jean

تعريف jean في التركية التركية القاموس.: (Osmanlı Dönemi) Dev. Gayet büyük. Dev cüsseli
jean hans arp: öncü Sanat anlayışının önderlerinden, Dadaizm'in kurucularından, Fransız heykeltraş, ressam ve şair

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف jean في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.: A female given name
He was trying to think of her name; she had come to cook him dinner twice last spring. - - - Jean, maybe. Or Betty. One of these plain names.; Made of denim (as "jean jacket"); Denim; {i} male first name (form of John); female first name; Jean François Gravelet Jean Boulogne Jean Baptiste Poquelin Agassiz Jean Louis Rodolphe Alembert Jean Le Rond d' Anouilh Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Aristide Jean Bertrand Arp Jean Atget Jean Eugène Auguste Bailly Jean Sylvain Barraqué Jean Barras Paul François Jean Nicolas viscount de Barrault Jean Louis Barthou Jean Louis Baudot Jean Maurice Émile Baudrillard Jean Maurice Jean Berger Beliveau Jean Marc A. Belmondo Jean Paul Berain Jean the Elder Berry Jean de France duke de Bienville Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Blanc Jean Joseph Charles Louis Blanchard Jean Pierre François Bodin Jean Bokassa Jean Bédel Bordet Jules Jean Baptiste-Vincent Bouillaud Jean Baptiste Boulanger Georges Ernest Jean Marie Brébeuf Saint Jean de Brillat Savarin Jean Anthelme Bunau Varilla Philippe Jean Buridan Jean Jean Cauvin Chalgrin Jean François Thérèse Champollion Jean François Charcot Jean Martin Chardin Jean Baptiste Siméon Jean Baptiste Bernadotte Chrétien Joseph Jacques Jean Clouet Jean Cocteau Jean Colbert Jean Baptiste Condorcet Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat marquis de Coralli Jean Corot Jean Baptiste Camille Cruveilhier Jean Darlan Jean Louis Xavier François Daubenton Louis Jean Marie Debré Michel Jean Pierre Delacour Jean Theodore Delors Jacques Lucien Jean Dessalines Jean Jacques Dubuffet Jean Philippe Arthur Dunant Jean Henri Fantin Latour Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Foucault Jean Bernard Léon Fouquet Jean Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph Baron Fragonard Jean Honoré Froissart Jean Gabin Jean Jean Alexis Moncorgé Genet Jean Géricault Jean Louis André Théodore Gérôme Jean Léon Getty Jean Paul Giraudoux Hyppolyte Jean Godard Jean Luc Greuze Jean Baptiste Gros Antoine Jean Harlow Jean Houdon Jean Antoine Ingres Jean Auguste Dominique Jaurès Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Jean de Paris Joinville Jean sire de Joliot Curie Jean Frédéric Jean Frédéric Joliot Jean Louis Lebris de Kerouac Killy Jean Claude King Billie Jean Billie Jean Moffitt La Bruyère Jean de La Fontaine Jean de Lacoste Jean René Laffite Jean Lamarck Jean Baptiste de Monet knight de Lattre de Tassigny Jean Marie Gabriel de Jean Margaret Wemyss Le Pen Jean Marie Lesage Jean Lully Jean Baptiste Marat Jean Paul Marchand Jean Millet Jean François Monnet Jean Norma Jean Mortenson Murdoch Dame Jean Iris Nicolet Jean Noverre Jean Georges Jean d'Ockeghem Oudry Jean Baptiste Piaget Jean Pigalle Jean Baptiste Pompidou Georges Jean Raymond Poulenc Francis Jean Marcel Pucelle Jean Rabéarivelo Jean Joseph Racine Jean Baptiste Rameau Jean Philippe Rampal Jean Pierre Louis Jean Baptiste Reinhardt Renoir Jean Rhys Jean Ribaut Jean Richelieu Armand Jean du Plessis cardinal and duke de Riesener Jean Henri Rimbaud Jean Nicolas Arthur Riopelle Jean Paul Robert Houdin Jean Eugène Jean Eugène Robert Roberval Jean François de la Rocque lord de Rochambeau Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur count de Jean Marie Maurice Scherer Louis Henri Jean Farigoule Rousseau Jean Jacques Saint Jean Lac Sartre Jean Paul Say Jean Baptiste Sibelius Jean Sismondi Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Steichen Edward Jean Édouard Jean Steichen Tinguely Jean Toomer Jean Trintignant Jean Louis Julia Jean Mildred Frances Turner Vestris Marie Jean Auguste Vigo Jean Villemin Jean Antoine Vuillard Jean Édouard Watteau Jean Antoine Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon Jean Rabin Crèvecoeur Michel Guillaume Saint Jean de; Hypocoristics: Jeanie, Jeannie; a coarse durable twill-weave cotton fabric; (usually plural) close-fitting pants of heavy denim for casual wear; {i} sturdy cotton fabric, denim; A twilled cotton cloth
Jean -Baptiste Racine: (baptized Dec. 22, 1639, La Ferté-Milon, France died April 21, 1699, Paris) French playwright. Orphaned at an early age, he was educated in a Jansenist convent, and he chose drama in defiance of his upbringing. His first play was produced by Molière in 1664. Their friendship ended when Racine took his next play, Alexander the Great (1665), to a competing theatre and seduced Molière's mistress and leading actress, Thérèse du Parc. She starred in Racine's successful Andromaque (1667), which explored his theme of the tragic folly of passionate love. His only comedy, The Litigants (1668), was followed by his great tragedies Britannicus (1669), Bérénice (1670), and Bajazet (1672). After writing his masterpiece, Phèdre (1677), a tragedy drawn from Greek mythology, he retired to become official historian to Louis XIV. His final plays, Esther (1689) and Athalie (1691), were commissioned by the king's wife, Mme. de Maintenon
Jean -Marie-Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny: born Feb. 2, 1889, Mouilleron-en-Pareds, France died Jan. 11, 1952, Paris French military leader. After service in World War I and later in Morocco, he was promoted to general in 1939. An infantry division commander in World War II, he was imprisoned by the Germans (1940-43), but he escaped to North Africa. In 1944 he led the French army in the Allied landing operations in southern France and in the drive across France into southern Germany and Austria. He represented France at the signing of the German capitulation (1945). In 1950-51 he commanded French troops in the First Indochina War against the Viet Minh. He was made a marshal of France posthumously
Jean -Marie-Lucien-Pierre Anouilh: born June 23, 1910, Bordeaux, France died Oct. 3, 1987, Lausanne, Switz. French playwright. After studying law, he wrote his first play, The Ermine (1932), followed by the successful Traveler Without Luggage (1937). He is best remembered for Antigone (1944), The Lark (1953), and Becket (1959), in which he used techniques such as the play within the play, flashbacks and flash-forwards, and the exchange of roles. A skillful exponent of the well-made play, he rejected naturalism and realism in favour of a return to theatricalism
Jean -Philippe-Arthur Dubuffet: born , July 31, 1901, Le Havre, Fr. died May 12, 1985, Paris French painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He studied painting in Paris, but in 1929 he began making a living as a wine merchant. When he returned to art full-time in the early 1940s, he became a leading artist in Paris and proponent of art brut. He executed crude images incised into rough impasto surfaces made of materials such as sand, plaster, tar, gravel, and ashes bound with varnish and glue, and sculptural works made of junk materials; their unfinished appearance provoked public outrage. In the 1960s he experimented with musical composition and architectural environments, and in his later years he produced large fibreglass sculptures for public spaces
Jean Anouilh: born June 23, 1910, Bordeaux, France died Oct. 3, 1987, Lausanne, Switz. French playwright. After studying law, he wrote his first play, The Ermine (1932), followed by the successful Traveler Without Luggage (1937). He is best remembered for Antigone (1944), The Lark (1953), and Becket (1959), in which he used techniques such as the play within the play, flashbacks and flash-forwards, and the exchange of roles. A skillful exponent of the well-made play, he rejected naturalism and realism in favour of a return to theatricalism
Jean Antoine Villemin: v. born Jan. 28, 1827, Prey, Vosges, France died Oct. 6, 1892, Paris French physician. As an army doctor, he observed that healthy young men often developed tuberculosis (TB) living in the close quarters of the barracks. Aware that a similar disease in horses was transmitted by inoculation, he gave TB to rabbits by inoculating them with material from sick humans and cows, proving that it was an infectious disease. His contagion theory, published in 1867, was initially ignored but was later corroborated by other scientists' experiments
Jean Arp: known as Hans Arp born Sept. 16, 1887, Strassburg, Ger. died June 7, 1966, Basel, Switz. French painter, sculptor, and poet. After studying in Weimar, Ger., and at the Académie Julian in Paris, he became involved in the most important movements of early 20th-century art: Der Blaue Reiter in Munich (1912), Cubism in Paris (1914), Dada in Zurich during World War I, Surrealism (1925), and Abstraction-Création (1931). During these years he produced polychrome relief carvings in wood, cut-paper compositions, and, in the 1930s, his most distinctive sculptural works: abstract forms that suggest animals and plants. He also wrote poetry
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres: a French painter and leader of the neoclassical school (=artists who copied the style of ancient Greece and Rome) . He is famous for his portraits (=paintings of real people) and for his nudes (=paintings of people, mostly women, without clothes) (1780-1867)
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier: {i} Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), French mathematician and physicist who studied the conduction of heat
Jean Baudrillard: born 1929, Riems, France French sociologist, philosopher, and social critic. He taught sociology at the University of Paris from 1966 to 1987. He is known for his theories of consumer culture and of the influence of contemporary electronic media, especially television. In a series of works in the 1970s, he applied ideas from semiotics to argue that consumer culture and especially advertising constitute a "code" of images and ideals in terms of which individuals construct their social identities. In works published during the 1980s and '90s, he argued that the exchange of words, images, and other symbols through increasingly pervasive electronic media created a new kind of reality, the "hyper-real," in which symbols become partly constitutive of the reality they serve to represent. An example, according to Baudrillard, is the television news, which reports about important events in the world but at the same time makes events important by reporting about them. In The Gulf War Did Not Take Place (1991), he contended that the mass-media portrayal of the 1991 war in the Persian Gulf had made that event "unreal." See also postmodernism
Jean Bauhin: {i} (1511-1582) French doctor
Jean Beliveau: born Aug. 31, 1931, Trois-Riviéres, Que., Can. Canadian ice-hockey centre. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1971. His career record of 79 goals and 176 points made during play-off games, including 17 Stanley Cup championships, stood until 1987
Jean Bodin: born 1530, Angers, Fr. died June 1596, Laon French political philosopher. He studied at the University of Toulouse and later taught law there (1551-61). In 1571 he entered the household of the king's brother, François, duke d'Alençon. He favoured negotiation with the Huguenots, with whom the government was engaged in a civil war, and opposed the sale of royal domains. His The Six Bookes of a Commonweale (1576) won him immediate fame. In it he suggested that the key to securing order and authority lay in recognition of the state's sovereignty, which he believed derived from divine right and not from the consent of the subject. He distinguished three types of government: monarchy (which he favoured), aristocracy, and democracy
Jean Buridan: born 1300, Béthune?, France died 1358 French philosopher, logician, and scientific theorist. He studied under William of Ockham at the University of Paris and later taught there. According to his modified version of determinism, though one must choose what presents itself as the greater good, the will is free to delay reason's judgment by suggesting a more thorough inquiry into the worth of one's motives. The dilemma of a particular kind of moral choice, between two evidently identical alternatives, is illustrated by the celebrated allegory of "Buridan's ass." Among his achievements in mechanics was a revision of Aristotle's theory of motion; he developed a theory of impetus by which the mover imparts to the moved a power, proportional to the former's speed and mass, which keeps it moving. His studies of optical images prefigured modern developments in cinematics. In logic he explicated the doctrines of Aristotle and Peter of Spain ( 1210-77). His works include Summula de dialecta (1487) and Consequentie (1493)
Jean Clouet: born 1485 died 1540, Paris, Fr. French painter. He was chief painter to Francis I and produced many pastel portraits of members of the French court. Clouet was one of the best 16th-century portrait painters, both incisive and delicate in the psychological characterization of sitters. His drawings are simple, broad, and subtle; his paintings are fresh in colour, subdued in modeling, and minute in execution. He was celebrated in his lifetime as the equal of Michelangelo. His son François Clouet ( 1515-72) took his place as official painter to Francis I in 1540
Jean Cocteau: a French writer and film director, who was an important member of the surrealist movement. His work includes the films Orphée (1950) and Les Enfants Terribles (1950), and the play La Machine Infernale (1934) (1889-1963). born July 5, 1889, Maisons-Laffitte, near Paris, France died Oct. 11, 1963, Milly-la-Forêt, near Paris French poet, playwright, and film director. He published his first collection of poems, La Lampe d'Aladin, at age
Jean Cocteau: He converted to Catholicism early but soon renounced religion. During World War I he was an ambulance driver on the Belgian front, the setting for the novel Thomas l'imposteur (1923). In the years when he was addicted to opium, he produced some of his most important works, including the play Orphée (1926) and the novel Les Enfants terribles (1929). His greatest play is thought to be The Infernal Machine (1934). His first film was The Blood of a Poet (1930); he returned to filmmaking in the 1940s, first as a screenwriter and then as a director, and made such admired films as Beauty and the Beast (1945), Orphée (1949), and Le Testament d'Orphée (1960). Musically, Cocteau was closely associated with the group of composers known as Les Six; among other collaborations, he provided ballet scenarios for Erik Satie (Parade, 1917) and Darius Milhaud (Le Boeuf sur le toit, 1920) and wrote librettos for Igor Stravinsky (Oedipus, 1927) and Milhaud (La Voix humaine, 1930). Also an artist, he illustrated numerous books with his vivid drawings, and he worked as a designer as well
Jean Coralli: orig. Giovanni Coralli Peracini born Jan. 15, 1779, Paris, France died May 1, 1854, Paris French dancer and choreographer. He made his debut at the Paris Opera in 1802. His appointment as ballet master at the Opera (1831-50) coincided with the most brilliant phase of the Romantic ballet. In 1841 Coralli began to work with the ballerina Carlotta Grisi in Giselle, now regarded as a classic. Although attributed solely to Coralli, most of its principal action was arranged by Jules Perrot. The choreography of La Péri (1843), however, was entirely Coralli's
Jean Cruveilhier: born Feb. 9, 1791, Limoges, Fr. died March 10, 1874, Sussac French pathologist and anatomist. He published a series of multivolume works on the anatomy of disease. The greatest, the beautifully illustrated Pathological Anatomy of the Human Body (2 vol., 1829-42), contains the first description of multiple sclerosis, depictions of gastric ulcer, and an early account of progressive muscular atrophy
Jean Danysz: {i} (1860-1928) Polish-born French pathologist
Jean Descemet: {i} (1732-1810) French physician and anatomist
Jean Dubuffet: born , July 31, 1901, Le Havre, Fr. died May 12, 1985, Paris French painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He studied painting in Paris, but in 1929 he began making a living as a wine merchant. When he returned to art full-time in the early 1940s, he became a leading artist in Paris and proponent of art brut. He executed crude images incised into rough impasto surfaces made of materials such as sand, plaster, tar, gravel, and ashes bound with varnish and glue, and sculptural works made of junk materials; their unfinished appearance provoked public outrage. In the 1960s he experimented with musical composition and architectural environments, and in his later years he produced large fibreglass sculptures for public spaces
Jean Edern Hallier: {i} (1936-1997) French journalist and writer who was the friend and confidant of the former French president the late Francois Mitterrand
Jean Foucault: born Sept. 18, 1819, Paris, France died Feb. 11, 1868, Paris French physicist. Though educated in medicine, his interests lay in physics. In 1850 he measured the speed of light with extreme accuracy. He invented the Foucault pendulum and used it to provide experimental proof that Earth rotates on its axis. He also discovered the existence of eddy currents (Foucault currents) in a copper disk moving in a strong magnetic field and invented (1859) a simple but extremely accurate method of testing telescope mirrors for surface defects
Jean Fouquet: born 1420, Tours, Fr. died 1481, Tours French painter. Little is known about his early life or training, but a trip to Rome in the 1440s exposed him to Italian Renaissance art; upon his return to Tours, Fouquet created a new style, combining the experiments of Italian painting with the exquisite precision of characterization and detail of Flemish art. His most famous works were produced for Charles VII's secretary, Étienne Chevalier: a large Book of Hours with some 60 full-page miniatures and a diptych from Notre-Dame at Melun ( 1450), with Chevalier's portrait on one panel and a Madonna and Child on the other. The altarpiece of the Pietà in the church at Nouans is his only monumental painting. In 1475 he became royal painter to Louis XI. He broadened the range of miniature painting to include vast panoramas of architecture and landscape and made brilliant use of aerial perspective and colour tonality. He was the preeminent French painter of the 15th century
Jean Froissart: born 1333?, Valenciennes, Brabant died 1400/01, Chimay, Hainaut French court historian and poet. As a scholar Froissart traveled widely and lived among the nobility of several European courts. His Chronicles, a firsthand narrative covering the Hundred Years' War from 1325 to 1400, including events in Flanders, Spain, Portugal, France, and England, is the most important and detailed document of feudal times and the best contemporary exposition of chivalric and courtly ideals. He also wrote ballades, rondeaux, and allegorical poetry celebrating courtly love
Jean Gabin: orig. Jean-Alexis Moncorgé born May 17, 1904, Paris, France died Nov. 15, 1976, Paris French film actor. The son of a music-hall comedian, he began as a performer at the Folies-Bergère (1923). After making his film debut in 1931 he earned critical and popular acclaim in Maria Chapdelaine (1934), Pépé le moko (1937), Grand Illusion (1937), The Human Beast (1938), and Daybreak (1939), often portraying the silent, tough antihero surviving in a world of social outcasts. He appeared in several films as Georges Simenon's detective character, Inspector Maigret, and also in Speaking of Murder (1959), Money, Money, Money (1962), and The Upper Hand (1967)
Jean Genet: born Dec. 19, 1910, Paris, France died April 15, 1986, Paris French novelist and dramatist. An illegitimate child abandoned by his mother, Genet began to write while imprisoned for burglary. His first novel, Our Lady of the Flowers (1944), portrays an underworld of thugs, pimps, and hustlers. Miracle of the Rose (1945-46) is based on his adolescence at a notorious reform school, and The Thief's Journal (1949) recounts his life as a tramp, pickpocket, and prostitute. He became a leading figure in avant-garde theatre with such plays as The Maids (1947), The Balcony (1956), and The Blacks (1958), stylized Expressionist dramas designed to shock and implicate an audience by revealing its hypocrisy and complicity in an exploitative social order. Admired by the existentialists, he was the subject of Jean-Paul Sartre's huge and adulatory biography Saint Genet (1952)
Jean Giraudoux: born Oct. 29, 1882, Bellac, France died Jan. 31, 1944, Paris French novelist, essayist, and playwright. He made the diplomatic service his career, while becoming known as an avant-garde writer with early poetic novels such as Suzanne et le Pacifique (1921). He created an impressionistic form of drama by emphasizing dialogue and style rather than realism. In such works as Électre (1937) and Cantique des cantiques (1938), he sought inspiration in Classical or biblical tradition. His most famous works are Tiger at the Gates (1935), about the Trojan War, and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1946)
Jean Harlow: orig. Harlean Carpenter born March 3, 1911, Kansas City, Mo., U.S. died June 7, 1937, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. film actress. She worked as an extra and played bit parts before her first success, in Hell's Angels (1930). With her platinum-blonde hair and flashy vulgarity, she became Warner Brothers' resident sex symbol in The Public Enemy and Platinum Blonde (1931). At MGM she showed herself to be an able actress with a flair for comedy in films such as Dinner at Eight (1933), China Seas (1935), Libeled Lady (1936), and Saratoga (1937). After surviving two divorces, the suicide of her second husband, and public scandal, she died of uremic poisoning at 26
Jean Jacques Rousseau: (1712-1778) Swiss born French politician and philosopher, author of the novel "Emile
Jean Jaurès: born Sept. 3, 1859, Castres, France died July 31, 1914, Paris French socialist leader. He served in the Chamber of Deputies (1885-89, 1893-98, 1902-14) and at first adopted the ideas of Alexandre Millerand. After 1899 the socialists split into two groups, and Jaurès headed the French Socialist Party, advocating reconciliation with the state. In the newspaper L'Humanité, which he cofounded in 1904, he espoused democratic socialism, but when the Second International (1904) rejected his position he acquiesced. In 1905 the two French socialist parties united, and his authority continued to grow. On the eve of World War I, he espoused peace through arbitration and championed Franco-German rapprochement, which earned him the hatred of French nationalists, and he was assassinated in 1914 by a young nationalist fanatic. He wrote several books, including the influential Socialist History of the French Revolution (1901-07)
Jean Laffite: born 1780?, France died 1825? French pirate. He led a band of privateers that preyed on Spanish ships and smuggled goods and slaves through New Orleans, where the group lived on islands south of the city. In the War of 1812 the British offered Laffite $30,000 for his allegiance in their planned attack on the city. He warned Louisiana officials of the attack but was not believed. He then offered his aid to Gen. Andrew Jackson, who accepted Laffite's help in the Battle of New Orleans. After the war Laffite returned to privateering against the Spanish
Jean Le Rond d' Alembert: born , Nov. 17, 1717, Paris, France died Oct. 29, 1783, Paris French mathematician, scientist, philosopher, and writer. In 1743 he published a treatise on dynamics containing "d'Alembert's principle," relating to Isaac Newton's laws of motion. He developed partial differential equations and published findings of his research on integral calculus. He was associated with the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot from 1746 as editor of its mathematical and scientific articles; he contributed articles on music as well, and he also published treatises on acoustics. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1754
Jean Lesage: born June 10, 1912, Montreal, Que., Can. died Dec. 12, 1980, near Quebec, Que. Canadian politician. He served as Canadian minister of resources and development from 1953 to 1957. In 1958 he became leader of Quebec's Liberal Party. When the Liberals won the 1960 provincial elections, he became Quebec's premier. He called for social and cultural reform, appointing the first minister of education and modernizing the school system and the civil service. He developed close cultural ties between Quebec and France. After the Liberals were defeated in 1966, he served as opposition leader until 1970
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz: born May 28, 1807, Motier, Switz. died Dec. 14, 1873, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. Swiss-born U.S. naturalist, geologist, and teacher. After studies in Switzerland and Germany, he moved to the U.S. in 1846. He did landmark work on glacier activity and extinct fishes. He became famous for his innovative teaching methods, which encouraged learning through direct observation of nature, and his term as a zoology professor at Harvard University revolutionized the study of natural history in the U.S.; every notable American teacher of natural history in the late 19th century was a pupil either of Agassiz or of one of his students. In addition, he was an outstanding science administrator, promoter, and fund-raiser. He was a lifelong opponent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. His second wife, Elizabeth Agassiz, cofounder and first president of Radcliffe College, and his son, Alexander Agassiz, were also noted naturalists
Jean Luc Godard: (born 1930) avant-garde French film director and scriptwriter, member of the New Wave, director of "Breathless
Jean Marc A. Beliveau: born Aug. 31, 1931, Trois-Riviéres, Que., Can. Canadian ice-hockey centre. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1971. His career record of 79 goals and 176 points made during play-off games, including 17 Stanley Cup championships, stood until 1987
Jean Marchand: born Dec. 20, 1918, Champlain, Que., Can. died Aug. 28, 1988, Saint-Augustin, Que. Canadian politician. After graduating from Laval University, he became a prominent union leader in Quebec. From 1961 to 1965 he was president of the Confederation of National Trade Unions. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1965 and served in the cabinet of Lester Pearson until 1968. From 1968 to 1976 he held cabinet posts under Pierre Trudeau. Elected to the Canadian Senate in 1976, he served as speaker from 1980 to 1983
Jean Marie Le Pen: leader of the French National Front (extreme-right nationalistic party)
Jean Monnet: born Nov. 9, 1888, Cognac, France died March 16, 1979, Houjarray French economist and diplomat. He managed his family's brandy business before becoming a partner of an investment bank (1925). In World War II he chaired a Franco-British economic committee and proposed a Franco-British union. In 1947 he created and directed the successful Monnet Plan to rebuild and modernize France's economy. In 1950, with Robert Schuman, he proposed the plan for the European Coal and Steel Community, predecessor of the European Economic Community and the European Union, and served as its first president (1952-55). He was also the founder and president of the action committee for the United States of Europe (1955-75)
Jean Nicholas Arthur Rimbaud: {i} Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891), French poet who had much influence on surrealists
Jean Nicolet: born 1598, Cherbourg, France died Nov. 1, 1642, Sillery, Que., Can. French explorer in North America. In 1618 he traveled to New France, where he lived with Indian tribes. He learned several Indian languages and became the interpreter for the French colony at Three Rivers (1633). He journeyed into Huron territory, canoeing with several Indians through the Straits of Mackinac to became the first European to see Lake Michigan (1634). He later explored the region of present-day Wisconsin
Jean Paul Getty: born Dec. 15, 1892, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S. died June 6, 1976, Sutton Place, Surrey, Eng. U.S. oil billionaire, reputed to be the richest man in the world at his death. The son of an oil millionaire, he began buying and selling oil leases in Oklahoma in 1913. He acquired Pacific Western Oil Corp. in 1932 and soon gained control of several independent oil companies. He renamed his oil concern Getty Oil Co. in 1956. His most lucrative venture was a 60-year oil concession in Saudi Arabia. His financial empire eventually encompassed some 200 enterprises. A zealous art collector, he founded the J. Paul Getty Museum near Malibu, Calif., in 1953
Jean Paul Sartre: (1905-1980) French existential writer and philosopher, author of the novel "Nausea" (refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize in literature)
Jean Piaget: born Aug. 9, 1896, Neuchâtel, Switz. died Sept. 17, 1980, Geneva Swiss psychologist. Trained in zoology and philosophy, Piaget later studied psychology in Zürich (from 1918) with Carl Gustav Jung and Eugen Bleuler, and he was subsequently affiliated with the University of Geneva from 1929 until his death. He developed a theory of "genetic epistemology," a natural timetable for the development of the child's ability to think in which he traced four stages the sensorimotor (ages 0-2), preoperational or symbolic (2-7), concrete operational (7-12), and formal operational (through adulthood) each marked by increased cognitive sophistication and ability to use symbols. In 1955 Piaget founded and became director (to 1980) of an international centre for genetic epistemology in Geneva. His numerous books include The Language and Thought of the Child (1923), Judgment and Reasoning in the Child (1924), The Origin of Intelligence in Children (1948), and The Early Growth of Logic in the Child (1964). He is regarded as the foremost developmental psychologist of the 20th century
Jean Pucelle: born 1300? died 1355? French manuscript illuminator. Little is known of his background, but his large workshop dominated Parisian painting in the early 14th century, when he enjoyed court patronage and his work commanded high prices. His most celebrated work, the Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux ( 1325-28), a tiny private prayer book commissioned by the queen, featured numerous drolleries (marginal designs), a style he popularized, and reveals his genius for using sources from Italian and French art to give a playful tone to an essentially religious work
Jean Racine: a French writer of plays, whose work was based mainly on ancient Greek tragedy and used many of the same subjects as Greek plays (1639-99). (baptized Dec. 22, 1639, La Ferté-Milon, France died April 21, 1699, Paris) French playwright. Orphaned at an early age, he was educated in a Jansenist convent, and he chose drama in defiance of his upbringing. His first play was produced by Molière in 1664. Their friendship ended when Racine took his next play, Alexander the Great (1665), to a competing theatre and seduced Molière's mistress and leading actress, Thérèse du Parc. She starred in Racine's successful Andromaque (1667), which explored his theme of the tragic folly of passionate love. His only comedy, The Litigants (1668), was followed by his great tragedies Britannicus (1669), Bérénice (1670), and Bajazet (1672). After writing his masterpiece, Phèdre (1677), a tragedy drawn from Greek mythology, he retired to become official historian to Louis XIV. His final plays, Esther (1689) and Athalie (1691), were commissioned by the king's wife, Mme. de Maintenon
Jean Renoir: born Sept. 15, 1894, Paris, France died Feb. 12, 1979, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. French film director. The son of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, he discovered a passion for the cinema while recovering from wounds suffered in World War I. He directed his first film, La Fille de l'eau, in 1924. His films, in both silent and later eras, were noted for their deep appreciation for the unpredictability of human character. He cowrote the screenplays for many of his films, including Boudu Saved from Drowning (1932), Madame Bovary (1934), The Crime of Monsieur Lange (1936), and La Bête humaine (1938) as well as his two masterpieces, Grand Illusion (1937) and The Rules of the Game (1939). He lived in the U.S. (1940-51), where he directed The Southerner (1945), The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), and The River (1951)
Jean Rhys: orig. Ella Gwendolen Rees William born Aug. 24, 1890, Roseau, Dominica, Windward Islands, West Indies died May 14, 1979, Exeter, Devon, Eng. Dominican-born British novelist. Rhys left the West Indies for London to study acting at age
Jean Rhys: She later moved to Paris, where she was encouraged to write by Ford Madox Ford. She earned acclaim for short stories and novels set in the bohemian world of Europe in the 1920s and '30s, including Good Morning, Midnight (1939). After settling in Cornwall, she published nothing for nearly three decades before producing Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), a memorable novel about Mr. Rochester's mad first wife in Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre (see Brontë sisters); and two story collections
Jean Ribaut: born 1520, Dieppe, France died Oct. 12, 1565, Florida French naval officer and colonizer. He served in the French navy under Gaspard II de Coligny, who in 1562 sent him to found a French Huguenot colony in Florida. He landed at the mouth of the St. Johns River (Florida), then sailed north to establish Charlesfort (now in South Carolina). He returned to France, then was sent back to Florida (1565) to reinforce the French colony of Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River. Spanish claims to the region led to the attack and destruction of the colony by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who massacred the French, including Ribaut
Jean Sibelius: a Finnish composer whose music is about nature and old Finnish stories and literature. He is best-known works are Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, and his symphonies (1865-1957). orig. Johan Julius Christian Sibelius born Dec. 8, 1865, Hämeenlinna, Fin. died Sept. 20, 1957, Järvenpää Finnish composer. He played violin and composed as a child, and later he studied composition with Karl Goldmark (1830-1915). After initially concentrating on chamber music, he rapidly developed into an orchestral composer. He became involved with the movement for national independence from Russia, and his nationalism resulted in works based on Finnish folklore, such as Kullervo (1892), the Karelia suite (1893), Legends from the Kalevala (1893), and Finlandia (1900). His major achievements were his seven symphonies (1899-1924), the Violin Concerto in D Minor (1903), and Tapiola (1926). His works, marked by a sweeping but melancholy Romanticism, achieved international popularity. He wrote nothing in his last 30 years
Jean Theodore Delacour: born , Sept. 26, 1890, Paris, Fr. died Nov. 5, 1985, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. French-born U.S. aviculturist. After his boyhood collection of more than 1,300 live birds was destroyed during World War I, he made expeditions worldwide and assembled a huge new collection at the Château de Clères in Normandy. He bred pheasants in captivity, discovered and named many new bird and mammal species, founded the magazine L'Oiseau (1920), and wrote the standard work The Birds of French Indochina (1931). When the Germans again destroyed his aviary, he emigrated to the U.S., but he later reestablished his aviary and zoo at Clères
Jean Tinguely: born May 22, 1925, Fribourg, Switz. died Aug. 30, 1991, Bern Swiss sculptor and experimental artist. As a student of painting and sculpture in Basel, he showed interest in movement as an artistic medium, and in 1953 he moved to Paris and began to construct sophisticated kinetic sculptures. He created a sensation when his self-destroying Homage to New York (1960) failed to self-destruct at the Museum of Modern Art, New York City; his Study for an End of the World (1961) detonated successfully. Tinguely's art satirized the mindless overproduction of material goods in advanced industrial society and expressed his conviction that the essence of both life and art consists of continuous change, movement, and instability
Jean Toomer: orig. Nathan Eugene Toomer born Dec. 26, 1894, Washington, D.C., U.S. died March 30, 1967, Doylestown, Pa. U.S. poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance. He taught briefly before turning to writing. Cane (1923), considered his best work, is an experimental novel that depicts the experience of being black in the U.S.; it had a strong influence on younger black writers. He also wrote for The Dial and other small magazines. He visited the Gurdjieff Institute in France in 1926 and led Gurdjieff groups in Harlem and Chicago. He became a Quaker in 1940. Ambivalent about his mixed racial background and preoccupied with spiritual matters, he avoided race issues in subsequent works
Jean Valjean: the main character in the book Les Misérables (1862) by the French writer Victor Hugo. Valjean is sent to prison for stealing bread to feed his sister's family, but he escapes. Later, he becomes a successful man, but he is hunted by a detective, Javert, who wants to put him back in prison
Jean Vigo: v. born April 26, 1905, Paris, France died Oct. 5, 1934, Paris French film director. The son of a militant anarchist who died in prison under suspect circumstances, he spent an unhappy childhood in boarding schools. His first film was the satiric social documentary À propos de Nice (1930). He explored the subject of freedom versus authority in his celebrated Zero for Conduct (1933), which was branded "anti-French" by the censors and withdrawn from theatres. His last film, L'Atalante (1934), tells the story of an unhappy marriage and is also regarded as a masterpiece. Vigo's films blend lyricism with realism and Surrealism and distinguished him as an original talent
Jean de France duke de Berry: orig. Charles-Ferdinand de Bourbon born Jan. 24, 1778, Versailles, France died Feb. 14, 1820, Paris French nobleman. Son of the future Charles X, he left France at the outbreak of the French Revolution and lived abroad until 1815. His assassination by a Bonapartist fanatic marked a turning point in the Bourbon Restoration, hastening the downfall of the moderate Decazes government and the polarization into liberal and royalist groups. born Nov. 30, 1340, Vincennes, France died June 15, 1416, Paris French nobleman and patron of the arts. He was the son of King John II. As duke de Berry and Auvergne, he controlled at least one-third of France during the middle period of the Hundred Years' War. Berry shared in the administration of France and worked for peace with England and within France, acting as diplomat and mediator. He invested fortunes in the art treasures that became his monument paintings, tapestries, jewelry, and illuminated manuscripts that included the famous Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
Jean de La Bruyère: born August 1645, Paris, France died May 10/11, 1696, Versailles French satiric moralist. As a tutor and librarian in a royal household, he observed aristocratic idleness, fads, and fashions. His The Characters, or Manners of the Age, with the Characters of Theophrastus (1688) was appended to his translation of Theophrastus and written in the latter's style. A masterpiece of French literature, it was an indictment of the vanity and pretensions around him. Eight editions of Characters, with expanded character sketches and topical allusions, appeared through 1694
Jean de La Fontaine: born July 8?, 1621, Château-Thierry, France died April 13, 1695, Paris French poet. He made important contacts in Paris, where he was able to attract patrons and spend his most productive years as a writer. He is best known for his Fables (1668-94), which rank among the masterpieces of French literature. Comprising some 240 poems, they include timeless tales about simple countryfolk, heroes of Greek mythology, and the familiar animals of fables. Their chief theme is the everyday moral experience of humankind. His many lesser works include The Loves of Cupid and Psyche (1669), notable for its lucid, elegant prose. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1683
Jean de La Fontaine: {i} (1621-1695) French poet, author of "Aesop's Fables
Jean de Lattre de Tassigny: born Feb. 2, 1889, Mouilleron-en-Pareds, France died Jan. 11, 1952, Paris French military leader. After service in World War I and later in Morocco, he was promoted to general in 1939. An infantry division commander in World War II, he was imprisoned by the Germans (1940-43), but he escaped to North Africa. In 1944 he led the French army in the Allied landing operations in southern France and in the drive across France into southern Germany and Austria. He represented France at the signing of the German capitulation (1945). In 1950-51 he commanded French troops in the First Indochina War against the Viet Minh. He was made a marshal of France posthumously
Jean sire de Joinville: born 1224, Joinville, Champagne died Dec. 24, 1317, Joinville French chronicler. A member of the lesser nobility of Champagne, Joinville became friends with Louis IX while taking part in the Seventh Crusade (1248-54). His famous Histoire de Saint Louis, completed 1309, is a prose chronicle that provides a supreme account of that Crusade, including vivid descriptions of the financial hardships, the dangers of sea voyages, the ravages of disease, the confusion and lack of discipline in the Crusading army, and Muslim customs. On his return he was made seneschal of Champagne and divided his time between the royal court and his fief of Joinville
Jean the Elder Berain: born Oct. 28, 1637, Saint-Mihiel, Fr. died Jan. 24, 1711, Paris French decorator and designer. Trained under Charles Le Brun, he was appointed chief designer to the court of Louis XIV in 1674. He was skilled in designing tapestries, accessories, furniture, costumes, and elaborate stage settings for operas and extravagant theatrical productions; these were typically filled with fantastic iconography. He satisfied the king's appetite for splendour and inspired other cabinetmakers such as André-Charles Boulle
Jean- Anthelme Brillat-Savarin: born April 1, 1755, Belley, Fra. died Feb. 2, 1826, Paris French lawyer and gastronome. Mayor of the town of Belley, he fled France during the Reign of Terror but returned to sit on France's highest court, where he remained the rest of his life. His celebrated Physiologie du goût ("Physiology of Taste"; Eng. trans. A Handbook of Gastronomy), published in 1825, is less a treatise on cuisine than a witty compendium of anecdotes and observations intended to enhance the pleasures of the table; only the occasional recipe is included
Jean- Antoine Watteau: born Oct. 10, 1684, Valenciennes, France died July 18, 1721, Nogent-sur-Marne French painter. Son of a roof tiler in Valenciennes, he was apprenticed to a local artist. At 18 he moved to Paris, where he worked for a series of painters; one of them was a theatrical scenery painter, and much of Watteau's work consequently embraced the artifice of the theatre, particularly the commedia dell'arte and the ballet. His works typified the lyrically charming and graceful Rococo style. The greatest, his Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera, depicts pilgrims setting out for (or departing from) the mythic island of love and was his presentation piece when he was inducted into the academy in 1717. The academicians, unable to fit him into any of the recognized categories, welcomed him as a painter of fêtes galantes ("elegant festivities"), an important new genre to which countless later Rococo pictures belong
Jean- Eugène -Auguste Atget: born Feb. 12, 1857, Libourne, near Bordeaux, France died Aug. 4, 1927, Paris French photographer. He began his adult life as an itinerant actor. Around age 30 he settled in Paris and became a photographer. The rest of Atget's life was spent recording everything he could that he considered picturesque or artistic in and around Paris. With an eye for strange and unsettling images, he made several series of photographs of iron grillwork, fountains, statues, and trees. He also photographed shop fronts, store windows, and poor tradespeople. His main clients were museums and historical societies that bought his photographs of historic buildings and monuments. After World War I he received a commission to document the brothels of Paris. Man Ray published four of Atget's photographs in La révolution surréaliste (1926), the only recognition he received in his lifetime. After his death, Ray, Berenice Abbott, and the art dealer Julien Lévy bought his remaining collection, which is now in the Museum of Modern Art
Jean- Henri Dunant: born May 8, 1828, Geneva, Switz. died Oct. 30, 1910, Heiden Swiss humanitarian. An eyewitness to the Battle of Solferino, he organized emergency aid services for the Austrian and French wounded. In 1862 he proposed the formation of voluntary relief services in all countries and proposed an international agreement covering the war wounded. In 1864 he founded the Red Cross, and the Geneva Convention came into being. He continued to promote interest in the treatment of prisoners of war, the abolition of slavery, international arbitration, disarmament, and the establishment of a Jewish homeland. In 1901 he shared with Frédéric Passy (1822-1912) the first Nobel Peace Prize
Jean- Louis Barthou: born Aug. 25, 1862, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, France died Oct. 9, 1934, Marseille French politician. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889, he served in various conservative governments. He was appointed premier (1913) and secured the passage of a bill requiring three years' compulsive military service. He represented France at the Conference of Genoa, entered the Senate, and became chairman of the reparations commission. Named foreign minister in 1934, he was assassinated with King Alexander of Yugoslavia during the latter's visit to France
Jean-Antoine Houdon: born March 20, 1741, Versailles, Fr. died July 15, 1828, Paris French sculptor. He studied with Jean-Baptiste Pigalle in Paris and in 1761 won the Prix de Rome. In Rome (1764-68) he achieved immediate fame with an anatomical study of a standing man ( 1767), casts of which were widely used in art academies. He became a member of the Royal Academy in Paris (1777) with his reclining Morpheus. He produced numerous religious and mythological works that are definitive expressions of the decorative 18th-century Rococo style of sculpture. His greatest strength was in capturing the individuality of his portrait subjects, including such luminaries as Denis Diderot, Catherine II the Great, Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette, and Voltaire. In the U.S. he made a marble statue of George Washington (1788). The vividness of physiognomy and character in his busts places him among the greatest portrait sculptors in history
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres: {i} (1780-1867) French painter
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: born Aug. 29, 1780, Montauban, France died Jan. 14, 1867, Paris French painter. He studied with Jacques-Louis David in Paris before attending the École des Beaux-Arts (1799-1801), where he won a Prix de Rome scholarship. Critics condemned one of his first public works, the awe-inspiring portrait Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806), as stiff and archaic, but its style was one he developed intentionally. In Italy (1806-24) he prospered with portraits and history paintings. His small-scale portrait drawings are meticulously rendered. Back in Paris he received critical acclaim at last and won admission to the academy with The Vow of Louis XIII (1824). He succeeded David as the leader of French Neoclassical painting, a style that was the antithesis of the lush Romanticism of contemporary artists such as Eugène Delacroix, Ingres's chief rival. In 1825 he opened a teaching studio, which became one of the largest in Paris. By the mid 1840s he was France's most sought-after society portraitist. Some of his most notable later works are female nudes, which are often notable for their elongated distortion. None of his many students attained distinction, but his influence is seen in the work of Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Pablo Picasso
Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud: born Sept. 16, 1796, Garat, Fr. died Oct. 29, 1881, Paris French physician and researcher. He established the speech centre's location in the brain and differentiated between speech loss because of inability to create and remember word forms and inability to control speech movements. In cardiology, he established the connection between carditis and acute articular rheumatism. He helped explain normal heart sounds and described many abnormal ones, and he was the first to name and accurately describe the endocardial membrane and endocarditis. He published important books on heart diseases and on rheumatism and the heart
Jean-Baptiste Colbert: born Aug. 29, 1619, Reims, France died Sept. 6, 1683, Paris French statesman. He was recommended to Louis XIV by Jules Mazarin, whose personal assistant he had been. He engineered the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet, and thereafter he served the king both in his private affairs and in the administration of the kingdom. As controller general of finance from 1665, he brought order to financial operations, reformed the chaotic system of taxation, and reorganized industry and commerce. As secretary of state for the navy from 1668, he undertook to make France a great power at sea. He also sought to promote emigration to Canada and to enhance France's power and prestige in the arts. Though a series of wars prevented the fulfillment of all his reforms, he strengthened the monarchy and improved the country's public administration and economy, helping make France the dominant power in Europe
Jean-Baptiste Greuze: born Aug. 21, 1725, Tournus, Fr. died March 21, 1805, Paris French painter. He studied at the Royal Academy in Paris. His first exhibited painting, The Father Reading the Bible to His Children, won him immediate success at the Salon of 1755. Throughout the 1760s he won acclaim with such sentimental works as The Village Betrothal (1761) and Prodigal Son ( 1765). Hoping to gain admission to the academy as a history painter, he submitted a large historical work; when it was rejected, he refused to exhibit anywhere but his own studio for 30 years. He earned a living with morality pictures and images of young women in innocent disarray, but in time his popularity waned. The reaction against his sentimental genre paintings resulted in critical neglect of his drawings and portraits, which display great technical gifts
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville: (baptized Feb. 23, 1680, Montreal, New France died March 7, 1767, Paris, France) French explorer, colonial governor of Louisiana, and founder of New Orleans. He served with the French navy in King William's War. He accompanied his brother Pierre Iberville on expeditions to the mouth of the Mississippi River. They founded a settlement in 1699, and he later commanded the colony of Louisiana (1701-12, 1717-23). He founded New Orleans in 1718 and made it the colony's capital in 1722. Recalled to France in 1723, he returned to serve as governor of Louisiana (1733-43)
Jean-Baptiste Lully: orig. Giovanni Battista Lulli born Nov. 28, 1632, Florence died March 22, 1687, Paris, France Italian-born French composer. He was made a ward of the court after his mother died and was sent to a noble French household at age 13 as valet. There he learned guitar, organ, violin, and dancing and came to know the composer Michel Lambert (1610-96), who introduced him to society and later became his father-in-law. Lully became a dancer and musician for the king and at age 30 was put in charge of all royal music. In the 1660s he composed the incidental music for Molière's plays as well as those of France's great tragedians. In the early 1670s he obtained the sole patent to present opera and produced the series of "lyric tragedies" most with librettos by Philippe Quinault (1635-88) for which he is known, including Alceste (1674), Atys (1676), and Armide (1686). The orchestra he developed was an important forerunner of the modern orchestra. A self-inflicted injury to his toe with his heavy conducting stick led to his death. His style of composition was imitated throughout Europe
Jean-Baptiste Oudry: born March 17, 1686, Paris, France died April 30, 1755, Beauvais French Rococo painter, tapestry designer, and illustrator. Like his paintings, Oudry's tapestries were highly regarded for their tonal subtlety and lively study of nature. His services were sought by Peter I the Great of Russia, the queen of Sweden, and Louis XV, who commissioned him to paint portraits of his dogs and appointed him official painter of the royal hunts
Jean-Baptiste Pigalle: born Jan. 26, 1714, Paris, France died Aug. 21, 1785, Paris French sculptor. Born into a family of master carpenters, he began training as a sculptor in Paris at 18 and then studied in Rome (1736-40). Returning to France, he modeled the first version of his famous Mercury Fastening His Sandals, which in a later version won him admission to the Royal Academy (1744). The statue became so popular that in 1748 Louis XV commissioned a life-size marble version to present to Frederick II of Prussia. He was also noted for his portrait sculptures. His Nude Voltaire (1776), an anatomically realistic rendering of the aged philosopher, caused a furor when it was first shown
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin: {i} birth name of Moliere (1622-1673), French playwright known primarily for his work "Don Juan
Jean-Baptiste Say: born Jan. 5, 1767, Lyon, France died Nov. 15, 1832, Paris French economist. He edited a magazine and started a spinning mill before joining the faculty of the Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (1817-30) and the Collège de France (1830-32). In his major work, A Treatise on Political Economy (1803), he advanced his law of markets, which claims that supply creates its own demand. He attributed economic depression not to a general deficiency in demand but rather to temporary overproduction for some markets and underproduction for others, an imbalance that must automatically adjust itself as overproducers redirect their production to conform with consumers' preferences. Say's law remained a central tenet of orthodox economics until the Great Depression
Jean-Baptiste de Monet knight de Lamarck: born Aug. 1, 1744, Bazentin-le-Petit, Picardy, France died Dec. 18, 1829, Paris French biologist. He is credited with the first use of the word biology (1802). He was one of the originators of the modern concept of the museum collection, an array of objects whose arrangement constitutes a classification under institutional sponsorship, maintained and kept up-to-date by knowledgeable specialists. He seems to have been the first to relate fossils to the living organisms to which they corresponded most closely. His notion that acquired traits could be inherited (called Lamarckism) was discredited after the 1930s by most geneticists except in the Soviet Union, where it dominated Russian genetics until the 1960s (see Trofim Lysenko). See also Charles Darwin; Darwinism
Jean-Baptiste- Camille Corot: born July 16, 1796, Paris, Fr. died Feb. 22, 1875, Paris French landscape painter. Born to prosperous parents, he proved unsuited to the family business and at age 25 was given a small allowance to pursue art training. He traveled frequently and painted topographical landscapes throughout his career, but he preferred making small oil sketches and drawings from nature; from these he produced large finished paintings for exhibition. By the 1850s he had achieved critical success and a large income, and he was generous to less successful artists. His naturalistic oil sketches are now more highly regarded than his more self-consciously poetic finished paintings. He is often associated with the Barbizon school. A master of tonal gradation and soft edges, he prepared the way for the Impressionist landscape painters and had an important influence on Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot
Jean-Baptiste- Joseph Baron Fourier: born March 21, 1768, Auxerre, France died May 16, 1830, Paris French mathematician and Egyptologist. While an engineer on Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, he conducted (1798-1801) anthropological investigations and wrote the preface to the monumental Description de l'Égypte, whose publication he oversaw (1809-28). In 1808 he was created a baron by Napoleon. In mathematics he is primarily known for his work in heat conduction (1807-22), for his use of the Fourier series to solve differential equations, and for the related concept of the Fourier transform. As a scientist and humanist, he epitomized the spirit of French intellectualism of the Revolutionary era
Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur count de Rochambeau: born July 1, 1725, Vendôme, France died May 10, 1807, Thoré French army officer. He served in the War of the Austrian Succession and became a brigadier general in 1761. He was put in command of a French army of 6,000 sent to join the Continental Army in the American Revolution (1780). After waiting in vain for French naval support, he joined forces with George Washington at White Plains, N.Y., in 1781. They marched to Yorktown, where they besieged British troops and forced their surrender. He returned to France (1783), where he commanded the Army of the North in the French Revolution and was made a marshal of France
Jean-Bertrand Aristide: born July 15, 1953, Port Salut, Haiti First president of Haiti (1991, 1994-96, 2001-04) to be elected in free democratic elections. A priest in the Roman Catholic Salesian order, he aligned himself with the poor and opposed the harsh regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier, son of François Duvalier, often putting himself at odds with the church hierarchy and the military. Expelled by the Salesians in 1988, he formally requested that he be relieved of his priestly duties in 1994. In 1990 progressive-centre forces united behind Aristide and swept him into power. He initiated dramatic reforms but was ousted in a military coup after only seven months in office. Though restored to office in 1994 with the help of U.S. occupying troops, he received little aid with which to address his country's endemic ills. Constitutionally prohibited from seeking a consecutive term, he stepped down in 1996 but remained Haiti's most potent political figure. In 2000 he was reelected president amid charges of electoral fraud. A coup against Aristide failed in 2001, but unrest with his rule increased until a full-scale rebellion in 2004 forced him to flee the country
Jean-Claude Brialy: {i} (1933-2007) famous French movie actor
Jean-Claude Killy: born Aug. 30, 1943, Saint-Cloud, near Paris, France French skier. Killy was reared in an Alpine ski resort. He became the European champion in 1965, and in 1966 he won the world combined championship (downhill, slalom, and giant slalom). In 1967 he won the first World Cup for men, repeating this triumph in 1968. In the 1968 Winter Olympics he became the second skier in history to sweep the Alpine events (after Austria's Toni Sailer in 1956). He retired in 1968 but returned as a professional in 1972
Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin: orig. Jean-Eugène Robert born Dec. 6, 1805, Blois, France died June 13, 1871, St. Gervais, near Blois French magician, considered the father of modern conjuring. Trained as a watchmaker, he became a magician at the Palais-Royal (1845-55), performing on a bare stage in evening dress rather than the usual wizardlike costume. He used familiar objects to create his illusions, then gave a plausible explanation of the technical procedures involved. Robert-Houdin was the first magician to use electricity, and he exposed magicians who relied on supernatural explanations for their feats. In 1856 he was sent to Algeria by the French government to counter the influence of the dervishes, who were encouraging rebellion against French forces, by duplicating their feats
Jean-François Champollion: born Dec. 23, 1790, Figeac, France died March 4, 1832, Paris French scholar. He played a major role in the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Champollion was a linguistic prodigy who had immersed himself in Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and Coptic as well as Greek and Latin by age
Jean-François Champollion: After study of the Rosetta Stone and other texts, Champollion demonstrated decisively in Summary of the Hieroglyphic System of the Ancient Egyptians (1825) that a phonetic value could be assigned to some hieroglyphs. He became curator of the Louvre's Egyptian collection (1826) and conducted an archaeological expedition to Egypt (1828-30). See also Egyptian language
Jean-François Millet: born Oct. 4, 1814, Gruchy, France died Jan. 20, 1875, Barbizon French painter. Born to a peasant family, he studied with a painter in Paris, but when one of his two submissions to the Salon was rejected (1840), he returned to Cherbourg, where initially he painted mostly portraits. His first success came with The Milkmaid (1844), and in 1848 another peasant scene, The Winnower, was shown at the Salon. In 1849 he settled in the village of Barbizon. Because he continued to exhibit peasant scenes that emphasized the labours of rustic life, he was accused of being a socialist, but his aims were not political. His Angelus (1859) became one of the most popular paintings of the 19th century. In his later life he was linked with the Barbizon school
Jean-François de la Rocque lord de Roberval: born 1500, Carcassonne, France died 1560/61, Paris French colonizer in Canada. He was a member of the court of Francis I. Appointed lieutenant general of the North American territory discovered earlier by Jacques Cartier, he was sent to colonize the region. In 1542 he reached Cartier's former headquarters at Cap Rouge, near present-day Quebec. Cartier was to have served as his guide, but he had left in 1541. The settlement was short-lived, breaking up in 1543 after a harsh winter. Mineral wealth that Roberval brought back turned out to be fool's gold and mica
Jean-Georges Noverre: born April 29, 1727, Paris, Fr. died Oct. 19, 1810, Saint-Germain-en-Laye French dancer and choreographer. His treatise Letters on Dancing and Ballets (1760) stressed the need for unified dramatic structure by integrating story, music, choreography, and set design, as opposed to the loosely connected episodes of the dance suite that then prevailed. This innovative approach called ballet d'action, or "ballet with a story" brought major reforms in ballet production. His invention of ballet d'action was challenged by Gasparo Angiolini, who had developed a simpler approach to the new form. In 1776 Noverre became ballet master of the Paris Opéra
Jean-Henri Riesener: born July 4, 1734, Gladbeck, Münster died Jan. 6, 1806, Paris, Fr. French cabinetmaker. Son of an usher in the law courts of the elector of Cologne, he joined a workshop in Paris and became its head when his master died. In 1774 he was made royal cabinetmaker and from then on was the regular supplier of furniture to Marie-Antoinette. His preferred wood was mahogany; occasionally he used lacquer and mother-of-pearl to enrich his surfaces. His furniture exemplified the Louis XVI style
Jean-Jacques Dessalines: born 1758, West Africa died Oct. 17, 1806, Jacmel, Haiti Emperor of Haiti who drove out the French in 1804. He was a slave of a black master in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) in 1791 when he joined a slave rebellion. He became a lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture but submitted to the French expedition that deposed Toussaint in 1802. Napoleon's decision to reintroduce slavery led Dessalines and others to rebel, and with British help they expelled the French. In 1804 Dessalines proclaimed the island independent under its Arawakan name, Haiti, and proclaimed himself emperor the following year. He made it illegal for whites to own property and killed thousands; he also discriminated against mulattoes. He was killed during a mulatto revolt
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: a French writer and philosopher, born in Switzerland, whose book The Social Contract developed the idea that governments must always work according to the wishes of the people. His work had a great influence on the French Revolution, and he invented the phrase, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", which was later used by people who supported the Revolution. He also wrote about the noble savage (1712-78). born June 28, 1712, Geneva, Switz. died July 2, 1778, Ermenonville, France Swiss-French philosopher. At age 16 he fled Geneva to Savoy, where he became the steward and later the lover of the baronne de Warens. At age 30, having furthered his education and social position under her influence, he moved to Paris, where he joined Denis Diderot at the centre of the philosophes; he wrote on music and economics for Diderot's Encyclopédie. His first major work, the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750), argued that man is good by nature but has been corrupted by society and civilization; Rousseau's belief in the natural goodness of man set him apart from Roman Catholic writers who, like him, were hostile to the idea of progress. He also wrote music; his light opera The Cunning-Man (1752) was widely admired. In 1752 he became involved in an influential dispute with Jean-Philippe Rameau over the relative merits of French and Italian music; Rousseau championed the latter. In the Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men (1754), he argued against Thomas Hobbes that human life before the formation of societies was healthy, happy, and free and that vice arose as the result of social organization and especially the introduction of private property. Civil society, he held, comes into being only to ensure peace and to protect property, which not everyone has; it thus represents a fraudulent social contract that reinforces inequality. In the Social Contract (1762), which begins with the memorable line, "Man was born free, but he is everywhere in chains," Rousseau argues that a civil society based on a genuine social contract rather than a fraudulent one would provide people with a better kind of freedom in exchange for their natural independence, namely, political liberty, which he understands as obedience to a self-imposed law created by the "general will." In 1762 the publication of Émile, a treatise on education, produced outrage, and Rousseau was forced to flee to Switzerland. He began showing signs of mental instability 1767, and he died insane. His Confessions (1781-88), which he modeled on the work of the same title by St. Augustine, is among the most famous autobiographies
Jean-Joseph-Charles- Louis Blanc: born Oct. 29, 1811, Madrid, Spain died Dec. 6, 1882, Cannes, France French utopian socialist and journalist. In 1839 he founded the socialist newspaper Revue du Progrès and serially published his The Organization of Labour, which described his theory of worker-controlled "social workshops" that would gradually take over production until a socialist society came into being. He was a member of the provisional government of the Second Republic (1848) but was forced to flee to England after workers unsuccessfully revolted. In exile (1848-70), he wrote a history of the French Revolution and other political works
Jean-Louis Barrault: born Sept. 8, 1910, Le Vésinet, France died Jan. 22, 1994, Paris French actor and director. He made his acting debut in Paris (1931) and joined the Comédie-Française (1940-46) as an actor and director. He and his wife, Madeleine Renaud, formed their own company (1946-58) at the Théâtre Marigny. There they performed a mixture of French and foreign classics and modern plays that helped revive French theatre after World War II. He was appointed director of the Théâtre de France (1959-68) and later directed at several other Paris theatres (1972-81). He appeared in more than 20 films and was best known for his role in The Children of Paradise (1945)
Jean-Louis Trintignant: born Dec. 11, 1930, Piolenc, France French film actor. After leaving law school to study acting, he made his stage debut in 1951 and his film debut in 1956. He won favourable notice in And God Created Woman (1956) and gained international fame for his role as a race-car driver in A Man and a Woman (1966). Known for his reserved but intense screen persona, he conveyed the psychic conflicts of repressed characters in My Night at Maud's (1969), Z (1969), and, most strikingly, The Conformist (1970), among many other films. He worked sparingly in the 1980s and '90s because of poor health, but his role in Three Colours: Red won him acclaim
Jean-Louis-Xavier- François Darlan: born Aug. 7, 1881, Nérac, France died Dec. 24, 1942, Algiers French admiral. After graduating from the French naval school (1902), he rose through the ranks to become navy commander in chief (1939). After France's defeat by Germany in World War II, he entered Philippe Pétain's government as vice premier and foreign minister (1941-42), then became commander in chief of all Vichy France military forces. In 1942 he concluded an armistice with the Allies in Algiers, then was killed by an anti-Vichy assassin
Jean-Luc Godard: born Dec. 3, 1930, Paris, France French film director. He wrote film criticism for the influential journal Cahiers du cinéma before impressing audiences with his first feature film, the improvisatory and original Breathless (1960), which established him as the apostle of the New Wave. He continued to explore new techniques in films such as My Life to Live (1962), Pierrot le fou (1965), Alphaville (1965), and Weekend (1968), using the camera creatively to express political commentary. He returned to themes of more universal concern with Every Man for Himself (1979) and Passion (1982) but stirred controversy with his updated nativity story in Hail Mary! (1985). He received wide critical acclaim for Histoire(s) du Cinéma (1997), a video study of French film, and In Praise of Love (2001)
Jean-Marie Le Pen: born June 20, 1928, La Trinité, France French nationalist politician. He was elected in 1956 to the National Assembly as its youngest member. Le Pen helped to found the National Front in 1972, becoming the party's leader later that year. The party emphasized the threat to France posed by immigration, particularly of Arabs from France's former North African colonies. The party also opposed European integration, favoured the reintroduction of capital punishment, and sought prohibitions on the building of additional mosques in France. Le Pen ran several times for the presidency; though he captured less than 1% of the vote in 1974, in 1988 and 1995 he won some 15%. In the presidential election of 2002 Le Pen finished second in the first round of voting, winning 18%, though he was easily defeated in the second round by Jacques Chirac. Le Pen was widely regarded as the leader of French neofascism, and his National Front party constituted the main right-wing opposition to the country's mainstream conservative parties from the 1970s through the turn of the 21st century
Jean-Martin Charcot: born Nov. 29, 1825, Paris, Fr. died Aug. 16, 1893, Morvan French medical teacher and clinician. With Guillaume Duchenne (b. 1806 d. 1875) he is considered the founder of modern neurology. In 1882 he opened Europe's greatest neurological clinic of the day. An extraordinary teacher, he was known for his work with hysteria and hypnosis, which influenced many students, including Sigmund Freud. He described the symptoms of locomotor ataxia and the disintegration of ligaments and joint surfaces it causes (Charcot disease, Charcot joint), pioneered the linking of brain sites with specific functions, and discovered miliary aneurysms in the brain
Jean-Nicolas- Arthur Rimbaud: After they had a falling-out, Verlaine shot and wounded Rimbaud; afterward their final meeting ended in a violent quarrel. Rimbaud abandoned literature and from 1875 led an international vagabond life as a merchant and trader, mainly in Ethiopia; he died at age 37 after his leg was amputated. The Dionysian power of his verse and his liberation of language from the constraints of form greatly influenced the Symbolist movement and 20th-century poetry
Jean-Nicolas- Arthur Rimbaud: born Oct. 20, 1854, Charleville, France died Nov. 10, 1891, Marseille French poet and adventurer. The provincial son of an army captain, he had begun by age 16 to write violent, blasphemous poems, and he formulated an aesthetic doctrine stating that a poet must become a seer, break down the restraints and controls on personality, and thus become the instrument for the voice of the eternal. He was invited to Paris by Paul Verlaine, with whom he had a homosexual relationship and engaged in a wild and dissipated life. The Drunken Boat (written 1871), perhaps his finest poem, displays his astonishing verbal virtuosity and a daring choice of images and metaphors. In Les Illuminations (written 1872-74), a collection of mainly prose poems, he tried to abolish the distinction between reality and hallucination. A Season in Hell (1873), which alternates prose passages with dazzling lyrics, became his farewell to poetry at age
Jean-Paul Belmondo: born April 9, 1933, Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France French film actor. After studying in Paris and performing with provincial stage companies, he appeared in minor film roles before achieving international fame in Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960). Though not conventionally handsome, he became the leading antihero of New Wave cinema, acting in 25 films by 1963, then went on to appear in such acclaimed films as Pierrot le Fou (1965), Mississippi Mermaid (1969), and Les Misérables (1995)
Jean-Paul Marat: born , May 24, 1743, Boudry, near Neuchâtel, Switz. died July 13, 1793, Paris, France French politician and a leader of the radical Montagnard faction in the French Revolution. He was a well-known doctor in London in the 1770s. Returning to France in 1777, he was appointed physician at the court of Louis XVI's brother, the count d'Artois (later Charles X). Marat wrote scientific publications as well as political pamphlets. From 1789, as editor of the newspaper L'Ami du Peuple, he became an influential voice for radical measures against the aristocrats. He criticized moderate revolutionary leaders and warned against the émigré nobility, then advocated the execution of counterrevolutionaries. One of the most influential members of the National Convention (1792), he was actively supported by Parisians in street demonstrations. In April 1793 the Girondins brought him before a Revolutionary tribunal, but he was acquitted. In July a young Girondin supporter, Charlotte Corday, gained admittance to his room and stabbed him to death in his bath, making him a martyr to the people's cause
Jean-Paul Riopelle: born Oct. 7, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. died March 12, 2002, Ile-aux-Grues, near Quebec City Canadian painter and sculptor. He moved to Paris in 1947 and, with Paul-Émile Borduas, became associated with the group of Canadian painters known as Les Automatistes, who practiced automatism. His early lyrical, abstract paintings evolved into a denser, more powerful impasto style. He is renowned for his use of various media (including watercolour, ink, oils, crayon, and chalk), and he also produced large collage murals. He achieved international acclaim with the huge triptych Pavane (1954) and is the leading Canadian abstract painter of his generation
Jean-Paul Sartre: {i} (1905-1980) French existential writer and philosopher, author of the novel "Nausea" (refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize in literature)
Jean-Paul Sartre: a French philosopher who also wrote novels, plays, and short stories. He was a leading influence in the development of existentialism, and is one of the best-known philosophers of the 20th century. His novels include the trilogy (=a series of three books) Les chemins de la liberté (translated as Roads to Freedom). He is also famous for his long relationship with the feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir, and for his left wing political views and his support for student protests in France in 1968 (1905-80). born June 21, 1905, Paris, France died April 15, 1980, Paris French philosopher, novelist, and playwright, the foremost exponent of existentialism. He studied at the Sorbonne, where he met Simone de Beauvoir, who became his lifelong companion and intellectual collaborator. His first novel, Nausea (1938), narrates the feeling of revulsion that a young man experiences when confronted with the contingency of existence. Sartre used the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl (see phenomenology) with great skill in three successive publications: Imagination: A Psychological Critique (1936), Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (1939), and The Psychology of Imagination (1940). In Being and Nothingness (1943), he places human consciousness, or nothingness (néant), in opposition to being, or thingness (être); consciousness is nonmatter and thus escapes all determinism. In his postwar treatise Existentialism and Humanism (1946) he depicts this radical freedom as carrying with it a responsibility for the welfare of others. In the 1940s and '50s he wrote many critically acclaimed plays including The Flies (1943), No Exit (1946), and The Condemned of Altona (1959) the study Jean Genet (1952), and numerous articles for Les Temps Modernes, the monthly review that he and de Beauvoir founded and edited. A central figure of the French left after the war, he was an outspoken admirer of the Soviet Union though not a member of the French Communist Party until the crushing of the Hungarian uprising by Soviet tanks in 1956, which he condemned. His Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960) faults Marxism for failing to adapt itself to the concrete circumstances of particular societies and for not respecting individual freedom. His final works include an autobiography, The Words (1963), and Flaubert (4 vol., 1971-72), a lengthy study of the author. He declined the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature
Jean-Philippe Rameau: (baptized Sept. 25, 1683, Dijon, France died Sept. 12, 1764, Paris) French composer and music theorist. Son of an organist, he held organist posts until he was
Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Treatise on Harmony (1722) established him as a major music theorist. In it he asserted that harmony is the basis of music, and that chords, which had been understood principally as collections of intervals above a bass, should instead be seen as representing inversions of more fundamental harmonic entities. From 1733 he wrote a series of highly successful operas, including Hippolyte et Aricie (1733) and The Gallant Indies (1735), assuring his place as the most important French opera composer since Jean-Baptiste Lully. In the querelles des bouffons ("war of the buffoons," 1752-53), a famous artistic controversy about the relative merits of French and Italian opera, Rameau's music exemplified the French style. He also won renown for his many keyboard pieces, mostly composed for harpsichord
Jean-Pierre -Louis Rampal: born Jan. 7, 1922, Marseille, France died May 20, 2000, Paris French flutist. From 1947 he appeared widely in chamber music and solo recitals. In the 1950s he founded his own chamber groups, while also playing in the pit at the Paris Opéra (1956-62). Works were written for him by Francis Poulenc and others. His sweetness of tone and virtuosity in a largely Baroque repertoire, as evidenced on many admired recordings, made him the first flutist to attain international stardom
Jean-Pierre Rampal: born Jan. 7, 1922, Marseille, France died May 20, 2000, Paris French flutist. From 1947 he appeared widely in chamber music and solo recitals. In the 1950s he founded his own chamber groups, while also playing in the pit at the Paris Opéra (1956-62). Works were written for him by Francis Poulenc and others. His sweetness of tone and virtuosity in a largely Baroque repertoire, as evidenced on many admired recordings, made him the first flutist to attain international stardom
Jean-Pierre-François Blanchard: born July 4, 1753, Les Andelys, France died March 7, 1809, Paris French balloonist. In 1785 he made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel, accompanied by John Jeffries, a U.S. doctor. He invented a parachute in 1785. His balloon flights in other European countries and in the U.S. in 1793 spurred an interest in ballooning. He and his wife performed many exhibitions in Europe; they died in separate balloon accidents
Jean-Sylvain Bailly: born Sept. 15, 1736, Paris, France died Nov. 12, 1793, Paris French astronomer and politician. Noted for his computation of an orbit for Halley's Comet in 1759, he turned to politics with the outbreak of the French Revolution. He was chosen president of the Third Estate in May 1789 and was proclaimed the first mayor of Paris in July. He later lost popularity, particularly after his order to disperse a riotous crowd led to the massacre of the Champ de Mars (1791). He retired but was subsequently arrested, taken before the revolutionary tribunal, and guillotined
jeans: plural form of jean
jeans: A pair of trousers made from denim cotton
Traditionally most jeans are dyed dark blue.
Antoine Jean Gros: {i} Baron Antoine Jean Gros (1771-1835), French painter
Antoine-Jean Gros: born March 16, 1771, Paris, Fr. died June 26, 1835, Paris French painter. He was trained by his father, a painter of miniatures, and later byJacques-Louis David in Paris. In the 1790s he accompanied Napoleon on his campaigns as his official battle painter. The dramatic power of such paintings as Napoleon Visiting the Pesthouse at Jaffa (1804) influenced Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix. When David went into exile after Napoleon's defeat, Gros took over his studio and tried to work in the Neoclassical style. His best works after 1815 were portraits. Haunted by a sense of failure, he drowned himself in the Seine. He was a leading figure in the development of Romanticism
Armand-Jean du Plessis cardinal and duke de Richelieu: born Sept. 9, 1585, Richelieu, Poitou, France died Dec. 4, 1642, Paris French statesman and chief minister to Louis XIII. Born to a minor noble family, he was ordained a priest in 1607 and became bishop of Luçon. As the first bishop in France to implement reforms decreed by the Council of Trent, he brought order to a diocese ruined by the Wars of Religion. In 1614 he was elected a deputy of the clergy in the Estates-General, where he was noted as a conciliatory force. He became an adviser to Marie de Médicis in 1616 and later councillor to her son, Louis XIII. Named a cardinal in 1622, he served as chief minister from 1624 and became the controlling influence in France's policies. He established royal absolutism in France by suppressing the political power of the Huguenots and reducing the influence of the nobles. In foreign policy, he sought to weaken Habsburg control of Europe and involved France in the Thirty Years' War. Devious and brilliant, he increased the power of the Bourbon dynasty and established orderly government in France. He also founded the Académie Française and rebuilt the Sorbonne
Auguste-Marie-Joseph- Jean Jaurès: born Sept. 3, 1859, Castres, France died July 31, 1914, Paris French socialist leader. He served in the Chamber of Deputies (1885-89, 1893-98, 1902-14) and at first adopted the ideas of Alexandre Millerand. After 1899 the socialists split into two groups, and Jaurès headed the French Socialist Party, advocating reconciliation with the state. In the newspaper L'Humanité, which he cofounded in 1904, he espoused democratic socialism, but when the Second International (1904) rejected his position he acquiesced. In 1905 the two French socialist parties united, and his authority continued to grow. On the eve of World War I, he espoused peace through arbitration and championed Franco-German rapprochement, which earned him the hatred of French nationalists, and he was assassinated in 1914 by a young nationalist fanatic. He wrote several books, including the influential Socialist History of the French Revolution (1901-07)
Baron Antoine Jean Gros: {i} Antoine Jean Gros (1771-1835), French painter
Billie Jean King: orig. Billie Jean Moffitt born Nov. 22, 1943, Long Beach, Calif., U.S. U.S. tennis player. She won her first Wimbledon doubles championship in 1961 as part of the youngest team to do so. She went on to capture a record 20 Wimbledon titles (singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles) from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s; in 2003 her record was tied by Martina Navratilova. She also won several U.S. singles titles (1967, 1971-72, 1974) and the Australian (1968) and French (1972) titles. She was ranked first in the U.S. seven times and first in the world five times. In 1973 she defeated the 55-year-old former men's champion Bobby Riggs in a widely publicized "Battle of the Sexes." She was cofounder and first president (1974) of the Women's Tennis Association, and in 1974, with her husband, Larry King, she also founded World TeamTennis, of which she served as director. She wrote two autobiographies (with cowriters) and a history of women's tennis, and she cofounded the magazine Womensport
Captain Jean Luc Picard: the main character in the television programme Star Trek: The Next Generation. Picard is a Frenchman played by the British actor Patrick Stewart. Picard is clever and brave and in charge of the Starship Enterprise. Star Trek: The Next Generation was the sequel to Star Trek
Dame Jean Iris Murdoch: born July 15, 1919, Dublin, Ire. died Feb. 8, 1999, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng. British novelist and philosopher. A graduate of the University of Oxford, she worked as a university lecturer while pursuing her writing career. Her first published work was a study of Jean-Paul Sartre (1953). Her novels, including The Bell (1958), A Severed Head (1961), The Black Prince (1973), The Sea, the Sea (1978), and The Book and the Brotherhood (1987), typically have convoluted plots featuring philosophical and comic elements. Her nonfiction philosophical works include The Sovereignty of Good (1970) and Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (1992). Her decline under Alzheimer disease was chronicled by her husband, the critic John Bayley, in Elegy for Iris (1999)
Edward Jean Steichen: orig. Édouard Jean Steichen born March 27, 1879, Luxembourg died March 25, 1973, West Redding, Conn., U.S. Luxembourg-born U.S. photographer. His family immigrated to the U.S. in 1881. His early photographs were influenced by his training as a painter. He frequently used chemicals to achieve prints that resembled soft, fuzzy mezzotints or wash drawings. In 1902 he joined Alfred Stieglitz in forming the Photo-Secession, a group dedicated to promoting photography as a fine art. His style evolved from painterly Impressionism to sharp realism after World War I. His portraits of artists and celebrities from the 1920s and '30s are remarkable evocations of character. At the outbreak of World War II, Steichen was commissioned by the U.S. Navy to organize a department to photograph the war at sea. In 1955 he organized the Family of Man exhibition of 503 photographs (selected from over two million), which was seen by more than nine million people worldwide
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc: born Jan. 7, 1899, Paris, Fr. died Jan. 30, 1963, Paris French composer. In his teens he studied piano with Ricardo Viñes (1875-1943). Influenced by Erik Satie, Poulenc and five other like-minded young composers became known as Les Six. Poulenc wrote piano compositions, orchestral music, and chamber music, but he is best known for his vocal music, including many admired songs, the operas The Breasts of Tiresias (1944), Dialogues of the Carmelites (1956), and La voix humaine (1958), and such sacred choral works as Mass in G Major (1937), the Stabat Mater (1950), and the Gloria (1959), reflecting his devout Catholicism
Georges -Ernest-Jean-Marie Boulanger: born April 29, 1837, Rennes, France died Sept. 30, 1891, Brussels, Belg. French general and politician. He entered the army in 1856, helped suppress the Paris Commune (1871), and rose in rank to brigadier general (1880) and director of infantry (1882). Named minister of war in 1886, he introduced various military reforms and was seen as the man destined to avenge France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1888 he led a short-lived but influential authoritarian movement that threatened to topple the Third Republic. In 1889 the government decided to prosecute him, prompting him to flee Paris. He was convicted in absentia for treason, and in 1891 he committed suicide
Georges -Jean-Raymond Pompidou: born July 5, 1911, Montboudif, France died April 2, 1974, Paris French premier (1962-68) and president (1969-74). He taught school before serving in World War II and was an aide to Charles de Gaulle (1944-46). After joining the Rothschild bank in Paris, he rose rapidly to become director general (1959). As de Gaulle's chief aide (1958-59), he helped draft the constitution of the Fifth Republic. He secretly negotiated a cease-fire in the Algerian War in 1961 and was appointed premier the following year. In 1968 he skillfully negotiated an end to the French student-worker strikes. Elected president of France in 1969, he continued de Gaulle's policies. The Pompidou Centre is named for him
Hyppolyte- Jean Giraudoux: born Oct. 29, 1882, Bellac, France died Jan. 31, 1944, Paris French novelist, essayist, and playwright. He made the diplomatic service his career, while becoming known as an avant-garde writer with early poetic novels such as Suzanne et le Pacifique (1921). He created an impressionistic form of drama by emphasizing dialogue and style rather than realism. In such works as Électre (1937) and Cantique des cantiques (1938), he sought inspiration in Classical or biblical tradition. His most famous works are Tiger at the Gates (1935), about the Trojan War, and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1946)
Jacques Lucien Jean Delors: born July 20, 1925, Paris, Fr. French statesman. In 1962 he left his position in banking for a series of government positions, including minister of economics and finance. As president of the European Commission (EC) from 1985 to 1995, he pushed through reforms and persuaded the member states to agree to the creation of a single market in 1993, the first step toward full economic and political integration in the European Union. When his term expired, he was considered a leading contender for the French presidency, but he declined to run
Jules -Jean-Baptiste-Vincent Bordet: born June 13, 1870, Soignies, Belg. died April 6, 1961, Brussels Belgian bacteriologist and immunologist. In 1895 he found that two blood serum components cause bacteriolysis (bacterial cell-wall rupture), one a heat-stable antibody in animals immune to the bacterium and the other a heat-sensitive complement in all animals. In 1898 he discovered hemolysis (rupture of foreign erythrocytes), a similar process that also requires complement. This research was vital to the foundation of serology, the study of immune reactions in body fluids. His work with Octave Gengou led to serological tests for many diseases, including typhoid, tuberculosis, and syphilis (the Wassermann test). In 1906 they discovered Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. In 1919 Bordet received a Nobel Prize
Lac Saint-Jean: Lake, south-central Quebec, Canada. A shallow lake, it has an area of 387 sq mi (1,003 sq km) and discharges into the Saguenay River. In the 20th century logging operations on its feeder streams led to the establishment of large paper mills on the lake. Since 1926 the lake's seasonal fluctuations have been controlled by two hydroelectric dams. It is a tourist resort centre famous for its salmon fishing
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton: born May 26, 1716, Montbard, Côte d'Or, Fr. died Jan. 1, 1800, Paris French naturalist. A prolific scientist, he completed many zoological descriptions and dissections and undertook productive studies in the comparative anatomy of recent and fossil animals, plant physiology, and mineralogy. He introduced Merino sheep to France
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat marquis de Condorcet: born Sept. 17, 1743, Ribemont, France found dead March 29, 1794, Bourg-la-Reine French mathematician, statesman, and revolutionary. He showed early promise as a mathematician and was a protégé of Jean Le Rond d'Alembert. In 1777 he became secretary of the Academy of Sciences. In sympathy with the French Revolution, he was elected to represent Paris in the Legislative Assembly (1791-92), where he called for a republic. His opposition to the arrest of the moderate Girondins led to his being outlawed (1792). While in hiding he wrote his famous Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, in which he advanced the idea of the continuous progress of the human race to an ultimate perfection. He was captured and subsequently found dead in prison
Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur: or J. Hector St. John or Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur born Jan. 31, 1735, Caen, France died Nov. 12, 1813, Sarcelles French-U.S. writer and naturalist. He traveled to the New World in 1755 as an officer and mapmaker and became a farmer, then served as French consul for many years. He returned to Europe in 1790. His fame rests on Letters from an American Farmer (1782, 1784, 1790), essays that paint a broad picture of American life. His Travels in Upper Pennsylvania and New York appeared in 1801. Newly discovered essays were published as Sketches of Eighteenth Century America in 1925. In his time he was the most widely read commentator on America
Norma Jean: female first name; Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962, born Norma Jean Baker), Hollywood actress and sex symbol
Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas viscount de Barras: born June 30, 1755, Fox-Amphoux, France died Jan. 29, 1829, Chaillot French revolutionary. A Provençal nobleman, Barras became disenchanted with the royal regime and welcomed the French Revolution. Elected to the National Convention (1792), he played a key role in the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and emerged as the commander of the army of the interior and the police. In 1795 he and Napoleon defended the regime against a royalist insurrection and established the Directory, with Barras as chief among the five directors. The Coup of 18 Fructidor brought him greater power, but he was overthrown in 1799 and exiled from Paris on suspicion of conspiracy to restore the monarchy
Philippe -Jean Bunau-Varilla: born July 26, 1859, Paris, France died May 18, 1940, Paris French engineer. He worked for the French Panama Canal Co. (1884-89) until the project failed. He helped to instigate the revolution that resulted in Panamanian independence and was appointed by the provisional government to negotiate a treaty with the U.S. for the construction of a canal. In 1903 he signed a treaty with U.S. Secretary of State John Hay assuring the construction of the Panama Canal under U.S. control
Saint Jean: See Lake Saint John
Vestris Marie-Jean- Auguste: born March 27, 1760, Paris, Fr. died Dec. 5, 1842, Paris French ballet dancer. He was trained by his father, Gaétan Vestris, before making his formal debut in 1776. His dazzlingly athletic dancing set a new style of ballet. In his last years he was a revered teacher
jeans: {i} jean, heavyweight cotton fabric; blue jeans, pants made of jean
jeans: plural of jean
jeans: A pair of trousers made from denim cotton, normally dyed dark blue
jeans: Which, according to kids, are appropriate for just about any occasion, including church and funerals
jeans: Jeans are casual trousers that are usually made of strong blue cotton cloth called denim

jean

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/ˈʤēn/ /ˈʤiːn/

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[ jEn ] (noun.) 1577. From a Middle English feminine form of John, from Old French Jehane; sometimes considered Scottish.

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