gustav

ألمانية - التركية

تعريف gustav في ألمانية التركية القاموس.

n.pr. Gustav

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف gustav في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

A male given name

given name, male

{i} male first name

born Jan. 24, 1746, Stockholm, Swed. died March 29, 1792, Stockholm King of Sweden (1771-92). The son of King Adolf Frederick (1710-71), he succeeded to a weakened Swedish throne. Unable to mediate between the contending factions of the Riksdag (legislature), in 1772 he established a new constitution that increased the crown's power. He introduced numerous enlightened reforms, which antagonized the nobility. He waged an unpopular war on Russia (1788-90), and when a group of Swedish officers mutinied, he again augmented royal authority in a new constitution (1789). Gustav planned to form a league of European monarchs to oppose the French Revolution, but the Swedish nobility remained opposed to him and had him assassinated. Gustav was a patron of the arts and a playwright, and his reign was known as the Swedish enlightenment. orig. Oscar Gustaf Adolf born June 16, 1858, Stockholm, Swed. died Oct. 29, 1950, Stockholm King of Sweden (1907-50). The son of Oscar II (1829-1907), he entered the army and traveled widely before succeeding his father in 1907. In a period of expanding democracy within his country, Gustav proved a capable constitutional monarch. Though he favoured the Allies in World Wars I and II, he was a firm proponent of Swedish neutrality. Charles X Gustav Karl Gustav Embden Gustav Georg Fechner Gustav Theodor Furtwängler Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Gustav I Vasa Gustav Eriksson Vasa Gustav III Gustav II Adolf Gustav IV Adolf Gustav V Henle Friedrich Gustav Jacob Husak Gustav Jung Carl Gustav Kirchhoff Gustav Robert Klimt Gustav Mahler Gustav Niemöller Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Ratzenhofer Gustav Stickley Gustav Stresemann Gustav Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

Gustav Georg Embden

born Nov. 10, 1874, Hamburg, Ger. died July 25, 1933, Nassau German physiological chemist. He taught at the University of Frankfurt am Main from its founding in 1914. He conducted studies on the chemistry of carbohydrate metabolism and muscle contraction and was the first to discover and link all the steps in the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid. His studies focused mainly on chemical processes in living organisms, especially intermediate metabolic processes in liver tissue. By developing a technique to prevent tissue damage, Embden discovered the liver's important role in metabolism and did preliminary studies that led to the investigation of normal sugar metabolism and of diabetes

Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler

born Jan. 25, 1886, Berlin died Nov. 30, 1954, near Baden-Baden, W.Ger. German conductor and composer. After private composition studies with Joseph Rheinberger (1839-1901), he debuted in 1906. His revised Te Deum (1910) established him as a composer, and in 1917 his work as a guest conductor in Berlin earned him high praise. He succeeded Richard Strauss at the Berlin State Opera, and Arthur Nikisch (1855-1922) at the Leipzig Gewandhaus and Berlin Philharmonic, becoming especially associated with the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner. Though criticized for staying in Germany during the Nazi era, he was no friend of the regime, continuing to program modern music and helping Jewish musicians to escape. He was formally exonerated of complicity with the Nazis, but public hostility dogged his later years

Gustav Holst

a British composer whose most famous work is called The Planets (1874-1934). born Sept. 21, 1874, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, Eng. died May 25, 1934, London British composer. The son of an organist, he studied at the Royal College of Music. There he met Ralph Vaughan Williams, who became a friend for life. He made his living first by playing trombone, then as a teacher. Always frail, after a collapse in 1923 he gave up teaching to devote the rest of his life to composition. His most popular piece is the vividly orchestrated suite The Planets (1916); other works include the charming St. Paul's Suite for strings (1913), the Hymn of Jesus (1917), and the Choral Fantasia (1930)

Gustav Husak

born Jan. 10, 1913, Bratislava, Slvk., Austria-Hungary died Nov. 18, 1991, Bratislava, Czech. Leader of Czechoslovakia (1969-89). He helped direct the antifascist Slovak national uprising of 1944, and after the war he began a career as a government official and Communist Party functionary. He became a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubek. When Dubek was deposed by Soviet forces, Husak was installed as first secretary of the Communist Party (1969). He reversed Dubek's reforms and purged the party of its liberal members. He became president in 1975. When communist rule collapsed in 1989, he resigned as president

Gustav I Vasa

v. orig. Gustav Eriksson Vasa born May 12, 1496? died Sept. 29, 1560, Stockholm, Swed. King of Sweden (1523-60) and founder of the Vasa dynasty. The son of a Swedish senator, Gustav joined the rebellion against Christian II of Denmark, who controlled most of Sweden. He became leader of the rebels (1520) and secured crucial aid from the rich free city of Lübeck. This aid enabled Gustav to establish Sweden's independence, and in 1523 he was elected king. Gustav imposed heavy taxes to pay his debts to Lübeck and to strengthen royal authority and lands. He hoped to seize the Roman Catholic church's wealth, and he pushed Sweden toward becoming a Protestant (Lutheran) country. An autocratic ruler, he built a strong monarchy and an efficient administration

Gustav II Adolf

Latin Gustavus Adolphus born Dec. 9, 1594, Stockholm, Swed. died Nov. 6, 1632, Lützen, Saxony King of Sweden (1611-32) who made Sweden a major European power. The son of Charles IX, Gustav inherited his father's dynastic quarrels with Sigismund III Vasa and until 1629 faced a legitimist invasion from Poland. He ended the war with Denmark in 1613, but Sweden was forced to pay a crushing war indemnity. He ended the war with Russia (1617) and annexed Ingria and Kexholm. Internal tensions were largely resolved by his trusted chancellor, Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna. Gustav's sweeping domestic reforms included establishing an efficient central administration and improving education. Resuming the war with Sigismund in 1621, Gustav obtained much of Polish Livonia (Latvia and Estonia). He saw his Polish campaigns as part of the struggle of Protestantism against the Counter-Reformation. He entered the Thirty Years' War in 1630 as a defensive maneuver, to secure the Swedish state and church from danger. An outstanding military tactician, he led an army of unusual quality, and his position was strengthened by alliances with France, Brandenburg, and Saxony. Success in the Battle of Breitenfeld let him sweep through central Germany and claim large territorial cessions, particularly Pomerania (1631). At Lützen in 1632, the Swedes defeated Albrecht W.E. von Wallenstein's army, but Gustav was killed in battle

Gustav IV Adolf

born Nov. 1, 1778, Stockholm, Swed. died Feb. 7, 1837, Sankt Gallen, Switz. King of Sweden (1800-09). Son of the assassinated Gustav III, he came to the throne in 1792 under the regency of his uncle Charles, duke of Södermanland (later Charles XIII). In 1805 Gustav brought Sweden into the European coalition against Napoleon. When Russia joined with France in 1807, Gustav remained in the field, though he knew it would mean a Russian attack on Finland. Denmark-Norway also declared war on Sweden, causing the loss of additional territory. In 1809 Gustav was overthrown in a coup, and his heirs were declared ineligible to succeed him. He and his family left Sweden for exile, settling in Switzerland

Gustav Klimt

an Austrian artist who was the founder of the Vienna Secession, the Austrian art nouveau movement (1862-1918). born July 14, 1862, Vienna, Austria died Feb. 6, 1918, Vienna Austrian painter. In 1897, after a period as an academic muralist, his mature style emerged. Revolting against academic art in favour of a decorative style similar to Art Nouveau, he founded the Vienna Sezession. His most successful works include The Kiss (1908) and a series of portraits of fashionable Vienna matrons. In these works he treated the human figure without shadow, conveying the sensuality of skin by surrounding it with areas of flat, highly ornamental areas of decoration. His later murals are characterized by precisely linear drawing and flat, decorative patterns of colour and gold leaf. He greatly influenced Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele. See also Jugendstil

Gustav Klimt

(1862-1918) Austrian painter and member of the art nouveau movement, co-founder of the Vienna Secession group

Gustav Mahler

(1860-1911) Austrian composer and conductor

Gustav Mahler

an Austrian composer whose work is typical of the romantic style. His most famous works are his symphonies and his sets of songs, Das Lied von der Erde and Kindertotenlieder (1860-1911). born July 7, 1860, Kalit, Bohemia, Austrian Empire died May 18, 1911, Vienna, Austria Austrian-Jewish composer and conductor. He attended the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied piano and composition. He wrote his first significant work, the cantata Das Klagende Lied (1880), as he was eking out an existence by giving lessons. In 1880 he became a conductor, and though his dictatorial manner was disliked and critics found his interpretations extreme, by 1886 he had achieved success in Prague. He also began the first of his 10 symphonies (1888-1910), his main compositional legacy. In 1897 he was named director of the Vienna Opera; his stormy reign there was acknowledged as an artistic success. He moved to the Metropolitan Opera in 1908 and the New York Philharmonic in 1909-10. Ill with heart disease and mourning his daughter's death, he wrote the masterly orchestral song cycle Das Lied von der Erde (1908-09) and his ninth symphony. His orchestral songs Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1892-98) and Kindertotenlieder (1904; Songs on the Deaths of Children) are frequently performed. His emotionally charged and subtly orchestrated music drew together many different strands of Romanticism. Although his music was largely ignored for 50 years after his death, he was later regarded as an important forerunner of 20th-century techniques of composition

Gustav Ratzenhofer

born July 4, 1842, Vienna died Oct. 8, 1904, at sea Austrian general, philosopher, and sociologist. After a successful military career in which he attained the rank of field marshal, he developed an interest in the social sciences, particularly social Darwinism. He believed human interaction was characterized by "absolute hostility" between ethnic groups but that the species could evolve higher forms of association through sociology. His works included The Essence and Objective of Politics, 3 vol. (1893), and Sociological Perception (1898)

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

born March 12, 1824, Königsberg, Prussia died Oct. 17, 1887, Berlin, Ger. German physicist. Kirchhoff's laws (1845) allow calculation of the currents, voltages, and resistances of electrical networks (he was the first to show that current flows through a conductor at the speed of light) and generalized the equations describing current flow to three dimensions. With Robert Bunsen, he demonstrated that every element emits coloured light when heated at wavelengths specific to it, a fact that is the basis of spectrum analysis. They used this new research tool to discover cesium (1860) and rubidium (1861), and began a new era in astronomy when they applied it to the spectrum of the sun

Gustav Stickley

born March 9, 1858, Osceola, Wis., U.S. died April 21, 1942, Syracuse, N.Y. U.S. furniture designer and maker. He learned to make furniture at a chair factory owned by an uncle. After taking over the factory, he moved it to New York state, first to Binghamton and then to Syracuse. Influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement and by visits to old missions in the American Southwest, he introduced 1900 a highly original line of sturdy oak furniture. To spread his ideas and designs, he published the influential magazine The Craftsman (1901-16). In 1916 two younger brothers established a firm to produce furniture from his designs and gave the style the name Mission, by which name it is still popular today

Gustav Stresemann

born May 10, 1878, Berlin, Ger. died Oct. 3, 1929, Berlin German chancellor and foreign minister of the Weimar Republic. Noted as an expert on municipal affairs and a writer on economics, he was elected to the Reichstag (1907) as a member of the National Liberal Party. In 1918 he founded the German People's Party and sought to form coalitions with other democratic parties. As chancellor (1923) and foreign minister (1923-29), he worked to restore Germany's international status, pursuing a conciliatory policy with the Allied Powers. He negotiated the Pact of Locarno, supported the reparations revisions in the Dawes and Young plans, and secured Germany's admission to the League of Nations. He shared the 1926 Nobel Prize for Peace with Aristide Briand

Gustav Theodor Fechner

born April 19, 1801, Gross Särchen, near Muskau, Lusatia died Nov. 18, 1887, Leipzig, Ger. German physicist and philosopher who founded the science of psychophysics. He taught at the University of Leipzig (1834-40) but left because of ill health. He developed experimental procedures, still useful in experimental psychology, for measuring sensations in relation to the physical magnitude of stimuli, establishing that, as physical stimulation increases logarithmically, sensation increases arithmetically. Most important, he devised an equation to express Weber's law. His principal scientific work was Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Gustav Theodor Fechner

{i} (1801-1887) German physicist and philosopher

Carl Gustav Jung

{i} Carl Jung (1875-1961), Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist who studied with Sigmund Freud and later developed his own psychological theories

Carl Gustav Jung

a Swiss psychiatrist who studied the importance of dreams and religion in problems of the mind, and divided people into two groups, introverts and extroverts. Jung developed the idea of the collective unconscious, the belief that people's feelings and reactions are often based on deep memories of human experience in the past. He worked with Sigmund Freud until they had a serious disagreement. (1875-1961). born July 26, 1875, Kesswil, Switz. died June 6, 1961, Küsnacht Swiss psychiatrist. As a youth he read widely in philosophy and theology. After taking his medical degree (1902), he worked in Zürich with Eugen Bleuler on studies of mental illness. From this research emerged Jung's notion of the complex, or cluster of emotionally charged (and largely unconscious) associations. Between 1907 and 1912 he was Sigmund Freud's close collaborator and most likely successor, but he broke with Freud over the latter's insistence on the sexual basis of neuroses. In the succeeding years he founded the field of analytic psychology, a response to Freud's psychoanalysis. Jung advanced the concepts of the introvert and extrovert personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious (the pool of human experience passed from generation to generation). He went on to formulate new psychotherapeutic techniques designed to reacquaint the person with his unique "myth" or place in the collective unconscious, as expressed in dream and imagination. Sometimes criticized as disguised religion and for its lack of verifiability, his work has been influential in religion and literature as well as psychiatry. His important works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912; revised as Symbols of Transformation), Psychological Types (1921), Psychology and Religion (1938), and Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962)

Charles X Gustav

Swedish Karl Gustav born 1622 died 1660 King of Sweden (1654-60). Nephew of Gustav II Adolf, he failed in his efforts to marry the Swedish queen Christina, but she named him to succeed her. As king he attempted to restore the public finances but was forced to devote most of his attention to military matters. He conducted the First Northern War (1655-60) against a coalition that eventually included Poland, Russia, Brandenburg, the Netherlands, and Denmark, with the aim of establishing a unified northern state. After conquering Poland (1655-56), he won back lands in southern Sweden from Denmark by the Treaty of Roskilde (1658)

Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller

born Jan. 14, 1892, Lippstadt, Ger. died March 6, 1984, Wiesbaden, W.Ger. German theologian. A war hero as a submarine commander in World War I, he became a minister in 1924. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, he protested their interference in church affairs and helped combat discrimination against Christians of Jewish background. As founder of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church, he worked to oppose Adolf Hitler. Arrested in 1937, he was interned until 1945. After the war he helped rebuild the Evangelical Church. Increasingly disillusioned with prospects for demilitarization, he became a controversial pacifist; for his efforts to extend friendship ties to Soviet-bloc countries, he received the Lenin Peace Prize (1967) and West Germany's Grand Cross of Merit (1971)

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle

born July 15?, 1809, Fürth, Bavaria died May 13, 1885, Göttingen, Ger. German pathologist and anatomist. He published the first descriptions of the composition and distribution of the surface tissue of anatomical structures (epithelium) and of fine eye and brain structures. Henle embraced Girolamo Fracastoro's unpopular microorganism theory. His General Anatomy (1841) was the first systematic histology treatise. His Handbook of Rational Pathology (2 vol., 1846-53) described diseased organs in relation to their normal functions, opening the era of modern pathology

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle

{i} (1809-1885) German pathologist who discovered a U-shaped loop in the kidney (called the loop of Henle)

carl xvi gustav

king of Sweden since 1973 (born 1946)

الواصلة

Gus·tav

التركية النطق

gûstäf

النطق

/ˈgo͝ostäf/ /ˈɡʊstɑːf/

علم أصول الكلمات

[ 'gus-"täv ] (biographical name.) A royal name in Sweden, traditionally explained (even by Gustav I Vasa himself) as Swedish göt + staf "staff (=support) of the Geats (southern Swedes)". But there is no such name in Old Norse and Gustav is more probably a Swedish rendering of old (north-western) Slavic Gostislav, Slavonic gost' "guest" + slava "glory".