pharmaceutical industry

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف pharmaceutical industry في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

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الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف pharmaceutical industry في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

Producers of pharmaceuticals, substances used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and the modification of organic functions. The earliest records of medicinal plants and minerals are those of the ancient Chinese, Hindu, and Mediterranean civilizations. Medicines were prepared first by physicians and later by apothecary shops. The modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could be manufactured most efficiently on a large scale. As these drugs replaced the herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and tuberculosis were greatly reduced. Many drugs are extracted from plant substances; alkaloids such as quinine, cocaine, and morphine are among the best-known examples. Others are made from animal substances, such as the glandular extracts that are used to produce insulin. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress, and many new drugs have been discovered and produced in industrial laboratories. Increasing health-care costs, government regulation, and research ethics are all issues of concern to the industry

الواصلة

phar·ma·ceu·ti·cal in·dus·try

التركية النطق

färmısutîkıl îndıstri

النطق

/ˌfärməˈso͞otəkəl ˈəndəstrē/ /ˌfɑːrməˈsuːtɪkəl ˈɪndəstriː/