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Ibn Aqil

born 1040, Baghad died 1119 Islamic theologian. Trained in the tenets of the anbal school (see Ahmad ibn Hanbal), the most traditional school of Islamic law, he outraged his teachers by striving to incorporate liberal theological ideas into the tradition. He sought to use reason and logical inquiry to interpret religion, and he was influenced by the teachings of al-Hallj. In 1066 he was appointed professor at the mosque of al-Manr in Baghdad, but persecution by conservative theologians soon led to his retirement, and in 1072 he was forced to retract his beliefs publicly

Ibn BaTTuTah

orig. Ab Abd Allh Muammad ibn Abd Allh al-Lawt al-anj ibn Baah born Feb. 24, 1304, Tangier, Mor. died 1368/69, Morocco Noted Arab traveler and writer. He received a traditional juristic and literary education in Tangier. After a pilgrimage to Mecca (1325), he decided to visit as many parts of the world as possible, vowing "never to travel any road a second time." His 27-year wanderings through Africa, Asia, and Europe covered some 75,000 mi (120,000 km). On his return, he dictated his reminiscences, which became one of the world's most famous travel books, the Rilah

Ibn Gabirol

Solomon (1020-1057), Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and poet

Ibn Gabirol

orig. Solomon ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol Latin Avicebron born 1022, Málaga, Caliphate of Córdoba died 1058, Valencia, Kingdom of Valencia Jewish poet and philosopher. Educated in both the Hebrew and Arabic literary heritages, he became famous at age 16 for his religious hymns in Hebrew and was later a court poet of the vizier of Granada. The more than 200 secular and 200 religious poems that survive make him an outstanding figure of the Hebrew school of poetry that flourished in Moorish Spain. Other works include influential writings of Neoplatonic philosophy and a collection of proverbs in Arabic

Ibn Hazm

in full Ab Muammad Ali ibn Amad ibn Sad ibn azm born Nov. 7, 994, Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba died Aug. 15, 1064, Manta Lisham, near Sevilla Islamic scholar and theologian. Born in Spain, he lived through the civil war that ended the Spanish Umayyad caliphate and was afterward imprisoned for having supported it. As a leader of the hir school of jurisprudence, he taught that legal theory must rely on a literal interpretation of the Qurn and tradition. His beliefs were often attacked, and his books were burned in public. His scholarship included not only jurisprudence and theology but also logic, literature, and history. Famed for his mastery of Arabic, he wrote about 400 books, fewer than 40 of which survive

Ibn Ishaq

in full Muammad ibn Isq ibn Yasr ibn Khiyr born 704, Medina, Arabia died 767, Baghdad Arab biographer of Muhammad. His father and two uncles collected and transmitted information about Muhammad in Medina, and Ibn Isq soon became an authority on the Prophet's military campaigns (maghz). He studied in Alexandria and subsequently moved to Iraq, where he met many people who provided him with information for his biography, which became the most popular biography of Muhammad in the Muslim world but which survives only in the recension by Ibn Hishm

Ibn Janah

or Rabbi Jonah born 990, Córdoba died 1050, Zaragoza, Spain Spanish scholar famed as a Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer. A practicing physician and a devout Jew, he founded the study of Hebrew syntax, establishing the rules of biblical exegesis and clarifying many difficult passages. His principal work was the two-volume Book of Exact Investigation, a Hebrew grammar and lexicon. All his writings were in Arabic, and he made extensive comparisons of Hebrew and Arabic words

Ibn Khaldun

orig. Ab Zayd Abd al-Ramn ibn Khaldn born May 27, 1332, Tunis, Tun. died March 17, 1406, Cairo, Egypt Noted Arab historian. He was employed in court posts by various rulers in Tunis, Fès, and Granada. After retiring from politics in 1375, he wrote his masterpiece, the Muqaddimah ("Introduction"), in which he examined the nature of society and social change and developed one of the earliest rational philosophies of history. He also wrote a definitive history of Muslim North Africa, Kitb al-Ibr. In 1382 he went to Cairo, where he was appointed professor of law and religious judge. In 1400 he was trapped in Damascus during that city's siege by Timur, spending seven weeks in the Central Asian conqueror's camp before securing his own release and that of a number of colleagues. He is regarded as the greatest premodern Arab historian

Ibn Saud

in full Abd al-Azz ibn Abd al-Ramn ibn Fayal l Sad born 1880, Riyadh, Arabian Peninsula died Nov. 9, 1953, Al-if, Saud.Ar. Founder of modern-day Saudi Arabia. Though the Sad dynasty had ruled much of Arabia from 1780 to 1880, in Ibn Sad's infancy the family was forced out by its rivals, the Rashds. At age 21 Ibn Sad led a daring raid against the Rashds and recaptured the family capital, Riyadh. He was driven out two years later but reconstituted his forces and fought on, using puritanical Wahhb Islam to rally nomadic tribesmen to his cause, thereby forming the Ikhwn. In 1920-22 he defeated the Rashds and doubled his own territory. In 1924 he conquered the Hejaz (see Husayn ibn Al). In 1932 he formally created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which he ruled as an absolute monarch. He signed his first oil deal in 1933 but remained virtually penniless until the 1950s, when oil revenues began pouring in. His sons succeeded him

Ibn al-Arabi

born July 28, 1165, Murcia, Valencia died Nov. 16, 1240, Damascus Islamic mystic and theologian. Born in Spain, he traveled widely in Spain and North Africa in search of masters of Sufism. In 1198 he began a pilgrimage to the Middle East, visiting Mecca, Egypt, and Anatolia before settling in Damascus in 1223. Famous and honoured as a spiritual master, he spent the rest of his life in contemplation, teaching, and writing. His great work was The Meccan Revelations, a personal encyclopedia covering all the esoteric sciences in Islam and his own inner life. He also wrote one of the most important works in Islamic mystical philosophy, The Bezels of Wisdom (1229)

Ibn taymiyyah

born 1263, arrn, Mesopotamia died Sept. 26, 1328, Cairo Islamic theologian. He was educated in Damascus, where he joined the Pietist school. He sought to return Islam to a strict interpretation of its sources in the Qurn and the sunnah, as well as to rid it of customs he considered contrary to the law, including the worship of saints. He was imprisoned repeatedly in Cairo after his outspoken criticisms offended religious authorities. He spent his last 15 years as a schoolmaster in Damascus, where he gathered many disciples. He died in prison. His writings are a major source of the Wahhbiyyah, a puritanical movement founded by Muammad ibn Abd al-Wahhb

Ibn tulun Mosque

Huge, majestic red-brick mosque in Cairo. It was built (876-879) by Amad ibn ln (835-884), the Muslim governor of Egypt and Syria. The mosque's crenellated walls have merlons (see battlement) that are shaped and perforated in a decorative pattern, and its three courts are lined with arcades of broad arches and heavy pillars. The arches are decorated with elaborately carved stucco. The main space is divided by pillars into five long aisles originally ornamented with panels of carved wood. Classed as a historic monument in 1890, the mosque has since been completely restored

Ibn-Ezra

famous medieval Jewish scholar and biblical commentator, poet, astronomer, mathematician

Ibn-Gevirol

Medieval poet philosopher and Hebrew linguist

Ibn-Sina

{i} Avicenna (980-1037), foremost Persian doctor and philosopher and scientist who was born in a small town near Bukhara (Uzbekistan) and died in Persia

Abdullah Ibn Buhaina

{i} Art Blakey (1919-1990), United States jazz drummer and one of the inventors of the modern bebop style of drumming

Judah ben Saul Ibn Tibbon

born 1120, Granada, Spain died 1190, Marseille Jewish physician and translator. Persecutions of the Jews forced him to flee Spain, and he settled in southern France in 1150 to practice medicine. His translations of philosophical works by Arabic-speaking Jews helped disseminate Arabic and Greek culture in medieval Europe. His son and grandson were also noted scholars and translators

Solomon Ibn Gabirol

Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and poet (1020-1057)

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Etimoloji

[ ä-'lE, 'ä-lE ] (biographical name.) From Arabic ابن