 16, 1970, Wuppertal, W.Ger. Austrian-born U.S. architect. Educated in Vienna and Zürich, Neutra moved to the U.S. in 1923. His most important early work was the Lovell House, Los Angeles (1927-29), which features glass expanses and cable-suspended balconies. Shortly after World War II, Neutra created his most memorable works: the Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, Calif. (1946-47), and the Tremaine House, Santa Barbara, Calif. (1947-48). Elegant and precise, these houses are considered exceptionally fine examples of the International Style, which Neutra helped introduce into the U.S. Carefully placed in the landscape, Neutra's houses often have patios or porches that make the outdoors seem part of the house. He believed that architecture should be a means of bringing man back into harmony with nature and with himself and was particularly concerned that his houses reflect the way of life of the owner. His later works included office buildings, churches, housing projects, and cultural centres. His many writings include Survival Through Design (1954)

Richard Leakey

{i} (born 1944) Kenyan paleoanthropologist, son of Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey, most known for his discovery of an almost complete skeleton of a 9-year-old hominid who died 1.5 million years ago

Richard M Johnson

born 1780, near Louisville, Va., U.S. died Nov. 19, 1850, Frankfort, Ky. U.S. politician. He practiced law in Kentucky before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1807-19, 1829-37). As a colonel in the War of 1812, he was wounded in the Battle of the Thames, where he reputedly killed Tecumseh. He returned to his congressional seat and later was elected to the Senate (1819-29). He was a loyal supporter of Pres. Andrew Jackson, who chose him as Martin Van Buren's running mate in the 1836 election. None of the four vice-presidential candidates won an electoral-vote majority, and the outcome was decided by the Senate, the only such occurrence in U.S. history. Johnson served one term in the office

Richard M Nixon

born Jan. 9, 1913, Yorba Linda, Calif., U.S. died April 22, 1994, New York, N.Y. 37th president of the U.S. (1969-74). He studied law at Duke University and practiced in California (1937-42). After serving in World War II, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1946). As a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee he received national attention for his hostile questioning of Alger Hiss. In 1950 he was elected to the Senate following a bitter campaign in which he unfairly portrayed his opponent as a communist sympathizer; the epithet "Tricky Dick" dates from this period. He won the vice presidency in 1952 as the running mate of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. During the campaign he delivered a nationally televised address, the "Checkers" speech (named for the dog he admitted receiving as a political gift), to rebut charges of financial misconduct. He and Eisenhower were reelected easily in 1956. As the Republican presidential candidate in 1960, he lost narrowly to John F. Kennedy. After failing to win the 1962 California gubernatorial race, he announced his retirement from politics and criticized the press, declaring that it would not "have Dick Nixon to kick around anymore." He moved to New York to practice law. He reentered politics by running for president in 1968, narrowly defeating Hubert H. Humphrey with his "southern strategy" of seeking votes from southern and western conservatives in both parties. As president, he began to withdraw U.S. military forces from South Vietnam while resuming the bombing of the North. His expansion of the Vietnam War to Cambodia and Laos in 1970 provoked widespread protests in the U.S. He established direct relations with communist China and made a state visit there in 1972, the first by a U.S. president. On a visit to the Soviet Union later that year, he signed agreements resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the U.S. and the Soviet Union held between 1969 and 1972, known as SALT I. In domestic affairs, Nixon responded to persistent inflation and increasing unemployment by devaluing the dollar and imposing unprecedented peacetime controls on wages and prices. His administration increased funding for many federal civil-rights agencies and proposed legislation that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1972 he won reelection with a landslide victory over George McGovern. Assisted by Henry A. Kissinger, he concluded a peace agreement with North Vietnam (1973), though the war did not come to an end until 1975. His administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chile's Marxist Pres. Salvador Allende, leading to Allende's overthrow in a military coup in 1973. Nixon's second term was overshadowed by the Watergate scandal, which stemmed from illegal activities by Nixon and others related to the burglary and wiretapping of the headquarters of the Democratic Party. After lengthy congressional investigations and facing near-certain impeachment, Nixon resigned the presidency on Aug. 8, 1974, the first president to do so. Though never convicted of wrongdoing, he was pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, he wrote his memoirs and several books on foreign policy, which modestly rehabilitated his reputation and earned him a role as an elder statesman and foreign-policy expert

Richard McKay Rorty

born Oct. 4, 1931, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. philosopher. After receiving his Ph.D. at Yale University in 1956, he taught at Wellesley College, Princeton University, the University of Virginia, and Stanford University. An opponent of epistemological foundationalism, Rorty holds that no statement is epistemologically more basic than any other and no statement is ever justified finally or absolutely. He also rejects the idea that sentences or beliefs are true or false in any interesting sense other than being useful or successful within a broad social practice (see pragmatism). Because there is no such thing as certainty or absolute truth, according to Rorty, it is not the purpose of philosophy to pursue such things; its role instead should be to conduct a "conversation" between contrasting but equally valid forms of intellectual inquiry. His publications include Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979), Consequences of Pragmatism (1982), and Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1989)

Richard Meier

born Oct. 12, 1934, Newark, N.J., U.S. U.S. architect. Educated at Cornell University, Meier's early experience included work with the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and with Marcel Breuer. Early in his career he executed a series of spectacular private residences. These houses typically feature refinements of and variations on classic Modernist principles pure geometry, open space, and an emphasis on light and they often display a crisp whiteness that contrasts sharply with the natural setting; the Douglas House, Harbor Springs, Mich. (1973), is a dramatically sited example. Building upon the success of his residences, beginning in the mid 1970s Meier began to receive large public commissions. These structures are characterized by geometric clarity and order, which is often punctuated by curving ramps and railings, and by a contrast between the light-filled, transparent surfaces of public spaces and the solid white surfaces of interior, private spaces. His Getty Center in Los Angeles (1984-97), with its terraced gardens, is a resplendent acropolis in travertine stone. Meier received the 1984 Pritzker Architecture Prize

Richard Mentor Johnson

born 1780, near Louisville, Va., U.S. died Nov. 19, 1850, Frankfort, Ky. U.S. politician. He practiced law in Kentucky before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1807-19, 1829-37). As a colonel in the War of 1812, he was wounded in the Battle of the Thames, where he reputedly killed Tecumseh. He returned to his congressional seat and later was elected to the Senate (1819-29). He was a loyal supporter of Pres. Andrew Jackson, who chose him as Martin Van Buren's running mate in the 1836 election. None of the four vice-presidential candidates won an electoral-vote majority, and the outcome was decided by the Senate, the only such occurrence in U.S. history. Johnson served one term in the office

Richard Milhous Nixon

(1913-1994) 37th president of the United States (1969-1974)

Richard Milhous Nixon

born Jan. 9, 1913, Yorba Linda, Calif., U.S. died April 22, 1994, New York, N.Y. 37th president of the U.S. (1969-74). He studied law at Duke University and practiced in California (1937-42). After serving in World War II, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1946). As a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee he received national attention for his hostile questioning of Alger Hiss. In 1950 he was elected to the Senate following a bitter campaign in which he unfairly portrayed his opponent as a communist sympathizer; the epithet "Tricky Dick" dates from this period. He won the vice presidency in 1952 as the running mate of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. During the campaign he delivered a nationally televised address, the "Checkers" speech (named for the dog he admitted receiving as a political gift), to rebut charges of financial misconduct. He and Eisenhower were reelected easily in 1956. As the Republican presidential candidate in 1960, he lost narrowly to John F. Kennedy. After failing to win the 1962 California gubernatorial race, he announced his retirement from politics and criticized the press, declaring that it would not "have Dick Nixon to kick around anymore." He moved to New York to practice law. He reentered politics by running for president in 1968, narrowly defeating Hubert H. Humphrey with his "southern strategy" of seeking votes from southern and western conservatives in both parties. As president, he began to withdraw U.S. military forces from South Vietnam while resuming the bombing of the North. His expansion of the Vietnam War to Cambodia and Laos in 1970 provoked widespread protests in the U.S. He established direct relations with communist China and made a state visit there in 1972, the first by a U.S. president. On a visit to the Soviet Union later that year, he signed agreements resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the U.S. and the Soviet Union held between 1969 and 1972, known as SALT I. In domestic affairs, Nixon responded to persistent inflation and increasing unemployment by devaluing the dollar and imposing unprecedented peacetime controls on wages and prices. His administration increased funding for many federal civil-rights agencies and proposed legislation that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1972 he won reelection with a landslide victory over George McGovern. Assisted by Henry A. Kissinger, he concluded a peace agreement with North Vietnam (1973), though the war did not come to an end until 1975. His administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chile's Marxist Pres. Salvador Allende, leading to Allende's overthrow in a military coup in 1973. Nixon's second term was overshadowed by the Watergate scandal, which stemmed from illegal activities by Nixon and others related to the burglary and wiretapping of the headquarters of the Democratic Party. After lengthy congressional investigations and facing near-certain impeachment, Nixon resigned the presidency on Aug. 8, 1974, the first president to do so. Though never convicted of wrongdoing, he was pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, he wrote his memoirs and several books on foreign policy, which modestly rehabilitated his reputation and earned him a role as an elder statesman and foreign-policy expert

Richard Milhouse Nixon

(1913-1994) 37th president of the United States (1969-1974)

Richard Morris Hunt

born Oct. 31, 1827, Brattleboro, Vt., U.S. died July 31, 1895, Rewport, R.I. U.S. architect. He studied in Europe from 1843 to 1854, becoming the first U.S. architecture student at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He returned to the U.S. to establish the Beaux-Arts style there. His work was eclectic, ranging from ornate early French Renaissance to monumental Classicism to a picturesque villa style. He worked on the extension of the U.S. Capitol and designed the Tribune building in New York City (1873; since destroyed) and the facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1900-02), also in New York. Among the mansions he designed for the new commercial aristocracy is the Breakers in Newport, R.I. (1892-95), which was created in an opulent Renaissance style for the Vanderbilts. Hunt was a founder of the American Institute of Architects

Richard Neutra

born April 8, 1892, Vienna, Austria died April 16, 1970, Wuppertal, W.Ger. Austrian-born U.S. architect. Educated in Vienna and Zürich, Neutra moved to the U.S. in 1923. His most important early work was the Lovell House, Los Angeles (1927-29), which features glass expanses and cable-suspended balconies. Shortly after World War II, Neutra created his most memorable works: the Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, Calif. (1946-47), and the Tremaine House, Santa Barbara, Calif. (1947-48). Elegant and precise, these houses are considered exceptionally fine examples of the International Style, which Neutra helped introduce into the U.S. Carefully placed in the landscape, Neutra's houses often have patios or porches that make the outdoors seem part of the house. He believed that architecture should be a means of bringing man back into harmony with nature and with himself and was particularly concerned that his houses reflect the way of life of the owner. His later works included office buildings, churches, housing projects, and cultural centres. His many writings include Survival Through Design (1954)

Richard Nicolls

born 1624, Ampthill, Bedfordshire, Eng. died May 28, 1672, in the North Sea, off Suffolk, Eng. English colonial governor of New York. In 1664 he forcibly seized the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam and renamed the province and its main city for his patron, the duke of York. He thereby became the first governor of the English colony of New York. An efficient administrator, he issued the colony's first legal code in 1665. He returned to England in 1668 and resumed his duties as gentleman of the bedchamber to the duke

Richard Nixon

(1913-1994) 37th president of the United States (1969-1974)

Richard Nixon

a US politician in the Republican Party who was President of the US from 1969 to 1974. He helped to end the Vietnam War and improved the US's political relationship with China. He is most famous for being involved in Watergate and for officially leaving his position as President before Congress could impeach him (=charge him with a serious crime) . Many people thought he was dishonest, and because of this he was sometimes called 'Tricky Dicky' (1913-94)

Richard Noble

{i} (born 1946) Scottish who built the Thrust2 car, holder of the land speed record

Richard Olney

born Sept. 15, 1835, Oxford, Mass., U.S. died April 8, 1917, Boston, Mass. U.S. statesman. As U.S. attorney general (1893-95) under Pres. Grover Cleveland, he set a precedent by using an injunction to break the Pullman Strike (1894). Appointed U.S. secretary of state in 1895, he was confronted with Venezuela's request for support in its border dispute with Britain over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. Olney's aggressive note to Britain, known as the Olney Corollary, demanded that Britain submit the dispute to arbitration and reasserted U.S. sovereignty in the Western Hemisphere in accordance with the Monroe Doctrine. The matter was in fact settled by arbitration two years after Olney's retirement in 1897

Richard P Feynman

born May 11, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Feb. 15, 1988, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. theoretical physicist. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University. During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project. From 1950 he taught at the California Institute of Technology. The Feynman diagram was one of the many problem-solving tools he invented. With Julian Schwinger (b. 1918) and Shinichiro Tomonaga (1906-79), he shared a 1965 Nobel Prize for his brilliant work on quantum electrodynamics. He was principally responsible for identifying the cause of the 1986 Challenger disaster. Famed for his wit, he also wrote best-selling books on science. His work, which tied together all the varied phenomena at work in light, radio, electricity, and magnetism, altered the way scientists understand the nature of waves and particles

Richard Parkes Bonington

born Oct. 25, 1801, Arnold, Eng. died Sept. 23, 1828, London British painter active in France. In 1818 he went to Paris to study with Antoine-Jean Gros. His skill in watercolour, a novelty in Paris, attracted many imitators. He exhibited at the famous "English" Salon of 1824 and won a gold medal. With John Constable and J.M.W. Turner, he popularized the oil sketch, a rapidly executed record of the transitory effects of nature. He became influential in England and France as a master of the Romantic movement and a technical innovator. His death at age 26 cut short a brilliant career

Richard Petty

born July 2, 1937, Level Cross, N.C., U.S. U.S. stock-car racer. He entered professional stock-car racing in 1958. In his long professional career he won 200 races. In 1975 he set the NASCAR record of 13 victories in one season. "King Richard" also won seven Daytona 500 races and seven NASCAR Grand National championships. His father, son, and grandson were all NASCAR racers

Richard Phillips Feynman

a US scientist who won a Nobel Prize for his work on radioactivity (1918-88). born May 11, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Feb. 15, 1988, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. theoretical physicist. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University. During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project. From 1950 he taught at the California Institute of Technology. The Feynman diagram was one of the many problem-solving tools he invented. With Julian Schwinger (b. 1918) and Shinichiro Tomonaga (1906-79), he shared a 1965 Nobel Prize for his brilliant work on quantum electrodynamics. He was principally responsible for identifying the cause of the 1986 Challenger disaster. Famed for his wit, he also wrote best-selling books on science. His work, which tied together all the varied phenomena at work in light, radio, electricity, and magnetism, altered the way scientists understand the nature of waves and particles

Richard Purdy Wilbur

born March 1, 1921, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. poet, critic, editor, and translator. He studied literature at Harvard University and established himself as an important young poet with the collections The Beautiful Changes (1947) and Ceremony (1950). His urbane, well-crafted verse later appeared in volumes such as Things of This World (1956, Pulitzer Prize), Walking to Sleep (1969), and The Mind Reader (1976). He also translated plays (notably those of Molière) and wrote criticism and children's books. He served as U.S. poet laureate in 1987-88

Richard Roberts

born April 22, 1789, Carreghova, Montgomeryshire, Wales died March 16, 1864, Manchester, Eng. British inventor. He was an uneducated Welsh quarryman before he took a position with Henry Maudslay and then established his own machine-tool factory. He was one of the inventors of the metal planer, and he made important improvements to the lathe. His automatic spinning mule marked an important advance in spinning technology. He developed a screw-cutting lathe and built gear-cutting and slotting machines, railway locomotives with interchangeable parts, automatic machinery for punching holes in plate, and the first successful gas meter. Though he was said to have improved everything he touched, he was not a shrewd businessman, and he died in poverty

Richard Rodgers

a US composer who wrote the music for many musicals (=films or plays that use singing and dancing to tell a story) with the songwriters Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein. The musicals that Rodgers and Hart wrote together include Babes in Arms and Pal Joey, and those that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together include Oklahoma!, The King and I, South Pacific, and The Sound of Music (1902-79). born June 28, 1902, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 30, 1979, New York City U.S. composer. Rodgers studied at Columbia University, where he met his future collaborator Lorenz Hart, and he later studied composition at the Institute of Musical Art. His first success with Hart (who wrote lyrics) was a revue, The Garrick Gaieties (1925). Their comedy On Your Toes (1936), with the jazz ballet Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, established serious dance as a permanent part of musical comedy. Among their other collaborations were Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), and Pal Joey (1940), which was revived in 1952 with great success. After Hart's death, Rodgers worked with librettist Oscar Hammerstein. Their Oklahoma! (1943, Pulitzer Prize) enjoyed a then-unprecedented Broadway run of 2,248 performances; their 17-year partnership produced successes such as South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), and The Sound of Music (1959) and made them the foremost team in the history of the American musical

Richard Rogers

born in Italy. His buildings are very modern, and are famous for having pipes etc on the outside. He is especially known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris and for buildings in London, especially the Lloyd's Building (1933- ) a British architect (=someone who designs buildings)

Richard Rolle

born 1300, Thornton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Sept. 29, 1394, Hampole, Yorkshire English mystic. He left the University of Oxford without a degree, dissatisfied with the subjects of study, and became a hermit. Writing in the vernacular for the sake of women readers, he exalted the contemplative life and emphasized a rapturous mystical union with God. He may have been spiritual adviser to the nuns of Hampole in his late years

Richard Rorty

born Oct. 4, 1931, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. philosopher. After receiving his Ph.D. at Yale University in 1956, he taught at Wellesley College, Princeton University, the University of Virginia, and Stanford University. An opponent of epistemological foundationalism, Rorty holds that no statement is epistemologically more basic than any other and no statement is ever justified finally or absolutely. He also rejects the idea that sentences or beliefs are true or false in any interesting sense other than being useful or successful within a broad social practice (see pragmatism). Because there is no such thing as certainty or absolute truth, according to Rorty, it is not the purpose of philosophy to pursue such things; its role instead should be to conduct a "conversation" between contrasting but equally valid forms of intellectual inquiry. His publications include Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979), Consequences of Pragmatism (1982), and Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1989)

Richard Rush

born Aug. 29, 1780, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died July 30, 1859, Philadelphia U.S. diplomat. The son of Benjamin Rush, he served as U.S. attorney general (1814-17) and secretary of the treasury (1825-29). As acting secretary of state (1817), he negotiated the Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain, which limited naval forces on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812. As U.S. minister to Britain (1817-25), he negotiated an agreement fixing the border between Canada and the U.S. at the 49th parallel. In conferences on Latin America, he helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine. In 1836, as the U.S. agent in London, he received the bequest by which James Smithson founded the Smithsonian Institution; Rush considered his role in founding the museum his most important public service

Richard Serra

born Nov. 2, 1939, San Francisco, Calif., U.S. U.S. sculptor. He paid for his education at the University of California by working in steel factories. From 1961 he studied with Josef Albers at Yale University. He settled in New York City 1966 and began to experiment with new materials. In 1967-68 he displayed a series of works entitled Splashes, which were pieces of molten lead thrown against a wall in a gallery; the resulting solidified lead could be seen as sculpture, although Serra himself viewed the process of creation as more important than the end result. In 1969-70 gravity became a major element of his work; the Prop series consisted of huge plates of lead or steel leaning against each other, supported only by their opposing weights. He is best known for his enormous, sometimes controversial, outdoor pieces that interact with the environment, particularly Tilted Arc, installed in New York's Federal Plaza in 1981 but removed in 1989. His work has been defined as Minimalist

Richard Stallman

{i} (born 1953) famous programmer who founded GNU and the Free Software Foundation

Richard Stockton

{i} (1730-1781) US lawyer and political leader during the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence

Richard Strauss

a German composer whose best-known works are his symphonic poems, his operas, especially Der Rosenkavalier (1911), and his Four Last Songs (1948). One of his symphonic poems, Also sprach Zarathustra (1895) was used in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) (1864-1949). born June 11, 1864, Munich, Ger. died Sept. 8, 1949, Garmisch-Partenkirchen German composer and conductor. Son of a horn player, he began composing at age six. Before he was 20, he had already had major premieres of two symphonies and a violin concerto. In 1885 the conductor of the Meiningen Orchestra, Hans von Bülow, made Strauss his successor. Strongly influenced by the work of Richard Wagner, he began to write programmatic orchestral tone poems, including Don Juan (1889), Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1894-95), and Also sprach Zarathustra (1896). After 1900 he focused on operas; his third such work, Salome (1903-05), was a succès de scandale. Elektra (1906-08) marked the beginning of a productive collaboration with the poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal, with whom Strauss wrote his greatest operas, including Der Rosenkavalier (1909-10). He remained in Austria through World War II and held a music post in the German government, but he was later cleared of wrongdoing in connection with the Nazi regime. After many years writing lesser works, he produced several remarkable late pieces, including Metamorphosen (1945) and the Four Last Songs (1948)

Richard T Ely

born April 13, 1854, Ripley, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 4, 1943, Old Lyme, Conn. U.S. economist. He studied at Columbia University and the University of Heidelberg. His career interests focused on labour unrest, agricultural economics, and the problems of rural poverty. He taught at Johns Hopkins University (1881-92) but resigned in the face of harsh opposition to his ideas on academic freedom and the labour movement. He was a founder of the American Economic Association (1885). At the University of Wisconsin (1892-1925), he helped create Wisconsin's progressive program of social reform legislation

Richard Theodore Ely

born April 13, 1854, Ripley, N.Y., U.S. died Oct. 4, 1943, Old Lyme, Conn. U.S. economist. He studied at Columbia University and the University of Heidelberg. His career interests focused on labour unrest, agricultural economics, and the problems of rural poverty. He taught at Johns Hopkins University (1881-92) but resigned in the face of harsh opposition to his ideas on academic freedom and the labour movement. He was a founder of the American Economic Association (1885). At the University of Wisconsin (1892-1925), he helped create Wisconsin's progressive program of social reform legislation

Richard Trevithick

a British engineer who invented a new type of steam engine, which was used in 1804 in the first train ever built (1771-1833). born April 13, 1771, Illogan, Cornwall, Eng. died April 22, 1833, Dartford, Kent British inventor of the first steam locomotive. With little formal education, in 1790 he became an engineer for several ore mines in Cornwall. In 1797 his experiments with high-pressure steam led him to develop a small, light engine to replace the large, low-pressure mine engines then used for hoisting ore. In 1801 he built the first steam carriage, which he later drove in London. In 1803 he built the first steam railway locomotive for an ironworks in Wales. He abandoned his locomotive projects in 1808 because the iron rails were too fragile to carry their weight. He adapted his engine to produce the first steam dredger in 1806. In 1816 he traveled to South America to deliver engines to Peruvian silver mines, hoping to become wealthy, but returned to England in 1827 penniless

Richard Wagner

{i} (1813-1883) 19th century German composer

Richard Wagner

a German composer who is most famous for his long operas, which include Tristram and Isolde, and especially his series of four operas based on German mythology, called the Ring of the Nibelung. His music is often in a very exciting, dramatic style. He started his own theatre at Bayreuth and his operas are still performed there every summer. (1813-83). born May 22, 1813, Leipzig, Ger. died Feb. 13, 1883, Venice, Italy German composer. His childhood was divided between Dresden and Leipzig, where he had his first composition lessons; his teacher refused payment because of his talent. His first opera, The Fairies (1834), was followed by The Ban on Love (1836); the premiere performance was so unprepared that the event was a fiasco, and he henceforth determined not to settle for modest productions. The success of Rienzi (1840) led him to be more adventurous in The Flying Dutchman (1843) and even more so in Tannhäuser (1845). Caught up in the political turmoil of 1848, he was forced to flee Dresden for Zürich. During this enforced vacation, he wrote influential essays, asserting (following G.W.F. Hegel) that music had reached a limit after Ludwig van Beethoven and that the "artwork of the future" would unite music and theatre in a Gesamtkunstwerk ("total artwork"). In 1850 he saw Lohengrin produced. He had begun his most ambitious work, The Ring of the Nibelung, a four-opera cycle. The need for large-scale unity brought him to the concept of the leitmotiv. He ceased work on the Ring's third opera, Siegfried, in the throes of an adulterous love with Mathilde Wesendonk and wrote an opera of forbidden love, Tristan und Isolde (1859), which also seemed to break the bonds of tonality. He published the Ring librettos in 1863, with a plea for financial support, and Louis II of Bavaria responded, inviting Wagner to complete the work in Munich. From the late 1860s to the early 1880s, Wagner completed work on Die Meistersinger, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung, and the long-deferred Parsifal, as he also oversaw the building of the great festival theatre at Bayreuth (1872-76) that would be dedicated to his operas. His astonishing works made Wagner one of the most influential and consequential figures in the history of Western music and, indeed, of Western culture. In the late 20th century his undoubted musical stature was challenged somewhat by the strongly racist and anti-Semitic views expressed in his writings, and evidence of anti-Semitism in his operas was increasingly documented

Richard Wesley Hamming

born Feb. 11, 1915, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Jan. 7, 1998, Monterey, Calif. U.S. mathematician. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. In 1945 he was the chief mathematician for the Manhattan Project. After the war, he joined Claude E. Shannon at Bell Laboratories, where in 1950 he invented Hamming codes. He realized that, by the appending of a parity check (an extra bit or block of bits) to each transmitted "word," transmission errors could be corrected automatically, without having to resend the message. He is famous for saying, "The purpose of computation is insight, not numbers." He received the Turing Award in 1968

Richard Whittington

known as Dick Whittington died March 1423, London Lord mayor of London (1397-99, 1406-07, 1419-20). The son of a knight, he earned a vast fortune as a merchant and made loans to Henry IV and Henry V, then entered city politics and served three terms as lord mayor. In legend he is portrayed as an orphan who ventures his only possession, a cat, as an item to be sold on one of his master's trading ships. Ill-treated by the cook, he runs away, but at the edge of the city he hears the bells say, "Turn again, Whittington, lord mayor of great London." He returns to find that his cat has been sold for a great sum to a Moorish ruler plagued by rats. He becomes a wealthy merchant and later lord mayor

Richard Wilbur

born March 1, 1921, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. poet, critic, editor, and translator. He studied literature at Harvard University and established himself as an important young poet with the collections The Beautiful Changes (1947) and Ceremony (1950). His urbane, well-crafted verse later appeared in volumes such as Things of This World (1956, Pulitzer Prize), Walking to Sleep (1969), and The Mind Reader (1976). He also translated plays (notably those of Molière) and wrote criticism and children's books. He served as U.S. poet laureate in 1987-88

Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg

{i} Richard Abegg (1869-1910), Prussian chemist whose work contributed to the understanding of valence

Richard Wilson

{i} (1714-1782) Welsh painter of landscapes; (1920-1987) United States science fiction author

Richard Wilson

born Aug. 1, 1714, Penegoes, Montgomeryshire, Wales died May 15, 1782, Llanberis, Carnarvonshire Welsh landscape painter. He worked as a portraitist for many years, but after a lengthy stay in Italy (1750-57) he worked almost exclusively in landscape, except for numerous drawings of Roman sites and buildings that he used in composing Italianate landscapes. A set of drawings made for Lord Dartmouth (dated 1754) show that he tempered his delicate observation of light and distance with the discipline of such 17th-century Classicists as Nicolas Poussin. The landscapes he produced after his return to Britain influenced J.M.W. Turner and John Constable

Richard Wright

a black US writer of novels and a critic of American society and its treatment of black people. He is best known for Black Boy and Native Son (1908-1960). born Sept. 4, 1908, near Natchez, Miss., U.S. died Nov. 28, 1960, Paris, France U.S. novelist and short-story writer. Wright, whose grandparents had been slaves, grew up in poverty. After migrating north he joined the Federal Writers' Project in Chicago, then moved to New York City in 1937. He was a member of the Communist Party in the years 1932-44. He first came to wide attention with a volume of novellas, Uncle Tom's Children (1938). His novel Native Son (1940), though considered shocking and violent, became a best-seller. The fictionalized autobiography Black Boy (1945) vividly describes his often harsh childhood and youth. After World War II he settled in Paris. He is remembered as one of the first African American writers to protest white treatment of blacks

Richard de Hampole Rolle

born 1300, Thornton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Sept. 29, 1394, Hampole, Yorkshire English mystic. He left the University of Oxford without a degree, dissatisfied with the subjects of study, and became a hermit. Writing in the vernacular for the sake of women readers, he exalted the contemplative life and emphasized a rapturous mystical union with God. He may have been spiritual adviser to the nuns of Hampole in his late years

richard i

son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199)

richard ii

King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400)

richard iii

King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485)

richard roe

an unknown or fictitious party to legal proceedings

Calvin Richard Klein

born Nov. 19, 1942, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. fashion designer. He attended the Fashion Institute of Technology. He opened his own company in 1968, when casual, hippie-style clothing was in fashion, but took a different direction by designing simple, understated, elegant clothing. Though noted at first for suits and coats, he gradually placed more emphasis on sportswear, particularly interchangeable separates. He was the first designer to win three consecutive Coty Awards for womenswear (1973-75). Over the course of the 1980s and '90s he became known for his clothing, cosmetics, linens, and other designer collections, as well as for his erotic advertising photographs, some of which have drawn public protest. His achievements represented the maturation of the American fashion industry

Charles Richard Drew

born June 3, 1904, Washington, D.C., U.S. died April 1, 1950, near Burlington, N.C. U.S. physician and surgeon. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. While researching the properties and preservation of blood plasma, he developed efficient ways to process and store plasma in blood banks. He directed the U.S. and Britain's World War II blood-plasma programs until 1942. An African American, he resigned over the segregation of the blood of blacks and whites in blood banks

Clement Richard 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow Attlee

born Jan. 3, 1883, Putney, London, Eng. died Oct. 8, 1967, Westminster, London British Labour Party leader (1935-55) and prime minister (1945-51). Committed to social reform, he lived for much of the years (1907-22) in a settlement house in London's impoverished East End. Elected to Parliament in 1922, he served in several Labour governments and in the wartime coalition government of Winston Churchill, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1945. Attlee presided over the establishment of the welfare state in Britain, the nationalization of major British industries, and the granting of independence to India, an important step in the conversion of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. He resigned when the Conservatives narrowly won the election in 1951

Cliff Richard

(born 1940) popular British singer and actor who was born in India

Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Holland

born Nov. 21, 1773, Winterslow, Wiltshire, Eng. died Oct. 22, 1840, London British Whig politician. He was the nephew and disciple of Charles James Fox, whose ideas he expounded in the House of Lords. As lord privy seal in George Grenville's "Ministry of All the Talents" coalition (1806-07), he helped secure the abolition of the slave trade in the British colonies. He later served as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1830-34, 1835-40)

Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Holland of Foxley and of Holland

born Nov. 21, 1773, Winterslow, Wiltshire, Eng. died Oct. 22, 1840, London British Whig politician. He was the nephew and disciple of Charles James Fox, whose ideas he expounded in the House of Lords. As lord privy seal in George Grenville's "Ministry of All the Talents" coalition (1806-07), he helped secure the abolition of the slave trade in the British colonies. He later served as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1830-34, 1835-40)

Ian Richard Kyle Paisley

born April 6, 1926, Armagh, County Armagh, N.Ire. Protestant leader in Northern Ireland. After being ordained in the Reformed Presbyterian church (1946), he cofounded a new sect, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster (1951), which soon grew to more than 30 churches. In the 1960s he became the voice of extreme Protestant opinion in the sectarian strife of Northern Ireland, opposed to any concessions to the Catholics. He led demonstrations throughout Northern Ireland and was repeatedly imprisoned for unlawful assembly. Elected to the House of Commons in 1970, he cofounded the Democratic Unionist Party in 1971 and also organized a paramilitary group of Protestant fighters called the Third Force. In 1998 he opposed the Good Friday Agreement, which called for power sharing between Roman Catholics and Protestants. He won a seat in the new Northern Ireland Assembly that the accord established, though he continued to refuse to participate in negotiations with Sinn Féin, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army

John Richard Hersey

born June 17, 1914, Tianjin, China died March 24, 1993, Key West, Fla., U.S. Chinese-born U.S. novelist and journalist. Born to missionaries, he worked as a correspondent in East Asia, Italy, and the Soviet Union in the years 1937-46. His novel A Bell for Adano (1944, Pulitzer Prize) depicts the Allied occupation of a Sicilian town. Hiroshima (1946), about the experiences of atomic-blast survivors, and The Wall (1950), about the Warsaw ghetto uprisings, combine fact and fiction. His later novels encompassed a wide variety of subjects from contemporary issues to moral parables set in the future

John Richard Schlesinger

born Feb. 16, 1926, London, Eng. died July 25, 2003, Palm Springs, Calif., U.S. British film and theatre director. He worked as an actor before becoming a documentary director for BBC television, where he won praise for his Terminus (1960). His feature films A Kind of Loving (1962) and Billy Liar (1963) were caustic depictions of English urban life. The successful Darling (1965) mocked the shallowness of the jet set, and he followed it with Far from the Madding Crowd (1967). His first American film, Midnight Cowboy (1969), won him an Academy Award. His later films include Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971), Marathon Man (1976), Madame Sousatzka (1988), Cold Comfort Farm (1995), and The Next Best Thing (2000)

Joseph Henri Maurice Richard

born Aug. 4, 1921, Montreal, Que., Can. died May 27, 2000, Montreal Canadian ice-hockey player. He played right wing for the Montreal Canadiens (1942-60) and became the first National Hockey League player to score 50 goals in a regular (50-game) season (1943-44). His nickname, "Rocket," reflected his speed and aggressive play. He was also noted for his clutch scoring and fiery temper

Jr. Richard Walter Jenkins

orig. Richard Walter Jenkins, Jr. born Nov. 10, 1925, Pontrhydyfen, Wales died Aug. 5, 1984, Geneva, Switz. British-U.S. actor. He first won success on the stage in The Lady's Not for Burning in London (1949) and on Broadway (1950). His first Hollywood film role was in My Cousin Rachel (1952). During the filming of Cleopatra (1963) he had a highly publicized love affair with Elizabeth Taylor, whom he later twice married. Known for his resonant voice and his Welsh mournfulness, he starred again on Broadway in Camelot (1960) and an acclaimed Hamlet (1964). Among his other films are The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), and Equus (1977)

Junius Richard Jayewardene

born Sept. 7, 1906, Colombo, Ceylon died Nov. 1, 1996, Colombo, Sri Lanka Prime minister (1977-78) and president (1978-89) of Sri Lanka. The son of a Supreme Court judge, he became minister of finance in 1948, when Ceylon (from 1972, Sri Lanka) became independent. As prime minister, he amended the constitution to give Sri Lanka an executive presidency and became the first elected president in 1978. His administration steered the country away from socialism, revitalizing the private sector and reducing government bureaucracy. When ethnic conflict erupted between the island's Sinhalese Buddhist majority and its Tamil Hindu minority, he was unable to end the violence, which continued after his retirement and death

King Richard I

the king of England from 1189 until his death. During his period as king, he was almost never in England, because he spent a lot of time fighting in the crusades and in France. He was a popular king and regarded as very brave, and for this reason he is often called Richard the Lionheart or Richard Coeur de Lion (1157-99)

King Richard II

the king of England from 1377 to 1399. He became very unpopular by ordering many of his opponents to be killed, and he was removed from power by his cousin, who then became King Henry IV. Richard was put in prison in 1399, and died or was murdered the next year. These events are described in Shakespeare's play Richard II (1367-1400)

King Richard III

the king of England from 1483 until his death. When his brother, King Edward IV, died in 1483, Richard had the job of taking care of Edward's sons, who were still boys. But he put the boys in prison in the Tower of London (the Princes in the Tower). They disappeared and he took the position of king for himself. He was later killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field. In Shakespeare's play Richard III, Richard is shown as a cruel and ugly man, but some writers now believe that he was in fact an effective king and a brave military leader, who was not responsible for the deaths of the princes (1452-85)

Little Richard

orig. Richard Wayne Penniman born Dec. 5, 1932, Macon, Ga., U.S. U.S. rhythm and blues singer and pianist. Born into a strict religious family, he sang and played piano in church but was later ejected from his home by his father, reportedly for homosexual behaviour. He performed in nightclubs, traveled with a medicine show, and recorded as a blues artist from the early 1950s. His first big hit came with "Tutti Frutti" (1956), an energetic performance that, with his penchant for the outrageous, set a standard for the emerging rock idiom. Similar hits followed, including "Long Tall Sally," "Lucille," and "Good Golly, Miss Molly." In 1957 he underwent a religious conversion and was later ordained a minister. He soon returned to music, becoming a regular attraction in Las Vegas, and he continued to tour and appear in films with much success. He was an original inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Maurice Richard

a Canadian ice hockey player, who some people think was the best in the history of the sport. He was known as "Rocket", and played for the Montreal Canadiens. He scored more goals than any other player in the National Hockey League ( NHL) in 1945, 1947, 1950, 1954, and 1955. In 1945 he became the first player to score 50 goals in a 50-game season (1921-2000). born Aug. 4, 1921, Montreal, Que., Can. died May 27, 2000, Montreal Canadian ice-hockey player. He played right wing for the Montreal Canadiens (1942-60) and became the first National Hockey League player to score 50 goals in a regular (50-game) season (1943-44). His nickname, "Rocket," reflected his speed and aggressive play. He was also noted for his clutch scoring and fiery temper

Poor Richard's Almanac

{i} almanac published by Benjamin Franklin (who adopted the pen name "Poor Richard") which appeared successively from 1732 to 1757

Robert; and Hoe Richard Hoe

born Oct. 29, 1784, Hoes, Leicestershire, Eng. died Jan. 4, 1833, New York, N.Y., U.S. born Sept. 12, 1812, New York, N.Y., U.S. died June 7, 1886, Florence, Italy Father and son, inventors. Robert immigrated to the U.S. in 1803. In New York City he cofounded a printing-equipment company and in 1827 introduced the cast-iron frame, which soon replaced the standard wooden frames used for printing presses. His improved version of the Napier cylinder printing press supplanted all English-made presses in the U.S. Richard joined the company in 1827 and became its head when his father died. He replaced the flatbed press with the first successful rotary press (patented 1847). He followed this innovation with the web press (1865) and the web perfecting press (1871), revolutionary improvements that made the large-circulation daily newspaper possible

Robert; and Hoe Richard March Hoe

born Oct. 29, 1784, Hoes, Leicestershire, Eng. died Jan. 4, 1833, New York, N.Y., U.S. born Sept. 12, 1812, New York, N.Y., U.S. died June 7, 1886, Florence, Italy Father and son, inventors. Robert immigrated to the U.S. in 1803. In New York City he cofounded a printing-equipment company and in 1827 introduced the cast-iron frame, which soon replaced the standard wooden frames used for printing presses. His improved version of the Napier cylinder printing press supplanted all English-made presses in the U.S. Richard joined the company in 1827 and became its head when his father died. He replaced the flatbed press with the first successful rotary press (patented 1847). He followed this innovation with the web press (1865) and the web perfecting press (1871), revolutionary improvements that made the large-circulation daily newspaper possible

Rutherford Richard Hayes

(1822-1893) 19th president of the United States (1877-1881)

Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton

born Sept. 8, 1918, Gravesend, Kent, Eng. died March 16, 1998, College Station, Texas, U.S. British chemist. Unsatisfied in his father's carpentry business, he entered London's Imperial College and received his doctorate in 1942. His studies revealed that organic molecules have a preferred three-dimensional form from which their chemical properties can be inferred. This research earned him the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, shared with Odd Hassel of Norway

Sir Edward Richard George Heath

born July 9, 1916, Broadstairs, Kent, Eng. British politician, prime minister of Britain (1970-74). He held various government positions after being elected to Parliament in 1950, and after the Conservative defeat in 1964 he became a major opposition figure. As prime minister, he faced the crisis of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, over which he imposed direct British rule in 1972, and won French acceptance of British entry into the European Economic Community. Unable to cope with Britain's mounting economic problems, chiefly rising inflation and unemployment and crippling labor strikes, he was succeeded by Harold Wilson in 1974 and replaced as party leader by Margaret Thatcher in 1975

Sir John Richard Hicks

born April 8, 1904, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, Eng. died May 20, 1989, Blockley, Gloucestershire British economist. He taught at several institutions, notably the University of Oxford, and he was knighted in 1964. His classic work Value and Capital (1939) helped resolve basic conflicts between business-cycle theory and the equilibrium theory, which holds that economic forces tend to balance one another rather than simply reflect cyclical trends. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize with Kenneth Arrow

Sir Richard Arkwright

a British factory owner who invented a machine for making cotton into thread, a job that was formerly done by hand. This made him and other factory owners very rich, but it also caused many workers to lose their jobs. Industrial Revolution (1732-92). born Dec. 23, 1732, Preston, Lancashire, Eng. died Aug. 3, 1792, Cromford, Derbyshire British textile industrialist and inventor. His first spinning machine was patented in 1769 (see Lewis Paul). His water frame (so-called because it operated by waterpower) produced a cotton yarn suitable for warp (see weaving), stronger than thread made on the spinning jenny, which proved suitable only for weft. He introduced all-cotton calico in 1773. He opened several factories equipped with machinery for carrying out the phases of textile manufacturing from carding through spinning (see drawing)

Sir Richard Branson

a British businessman who started the Virgin companies, which include a record company, an airline, a financial services company, and a train company (1950-)

Sir Richard Burton

born March 19, 1821, Torquay, Devonshire, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1890, Trieste, Austria-Hungary English scholar-explorer and Orientalist. Expelled from Oxford in 1842, Burton went to India as a subaltern officer. There he disguised himself as a Muslim and wrote detailed reports of merchant bazaars and urban brothels. He then traveled to Arabia, again disguised as a Muslim, and became the first non-Muslim European to penetrate the forbidden holy cities; he recounted his adventures in Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (1855-56), a classic account of Muslim life. In 1857-58 he led an expedition with John Hanning Speke in search of the source of the Nile River; stricken with malaria, he turned back after becoming the first European to reach Lake Tanganyika. His travels resulted in a total of 43 accounts of such subjects as Mormons, West African peoples, the Brazilian highlands, Iceland, and Etruscan Bologna. He learned 25 languages and numerous dialects; among his 30 volumes of translations were ancient Eastern manuals on the art of love, and he larded his famous Arabian Nights translation with ethnological footnotes and daring essays that won him many enemies in Victorian society. After his death his wife, Isabel, who was a devout Catholic, burned his 40 years of diaries and journals

Sir Richard Burton

(1821-1890) British scholar and explorer, author of many travel books

Sir Richard Francis Burton

born March 19, 1821, Torquay, Devonshire, Eng. died Oct. 20, 1890, Trieste, Austria-Hungary English scholar-explorer and Orientalist. Expelled from Oxford in 1842, Burton went to India as a subaltern officer. There he disguised himself as a Muslim and wrote detailed reports of merchant bazaars and urban brothels. He then traveled to Arabia, again disguised as a Muslim, and became the first non-Muslim European to penetrate the forbidden holy cities; he recounted his adventures in Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (1855-56), a classic account of Muslim life. In 1857-58 he led an expedition with John Hanning Speke in search of the source of the Nile River; stricken with malaria, he turned back after becoming the first European to reach Lake Tanganyika. His travels resulted in a total of 43 accounts of such subjects as Mormons, West African peoples, the Brazilian highlands, Iceland, and Etruscan Bologna. He learned 25 languages and numerous dialects; among his 30 volumes of translations were ancient Eastern manuals on the art of love, and he larded his famous Arabian Nights translation with ethnological footnotes and daring essays that won him many enemies in Victorian society. After his death his wife, Isabel, who was a devout Catholic, burned his 40 years of diaries and journals

Sir Richard Owen

(1804-1892) British biologist and anatomist, developer of the theories of homology and analogy among living species, researcher who named the biological group "Dinosauria" (dinosaurs)

Sir Richard Stafford Cripps

born April 24, 1889, London, Eng. died April 21, 1952, Zürich, Switz. British statesman. A successful lawyer, he served in Parliament (1931-50). He was on the extreme left of the Labour Party and helped found the Socialist League in 1932. After serving as ambassador to Moscow (1940-42), he joined the British war cabinet and conducted the Cripps Mission (1942), an unsuccessful attempt to rally Indian support against the Japanese. As chancellor of the Exchequer (1947-50), he instituted a rigid austerity program to revive Britain's economy

Sir Richard Steele

an Irish writer who started the magazine The Tatler. His friend Joseph Addison also wrote articles for it (1672-1729). born 1672, Dublin, Ire. died Sept. 1, 1729, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, Wales English journalist, dramatist, essayist, and politician. He began his long friendship with Joseph Addison at school and attempted an army career before turning to writing. He launched and was the principal author (under the name Isaac Bickerstaff) of the essay periodical The Tatler (April 1709-January 1711), in which he created the mixture of entertainment and instruction in manners and morals that he and Addison would perfect in The Spectator. His attractive, often casual writing style was a perfect foil for Addison's more measured, erudite prose. He made many later ventures into journalism, some politically partisan, and held several government posts. In 1714 he became governor of Drury Lane Theatre, where he produced The Conscious Lovers (1723), one of the century's most popular plays and perhaps the best example of English sentimental comedy

Walter Richard Rudolf Hess

born April 26, 1894, Alexandria, Egypt died Aug. 17, 1987, West Berlin, W.Ger. German Nazi leader. He joined the fledgling Nazi Party in 1920 and soon became Adolf Hitler's friend. After participating in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), he escaped but returned voluntarily to prison, where he took down dictation for Hitler's Mein Kampf. He became Hitler's private secretary and, in 1933, deputy party leader. In the early days of World War II his power waned. In 1941 he created an international sensation when he secretly landed by parachute in Scotland on an abortive mission to negotiate peace between Britain and Germany. The British government held him as a prisoner of war, and his peace initiative was rejected by Hitler. He was given a life sentence at the Nürnberg trials, and from 1966 he was the sole inmate at Spandau prison

Wilhelm Richard Wagner

born May 22, 1813, Leipzig, Ger. died Feb. 13, 1883, Venice, Italy German composer. His childhood was divided between Dresden and Leipzig, where he had his first composition lessons; his teacher refused payment because of his talent. His first opera, The Fairies (1834), was followed by The Ban on Love (1836); the premiere performance was so unprepared that the event was a fiasco, and he henceforth determined not to settle for modest productions. The success of Rienzi (1840) led him to be more adventurous in The Flying Dutchman (1843) and even more so in Tannhäuser (1845). Caught up in the political turmoil of 1848, he was forced to flee Dresden for Zürich. During this enforced vacation, he wrote influential essays, asserting (following G.W.F. Hegel) that music had reached a limit after Ludwig van Beethoven and that the "artwork of the future" would unite music and theatre in a Gesamtkunstwerk ("total artwork"). In 1850 he saw Lohengrin produced. He had begun his most ambitious work, The Ring of the Nibelung, a four-opera cycle. The need for large-scale unity brought him to the concept of the leitmotiv. He ceased work on the Ring's third opera, Siegfried, in the throes of an adulterous love with Mathilde Wesendonk and wrote an opera of forbidden love, Tristan und Isolde (1859), which also seemed to break the bonds of tonality. He published the Ring librettos in 1863, with a plea for financial support, and Louis II of Bavaria responded, inviting Wagner to complete the work in Munich. From the late 1860s to the early 1880s, Wagner completed work on Die Meistersinger, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung, and the long-deferred Parsifal, as he also oversaw the building of the great festival theatre at Bayreuth (1872-76) that would be dedicated to his operas. His astonishing works made Wagner one of the most influential and consequential figures in the history of Western music and, indeed, of Western culture. In the late 20th century his undoubted musical stature was challenged somewhat by the strongly racist and anti-Semitic views expressed in his writings, and evidence of anti-Semitism in his operas was increasingly documented

roe, richard

Other names were formerly similarly used, as John-a-Nokes, John o', or of the, Nokes, or Noakes, John-a-Stiles, etc

roe, richard

A fictious name for a party, real or fictious, to an act or proceeding

الواصلة

Rich·ard

التركية النطق

rîçırd

النطق

/ˈrəʧərd/ /ˈrɪʧɜrd/

علم أصول الكلمات

() Germanic ríc "power" + hard "brave, strong".

فيديوهات

... but alumni protested that they were a communist plot.  And just 20 years later, Richard Nixon, ...